narra bark as ink.pdf

1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Permanent markers play an important role in writing and in artworks in different

ways. It was designed to create various permanent writings on objects with enormous

creative and practical possibilities. Aside from its use in writing, it is also used in labeling,

poster creation and calligraphy. With infinite use of permanent markers, many did not know

that markers have limitations. Usually, it is a problem for artists and calligraphers to supply

ink for the markers they are using.

Typically, the inks used in most markers are made from synthetic materials like the

petroleum and chemical solvents. These kinds of materials are hazardous especially to the

health of the users and to the environment as well.

As been made into dyes, the Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) can be an alternative

ingredient for ink instead of petroleum. The Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) is native to

Southeastern Asia and found all over in the Philippine archipelago. It is a large deciduous

tree which is very easily propagated from seeds or large cuttings. It is known for its ability to

take high polish, which is derived from the trees and its alcoholic tincture that produces dark

red color dye in wood and can be used for tanning.

In today’s modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people

sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead.

The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to be commercialized is a demand for

the artists, calligraphers as well as for the people. The researcher thinks that Narra has great

potentials in having an alternative permanent marker ink due to its strong tanning color. The

researcher decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredient for permanent marker ink.

jeypi

2

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study attempted to determine the effectiveness of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)

extract as an ingredient for permanent marker ink.

Specifically, it aimed to answer the following questions:

1. Is the Narra ink effective (refers to quality) in terms of the following:

a) Absorption

b) Stick Consistency

c) Color

2. What is the acceptability of the Narra ink in terms of:

a. Color

b. Odor

c. Absorption

d. Rate of Evaporation

3. Is there a significant difference between the Narra ink and the standard ink in terms of

Color, Odor, Absorption and Rate of Evaporation?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant to the following:

USERS. This study would be very beneficial to the users of permanent markers. This

study provides many advantages to them, such as they would have a more natural and

cheaper way of having an ink for their markers.

AGRICULTURE. This study provides farmers and planters an additional source of

income. Also, this will increase the number of Narra trees grown in the Philippines.

3

ENVIRONMENT. This study will help to replenish the Narra trees that have been

cut down.

OTHER RESEARCHERS. This will help other researchers as that it will serve as

additional information and will add factual concepts for their review of related literature.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study aimed to test the effectiveness of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) bark extract

to produce a permanent marker ink. This study limits its coverage on the discussion of

permanent marker ink production, chemical testing of the sample ink, plantation of Narra tree

and the impact of the permanent marker ink in the environment. The study focused on testing

its effectiveness in terms absorption, stick consistency and color; including its acceptability

in terms of color, odor, absorption and rate of evaporation.

Out of five hundred students (excluding the fourth year students) of Naga City

Science High School, thirty of them were chosen as respondents to test the acceptability of

Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) extract as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. This study

was conducted at Naga City Science High School for the school year 2011-2012.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Figure 1 shows the relationship of the independent and dependent variables of the

study. The independent variables, Narra ink and standard ink, were compared to determine its

effect on the dependent variables and the effect on them. The dependent variables are the

indicators that will show the effectiveness of the ink and its quality.

4

In order to show the relationship between variables, the researchers tested the

following: a) effectiveness of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) extract as an ingredient for

permanent marker ink; b) the acceptability of the Narra ink; and c) the significant difference

of the Narra ink and standard ink based on standardized tests and statistical treatment.

5

Fig.1 Research Paradigm

Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) Bark Extract as a Permanent

Marker Ink

Standard ink Narra Ink

Effectiveness: Absorption Stick

Consistency

Color

Acceptability (in terms of): Color Odor Absorption Rate of Evaporation

Quality Ink

6

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined operationally:

Absorption. It is the ability of the ink to uptake into the fibers of the paper as rated by the

respondents.

Benzalkonium Chloride. In the study, it is an additive that prevents the Narra bark ink from

solidifying.

Effective. This refers to how the ink.

Ferrous Sulfate. In the study, it is the compound responsible for the black coloration of the

ink and is a disinfectant.

