nasa’s airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer...

NASA’s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)AVIRIS: PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII

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NASA’s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

NASA’s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging

Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

LCLUC Update

Robert O. Green(Tom Chrien, presenting)Jet Propulsion Laboratory


Overview

• Objective & Approach

• Instrument

• Science

• Obtaining AVIRIS data


Obtaining AVIRIS Data• Existing AVIRIS data from the archive

– Free upon request to NASA investigators for data that is consistent with their investigation

• New Data in North America or planned deployment– Develop a requirement for AVIRIS measurements that is consistent with funded or proposed

NASA research.– Place a flight request (time, location, platform, etc) and contact the cognizant Program Manager– Support Program Manager ‘s response to the flight hour and timing estimates.

• For dedicated international:– AVIRIS measurements be required for the science objectives. This can be established

programmatically by the Program Manager or based on the need for AVIRIS measurements in selected science proposals for the campaign.

– Deployment of AVIRIS on the ER-2 or Twin Otter is possible. There will likely be a difference in cost and capability. On the ER-2 the spatial resolution varies from 20 to 10 meters. On the Twin Otter from 6 to 2 meters. The Twin Otter is generally less expensive.

– For an international deployment it would be good to plan with the AVIRIS team at JPL beginning at least a year in advance. (however for Argentina planning began only 4 months in advance)


AVIRIS Task Objectives

• Support NASA Code Y by measuring and delivering AVIRIS data sets to designated investigators

• Ensuring AVIRIS is a unique advanced technology imaging spectrometer for NASA Code Y science


AVIRIS: The Imaging Spectroscopy Approach

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Hematite Fe2O3

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Hematite Fe2O3

Spectroscopic ExampleThree materials detected

Three materials identified

Expressed concentrations derived

Multi Spectral Example


AVIRIS Measurement of the Spectrum

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MODIS Multi-Spectral Bands

224 AVIRIS Spectral Channels (10nm)

Example Atmospheric Transmittance Spectrum

O2

H2O

O3

Scattering

H20

H20

CO2

H2O

CO2

H2O

CH4

O2H2OH2O


AVIRIS Instrument

AVIRIS is designed with 200 µm detectors and F/1 optics.It is hard to imagine larger detectors or faster optics.The AVIRIS design is in the advanced technology zone of the physics of spectroscopic measurements

AVIRIS Technology Status•Thermal control 1997•Low Altitude 1998 •INU/GPS 1998•Geo rectification 1998•Onboard calibrator 1999•Detector arrays 2000•Digital signal chain 2001•Onboard data storage 2001


AVIRIS: PEARL HARBOR, HAWAIISpectral

Range 370 to 2500 Sampling 9.8 nmAccuracy 0.5 nm

RadiometricRange 0 to Max LambertianSampling 12 bitsAccuracy 96 percent

Spatial (ER-2 / Twin Otter aircraft)Swath 11/2.2 km ER-2/TOSampling 20/4 m ER-2/TOAccuracy 20/4 m ER-2/TO

Full INU/GPS geo rectification


AVIRIS Low Altitude Capability

•


AVIRIS Performance

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AVIRIS MeasuredMODTRAN Predicted

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AVIRIS 2000Hyperion Estimate

Excellent calibration and high precision (SNR) are required for NASA Code Y science•AVIRIS calibration is within 96% of an independent prediction

•AVIRIS SNR ranges from 1000 to 500 in the continuum regions of the spectrum


AVIRIS Science

• AVIRIS data sets are used to pose and answer questions wherever a spectral signature or correlated spectral signature of interest exist in the 400 to 2500 nm spectral range

• With AVIRIS a full spectral signature is available for identification and quantification

• With AVIRIS there are generally more measurements than unknowns for a give objective. This leads to well constrained remote sensing solutions

NASA’s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS

• Atmosphere: water vapor, clouds properties, aerosols, absorbing gases…• Ecology: chlorophyll, leaf water, lignin, cellulose, pigments, structure,

nonphotosynthetic constituents…• Geology and soils: mineralogy, soil type…• Coastal and Inland waters: chlorophyll, plankton, dissolved organics, sediments,

bottom composition, bathymetry…• Snow and Ice Hydrology: snow cover fraction, grainsize, impurities, melting…• Biomass Burning: subpixel temperatures and extent, smoke, combustion

products…• Environmental hazards: contaminants directly and indirectly, geological

substrate…• Calibration: aircraft and satellite sensors, sensor simulation, standard validation..• Modeling: radiative transfer model validation and constraint…• Commercial: mineral exploration, agriculture and forest status…• Algorithms: autonomous atmospheric correction, advance spectra derivation…• Other: human infrastructure...


