national endowment for the arts support for literature 1985 – 1994
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National Endowment for the Arts Support for Literature 1985 – 1994. Categories of Support Fellowships: Direct grants to poets, fiction writers, creative nonfiction writers, and translators Ex. In 1986 , $ 20,000 to poet Andrew Hudgins - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
National Endowment for the Arts Support for Literature
1985 – 1994
Categories of Support• Fellowships: Direct grants to poets, fiction
writers, creative nonfiction writers, and translators– Ex. In 1986, $20,000 to poet Andrew Hudgins
• Literary Publishing: Publishing assistance grants for small presses and literary magazines; distribution grants for nonprofit organizations– Ex. annual support for Graywolf Press in St. Paul,
MN, a small independent press; annual support of $10,000 for the Threepenny Review in Berkeley, CA
Categories of Support (cont.)• Audience Development: Grants for writer
residencies, literary centers, and audience-development projects such as bookfairs and literary festivals– Ex. $7,000 to Fine Arts Work Center In
Provincetown, MA, to support payment for a visiting writer series
– Ex. $11,913 to the University of Houston to support traveling bookfair and author tours of Hispanic authors in the southwest
Categories of Support (cont.)• Professional Development: Grants for conferences
and membership organizations– Ex. $90,000 to the PEN American Center “to support
programs which provide services to writers” and $175,000 to Poets & Writers, Inc., to “support publications which provide practical information to creative writers”
• Special Projects: Projects that benefit the field of literature as a whole and are not eligible under other categories– Ex. $75,000 to writer’s center in Bethesda, MD, to support
literary fiction in newspapers and the distribution of radio programs featuring fiction
Summary of Findings, 1985 - 1994
• Total value of expenditures declined by 15 percent during the period. When adjusted for inflation, this is actually a 38 percent decrease in purchasing power.
• Significant reduction in the number of total grant awards from 298 to 215.
• Little variation in grant categories, however some were fairly flexible with some grants not linking clearly to the category they were assigned.
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
$4,200,000
$4,300,000
$4,400,000
$4,500,000
$4,600,000
$4,700,000
$4,800,000
$4,900,000
$5,000,000
$5,100,000
$5,200,000 298
215
$5,124,734
$4,400,120
NEA Literature Grants, 1985 - 1994
Number of Grants Total Expenditures
Num
ber o
f Gra
nts
Tota
l Exp
endi
ture
s
Policy Changes, 1985 - 1994• No Senior Fellowships (awards of $40,000 to
established writers) offered after 1991
• Distribution projects declined from around 6 per year to only 1 in 1994
• Increased use of cooperative agreements to fund “special projects” by 1994
• Fellowships for translators became a separate funding category in 1993
More about Grant Categories• Flexibility in the categories, e.g., a grant to Woodland
Pattern to “support the ongoing activities of this literary book center” listed under Audience Development although there is an existing Literary Centers category.
• Grants were awarded to both nonprofit organizations and individuals (i.e., $10,000 grant to Bradford Morrow, managing editor of Conjunctions, instead of to the magazine itself).
• A few inconsistencies, i.e., no translator fellowships were offered in 1987; in 1991 there were 48 fiction and 42 poetry fellowships
Today’s NEA Literature Program• Restructuring across NEA appears to have eliminated specific
categories other than direct fellowships
• The number of direct fellowships for writers has been drastically reduced, with 42 fellowships in 2011 as opposed to over 100 per year in the 80s
• Translation fellowships have doubled in number and continue to be a separate category
• Continued support for small presses, but support for literary magazines significantly reduced in comparison along with writer-in-residence programs and funding to individuals