Glycerin/Glycerol. It refers to the ingredient responsible for the increase in rate of extraction

of the tanning in the pigment.

Narra bark. It is the source of extract as the main ingredient of a permanent marker ink.

Odor. It is how strong the scent of the ink as rated by the respondents.

Rate of Evaporation. The rate of how fast the ink dries up as rated by the respondents.

Stick Consistency. It is the consistency of the ink to stick in the paper as rated by the

respondents.

7

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The following are the literatures and studies that are related to the conduct of the

study.

Related Literature

Long before, ink is usually made from natural products such as berries, barks and

leaves extract. They have been used for centuries to create numerous colors and when mixed

to other substances can be an ink, dye or paint. Tea leaves have been also used for centuries

to make ink because of its various shades that create yellow, green, brown or black ink.

(Lopierre, Lopi. <http://www.google.com/leaf-extracts-can-used-ink.html>.)

Plants that contain tanning color can be reliable for making ink. For centuries, galls

nestled from oak trees as primary ingredient to make a black ink. The rich tanning color of

dogwood and alder tee also results to natural inks. Galls and barks achieve more intense,

lasting inks than most of the flower-based inks. Also, Egyptians achieved quality red ink with

poppies. (<http://www.google.com/make-ink-using-petals.html>.) According to

Helmenstine, any acidic fruit juice can be used to make an invisible ink when combined with

vinegar to make the ink last longer. (<http://google.com/invisibeinks.html>.)

Robbins (2010) described marker pens as pens which have their own ink source and

usually has a tip made of absorbent and pressed fiber and was first created by Sidney

Rosenthal in 1952. This marker pen had been one of the commonly used writing instruments

for about fifty years.

8

Ink, according to Encyclopedia.com (2011), is a combination of a coloring agent,

pigment and a liquid containing oils, resins and chemical solvents. In the past, ink was

fashioned from different colored juices, plant and animal extracts. But today, synthetic

materials are used in addition to these natural ingredients to improve the quality of ink

making; however, ink must have two basic components: the pigment coloring and the

vehicle, a liquid which allow the ink to be dispersed.

In addition, according to the article found in the Student’s Encyclopedia, “The ink

should make a clear permanent mark that when dry does not fade from exposure to light or

run from exposure to moisture. It should flow freely and dry quickly when written in a

surface and it must contain nothing that might damage either the pen or the paper.”

Neumann’s and Schluttig’s definition of ink as cited in Lindquist, clearly stated the

properties of ink that would be helpful in having a good quality ink. The ink must be clear,

filterable solution but not a suspension, should flow easily from the pen and should not

spread on paper. Since the ink is natural, no mold must be seen on the solution and has no

pronounced unpleasant odor. Likewise, it must have an intense color which does not become

paler nor bleach out entirely as it is used in writing. Furthermore, Lindquist added that every

good ink, whether writing, or combined writing and copying, should have qualities that give

writing that, after drying for eight days, is not removed by water or alcohol -- even by

treatment for days -- to such an extent that it becomes illegible. (Lindquist, Evan. Old

Ink.n.d.<http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldink.html>.)

9

Related Study

Caparas (2010) conducted a study to determine if the extract of Narra tree’s sawdust

is effective as a dye. There were 30 randomly selected respondents as the sample size. The

result obtained shows that 75% of the respondents said that Narra’s sawdust can be made into

a dye for clothes. However, 25% of the respondents say that it can’t be a dye. According to

the observations and results obtained, Caparas concluded that Narra’s sawdust can be a

source of natural dye which is very effective, and it produces more dyes that are

environmental-friendly.

In accordance to the study, Thomson (2006) stated in his article “Pterocarpus indicus

(Narra)” that the heartwood of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) contains various red compounds,

and is used to make a red dye. The bark extract can be used for tanning. Tannin or tannic acid

is the brown substance found in the bark and leaves of trees.

State-of-the-Art

Based on the articles gathered, the Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) extract had been

proven to be effective as a natural dye as what the study of Caparas (2010) showed.