AVIRIS Cuprite, NV

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Muscovite K2Al4[Si6Al2O20](OH)4 Montmorillonite (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2*nH2OAlunite KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 Kaolinite Al4[Si4O10[(OH)8Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O Goethite FeO.OHJarosite NaFe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 Calcite CaCO3Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 Hematite Fe2O3

Spectroscopic identification of surface mineralogy


VEGETATION SPECTRUM

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Wavelength (nm)

Refle

ctan

ce

Chlo

roph

yll a

,bbe

ta C

arot

ene

Anci

llary

Pi

gmen

ts

Cellular Scattering

Water

Water

WaterWater

Water

CelluloseLignin

Sugar

Cellulose

Starch

Lignin

Cellulose

ProteinSugar

Starch

Protein


Leadville, CO Acid and Heavy Metal Hazard


Analysis of Dimensionality of 1999 AVIRIS data set

•513 Scenes spanning full 1999 AVIRIS data collections–One scene per flightline

•Calculated spectral sum and squared sums for eigen analysis•Used MNF approach to normalize noise for eigen value of 1.0

–Values above one contain real surface variability• References:

–Boardman, J. W. and Robert O. Green, “Exploring the Spectral Variability of the Earth as Measured by AVIRIS in 1999,” Proc. Ninth Airborne Earth Science Workshop, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2000–Green, R. O. and Joseph Boardman, “Exploration of the Relationship between Information Content and Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Spatial Resolution in AVIRIS Spectral Data,” Proc. Ninth Airborne Earth Science Workshop, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2000


1999 AVIRIS Bulk Eigen Plot

10x3x


AVIRIS 1999 Scene Conservative (3XNoise) Dimensionalityfor 513 Scenes analyzed (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

Red 1000x, Yellow 100x, Green 10x, Blue 5x, Magenta 3x


Analysis of Dimensionality of 1999 AVIRIS data set

•1999 AVIRIS data set dimensionality approaches 100

•Most of this dimensionality derived from the land surface reflected signal.

•AVIRIS has contribution to make in understanding land cover and land use change with remote sensing measurements.


AVIRIS Literature

• A citation search for “AVIRIS” in titles and abstract shows 231 refereed journal articles currently published.

• The AVIRIS workshops contain over 473 papers. These are available on-line at the AVIRIS web site.

• There are many additional AVIRIS papers in SPIE, IGARSS, ERIM and other conference proceedings

221m


AVIRIS Contributions

• AVIRIS and Imaging spectroscopy are providing the basis for a step forward in Earth remote sensing in the solar reflected spectrum

– Based in the physics and chemistry of spectroscopy

– Based in the general problem of unknowns and measurements

– Based in the advance of optical, detector, dispersion and computer technology


Information

• http://aviris.jpl.nasa.gov

• [email protected]

• All AVIRIS Workshop Proceedings On-line at website

• AVIRIS Workshop March 5 to 8, 2002


Obtaining AVIRIS Data• Existing AVIRIS data from the archive

– Free upon request to NASA investigators for data that is consistent with their investigation

• New Data in North America or planned deployment– Develop a requirement for AVIRIS measurements that is consistent with funded or

proposed NASA research.– Place a flight request (time, location, platform, etc) and contact the cognizant Program

Manager– Support Program Manager ‘s response to the flight hour and timing estimates.

• For dedicated international:– AVIRIS measurements be required for the science objectives. This can be established

programmatically by the Program Manager or based on the need for AVIRIS measurements in selected science proposals for the campaign.

– Deployment of AVIRIS on the ER-2 or Twin Otter is possible. There will likely be a difference in cost and capability. On the ER-2 the spatial resolution varies from 20 to 10 meters. On the Twin Otter from 6 to 2 meters. The Twin Otter is generally less expensive.

– For an international deployment it would be good to plan with the AVIRIS team at JPL beginning at least a year in advance. (however for Argentina planning began only 4 months in advance)


AVIRIS Information • AVIRIS website: http://aviris.jpl.nasa.gov

• All workshop proceeding published in PDF for on the website.

• > 5 terabytes of existing data spanning a range of land cover types available free upon request to LCLUC investigators

• You may request acquisition of AVIRIS that supports NASA LCLUC science research

• Contact email: [email protected]

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