Therefore, the Narra bark is capable of being an ingredient for ink making. And use to the

need of making new inks; this study is envisioned to determine if the extract of Narra

(Pterocarpus indicus) bark is effective as a source of alternative inks.

10

End Notes

Lopierre, Lopi.Leaf Extracts That Can Be Used As Ink.2011<http://www.google.com/leaf-

extracts-can-used-ink.html>.

How to Make Inks Using Petals.2011. <http://www.google.com/make-ink-using-

petals.html>.

Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph. D., 2010. <http://google.com/invisibleinks.html>.

Robbins, Nicholas. "Yahoo! Contributor Network." 2010.

<http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2269561/all_about_permanent_markers.html>.

"Marker." 1998. How Products Are Made. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-

2896700065.html>.

Halsey, William D. and Emanuel Friedman. Merit Students Encyclopedia. Macmillan

Educational Company, 1986. 426.

Lindquist, Evan. Old Ink. n.d. <http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldink.html>.

Caparas. "The Production of Natural Dye Out of Narra." 2010.

<http://www.scribd.com/doc/35811949/The-Production-of-Natural-Dye-Out-of-Narra>.

Paul, Werner. "Calligraphy Idea Exchange." n.d. Dragon's Blood and Ashes.

<http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldinkrecipes.html>.

Thomson, Lex A.J. “Pterocarpus indicus (Narra)”. Special Profiles for Pacific Island Agro

forestry (2006): 12.

11

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

The study used the experimental method of research. The method is a highly

controlled procedure in which manipulated treatment or actions from a factor or condition,

called the experimental variable (the Narra ink) were applied upon another factor or

condition, and called the dependent variables (absorption, stick consistency and color) to

determine the effect of the former upon the latter. All other factors or variables were kept

constant or equal so that any change in the dependent variables is attributable only to the

independent variable.

This study also focused on how the Narra extract is capable of being utilized as

ingredient for the permanent marker ink. Additionally, the Narra extract was tested to

determine its effectiveness and through experiments, observations were gathered and utilized

as a collective in making conclusions.

The experimental set-up consists of three (3) sub set-ups and the controlled set-up.

Each set-up had undergone the same process, same environment and same tests in order to

avoid alteration and confusion of observation. The set-up with three (3) replications was

tested with the use of a standardized test, the Waterproof Test.

This study also used another method in data gathering. Thirty respondents were asked

to rate the ink in terms of absorption, color and over-all acceptability.

12

INSTRUMENTATION

The study used the following method of instrumentation in data gathering:

Questionnaire. The questionnaire was framed by the researcher in order to gather

data in determining a) the effectiveness of Narra ink in terms of the indicators, absorption,

stick consistency, color and over-all acceptability of the ink and b) the significant difference

between the standard ink and Narra ink. This had two parts, the respondent’s profile, and

question-scale part.

Part I was composed of personal information of the respondents such as name, section

and sex. It also includes the date of observation. The respondents were identified through

random sampling.

Part II was divided into two parts: a) the acceptability of the Narra ink and b)

significant difference between the Narra ink and standard ink. Respondents rated the Narra

ink and standard ink in terms of color, odor, and rate of evaporation and absorption of ink.

In order to rate the variables, the Likert’s scale was used in which 5 means

exceptional, 4 means very good, 3 means good, 2 means fair and 1 means poor. Instructions

were given that served as guide for the respondents on how to rate the variables.

Waterproof Test. The waterproof test was also used in the study to test the stick

consistency of the ink

13

LIST OF MATERIALS

Fig. 3 Test tubes on the

test tube rack

Fig. 2 Vials Fig. 4 50mL and 100mL

Beakers

Fig. 5 10mL, 20mL, 50mL

and 100mL graduated

cylinders

Fig. 6 Funnels Fig. 7 Stirring Rod

Fig. 8 Mortar and Pestle Fig. 9 Filter Paper Fig. 10 Double Beam

Balance

Fig. 11 Laboratory

Gloves

Fig. 12 Bolo

14

LIST OF INGREDIENTS

GENERAL PROCEDURE

A. GETTING THE BARK OF NARRA

The first step was getting the Narra bark to be used. It can be from an old

grown and or a fallen tree. It was removed with the aid of a cutting tool, bolo.

Fig. 17 Getting the Narra Bark

Fig. 13Glycerol/

Glycerin

Fig. 14 Benzalkonium

Chloride

Fig. 15 Narra Bark

Extract

Fig. 16 Ferrous

Sulfate

15

B. PREPARATION OF NARRA EXTRACT

After getting the bark, it was pounded using mortar and pestle. Next, the

pounded bark was placed in a container and was mixed with Benzalkonium chloride

to get the extract. The extract was then transferred to a container with a filter to

remove unwanted small particles and other residue.

Fig. 18 Pounding the Narra Bark Fig. 19 Narra Bark with Benzalkonium

Chloride

Fig. 20 Filtering the Narra Bark Extract Fig. 21 Narra ink on the container

16

C. PREPARATION OF THE INK

Other substances known as additives such as glycerol or glycerin and ferrous

sulfate were added with three different proportions. The Benzalkonium chloride

prevents the ink from solidifying. This helps in reducing the surface tension of the ink

solution, allowing the ink to soak more quickly into the paper fibers. It also prevents

molds from growing in the ink.

The glycerol was also used because of its viscous nature and high absorbency

on paper. It increases the rate of extraction of tannin in the pigment.

The ferrous sulfate is a disinfectant that aids in the inhibition of growth of

microorganisms in the ink in. It is responsible for the black color of Narra ink.

The formulized ink from the extract of bark of Narra was transferred into ink

bottles and was left undisturbed for 24 hours before undergoing a series of tests. The

recycled permanent marker containers were refilled with the Narra ink. The table

below shows the proportion of ingredients that was used in making the Narra ink. The

proportion of ingredients was based on the old recipes of ink making.

Table 1.Proportions of Narra Ink Ingredients

Sample

NARRA

BARK

(gram)

GLYCEROL

(mL)

BENZALKONIUM

CHLORIDE

(ml)

FERROUS

SULFATE

(mg)

A 100 1.0 108 1500

B 100 2.25 108 1500

C 100 3.5 108 1500

17

EVALUATION OF SAMPLES

The researcher evaluated each sample to determine the difference between the Narra

ink and standard ink using a waterproof test for quality inks:

i. Waterproof Test of Ink

Both the Narra and standard ink are subjected to the same test on the same

sheet of paper.

Samples were written in the paper and the page was left out overnight (about 9

hours) before doing the test. The water test included holding the page under running

water for about 30 seconds on each side of the page. To dry, the page was put

between two paper towels with a lightweight box placed on top to aid in drying.

For the judging factors, the results will be observed carefully for clarity of

stroke, retention of original color, and leftover 'halos' of ink around the letters. The

paper towels that were used to dry the papers were also examined for ink transfer.

The judging factors will determine the score or rating on each ink with 5 as the

highest, indicating the ink’s retention on the paper, and 1 as the lowest, indicating that

the words were unreadable after test.

Fig. 23 Marker B (Narra ink) Fig. 22 Marker A (Standard ink)

18

STATISTICAL TOOL

The data gathered from the questionnaire were classified, tabulated, computed and

analyzed statistically using chi-square and weighted mean to test the hypothesis of the study.

The chi-square test of homogeneity shows the significant difference between the

Narra ink and the standard ink. The weighted mean tests the acceptability of the Narra ink.

The formula to be used for the chi-square test of homogeneity is:

Wherein O is the observed frequency, E is the expected frequency and is the p-value.

To compute for E, use:

, where RT is the total in a row, CT is the total in a

column and GT is the grand total.

19

Chapter IV

ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter contains the analysis, and interpretation of data in order to answer the

objectives of the study.

Table 2. Ink Content of the Markers

SAMPLE CONTENT

MARKER A (standard ink) 5 mL

MARKER B (narra ink) 5 mL

The table 2 showed the amount of ink refilled in each marker. The two markers were

both filled by a 5mL ink before the test was conducted.

Table 3. Weighted mean for acceptability of Narra Ink

Odor Color Absorption Rate of Evaporation

3.13 2.83 2.33 2.17

The table 3 showed the weighted mean for the acceptability of the Narra ink. It also

showed the result of the survey from the 30 respondents. The first row is the indicators and

the second one is the mean. In terms of odor, the Narra ink has a mean of 3.13 (means

Satisfactory) as the grade based from the questionnaire. For the color, it has a mean of 2.97

which is also satisfactory. Regarding absorption, it has a mean of 2.33 which is

unsatisfactory. While the rate of evaporation that has a mean of 2.1. The results show that the

Narra ink has a poor rating and only the color and odor are the average factors of it. Odor has

20

mostly not pleasant smell. The color is pale and it has a very slow evaporation and

unsatisfactory absorption which causes the paper to stay damp for several minutes.

Table 4. Respondents’ weighted score for the two inks

Samples Odor Color Absorption Rate of

Evaporation

Marker A

(with standard

ink)

3.27 4.27 4.13 4.30

Marker B

(with Narra ink)

3.13 2.83 2.33 2.17

The odor between the two inks is not significantly different. Table 4 showed that the

weighted score for Narra ink is almost at the same level with standard ink having a difference

of 0.14. On the other hand, the color, absorption and rate of evaporation of standard ink were

much higher than the Narra ink having a difference ranging from 1.34 - 2.17. Therefore, it

showed that the standard ink is better than the Narra ink.

Table 5.Rating score of the two inks in the Waterproof Standardized Test

NARRA INK STANDARD INK

3.5 4.5

Table 5 showed the rating score of the two inks in the conducted waterproof test. The

Narra Ink had some halo, but the letters are still clear and dark. It has a little change in color.

One (1) point was taken off for the halo, and a half point for the color loss. The ink soaked

through completely to the other side. The standard ink, on the other hand, has some evident,

21

but minimal, formation of halo. The excess ink washed away when left under heavy running

water, yet the ink bled through the page slightly more after water exposure. The individual

strokes were blended together and the stroke detail was lost. A half point was taken off for

the loss of stroke detail and minimal haloing. Letters were still clear and the color was intact.

It suggests that the ink has a higher score than the Narra ink.

Table 6. Significant difference between Narra Ink and Standard Ink

Indicator Computed

Value (CV)

Degree of

Freedom (df)

Tabulated

Value (TV)

Relationship

of CV and TV Remarks

Odor 6.688 4

9.488*

CV < TV Not

Significant

Color 15.882 4 CV > TV Significant

Absorption 26.182 4 CV > TV Significant

Rate of

Evaporation 39.108 4 CV > TV Significant

* at 0.05 level of significance

Table 6 shows whether there is a significant difference between the Narra ink and

standard ink. The computed value for Odor, Color, Absorption and Rate of Evaporation were

6.688, 15.882, 26.182 and 39.108, respectively. The tabulated value obtained from the degree

of freedom of 4 is 9.488 at 0.05 level of significance.

It shows that the two inks have a significant difference in terms of Color, Absorption

and Rate of Evaporation while no significant difference in Odor.

In the first indicator, the odor, having no significant difference implies that both inks

have the same odor as for the respondents.

For the second indicator, the color, having a significant difference means that the

color of the two inks is comparable to each other.

22

In the third and last indicator, the absorption and rate of evaporation indicate that

there is a significant difference which means that the absorption and rate of evaporation of

the two inks is comparable to each other according to the respondents’ perceptions.

23

Chapter V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study.

The study attempted to determine the effectiveness of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)

Extract as an ingredient for permanent marker ink with 30 respondents and conducted at

Naga City Science High School for school year 2011-2012.

Specifically, the study aimed to answer the following:

1) Is the Narra extract ink effective in terms of the absorption, stick consistency and

color?

Summary of Findings:

The Narra ink had a score of 3.5 for the stick consistency which implies that

there is a loss of color and the ink marks spread evenly on the paper. Based on the

results of the survey, it showed that the Narra ink got a weighted score of 2.93 in

color. It clearly shows that the ink’s color looks to be from bright to pale-black. In

terms of absorption, the ink got a weighted score of 2.33 which means that it has low

soaking ability in papers.

Conclusion:

The waterproof test concludes that the Narra ink cannot be advertised as

waterproof but very resistant. Based on the results, the ink, therefore, is not effective

in terms of color and absorption.

24

2) What is the acceptability of the Narra ink in terms of color, odor, absorption and rate

of evaporation?


The odor received a weighted score of 3.13 (Satisfactory) which means that

unpleasant odor is still bearable to the respondents. For the color, it has 2.83

(Satisfactory) rating, which is lower than of the standard ink, meaning it has bright to

pale-black color. Lastly, the absorption and rate of evaporation parameters, received

2.33 and 2.13 (Unsatisfactory) weighted score respectively, showing that most of the

respondents do not accept the ink in terms of these indicators.

CONCLUSION:

Based on the findings, the ink has low acceptability when it comes to rate of

evaporation and absorption in paper but nearly low acceptability in terms of the color.

However, the ink’s odor is acceptable.

3) Is there a significant difference between the Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) bark extract

as an ink and the standard ink in terms of Color, Odor, Absorption and Rate of

Evaporation?


Findings showed that the computed value for color, absorption and rate of

evaporation, which are 15.882, 26.182 and 39.108, respectively is higher than the

tabulated value of 9.488 suggesting that the two inks are comparable but not in odor

having a 6.688 computed value which is lower.

25

Conclusion:

There is a significant difference between the two inks in terms of color,

absorption and rate of evaporation but there is no significant difference in terms of

odor.

RECOMMENDATION:

1. The researcher recommends finding a solution for the coagulation of ink after several

days and also undergoes the additional standardized test.

2. It is advisable to improve the color of the Narra ink and know what ingredient can

improve the absorption of the ink, rate of evaporation and odor.

3. The researcher advocates re-associating the difference between the two inks using

other tests in order to justify the result of this study. Furthermore, having a good

quality ink must be focused on before undergoing a series of test.

4. The researcher also suggests finding a device that will make the extraction of the

Narra bark extract to be easier.

5. The researcher advises to conduct other parallel tests based on the components of the

standard ink and the Narra ink.

26

BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Marker." 1998. How Products Are Made. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-

2896700065.html>.

Caparas. "The Production of Natural Dye Out of Narra." 2010.

<http://www.scribd.com/doc/35811949/The-Production-of-Natural-Dye-Out-of-Narra>.

Ellie. “The Pen Hunter”. 6 November 2008. 2011

<http://penhunter.blogspot.com/2008/11/waterproof-tests.html>.

Halsey, William and Emanuel Friedman. Merit Students Encyclopedia. Macmillan

Educational Company, 1986. 426.

Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph. D., 2010. <http://google.com/invisibleinks.html>.

How to Make Inks Using Petals.2011. <http://www.google.com/make-ink-using-

petals.html>.

Lindquist, Evan. Old Ink. n.d. <http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldink.html>.

Lopierre, Lopi.Leaf Extracts That Can Be Used As Ink.2011<http://www.google.com/leaf-

extracts-can-used-ink.html>.

Paul, Werner. "Calligraphy Idea Exchange." n.d. Dragon's Blood and Ashes.

<http://www.evanlindquist.com/oldinkrecipes.html>.

Robbins, Nicholas. "Yahoo! Contributor Network." 2010.

<http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2269561/all_about_permanent_markers.html>.

Thomson, Lex A.J. “Pterocarpus indicus (Narra)”. Special Profiles for Pacific Island Agro

forestry (2006): 12

.

27

APPENDICES

28

APPENDIX A

TALLY SHEET

Computation for the Weighted Mean Scores

Respondents

Standard Ink Narra Ink

Odor Color Absorption Rate of

Evaporation Odor Color Absorption

Rate of

Evaporation

1 4 5 5 5 3 4 1 1

2 5 5 5 5 3 2 3 3

3 4 4 5 5 3 4 2 2

4 2 4 5 5 5 4 4 2

5 3 4 5 5 5 4 2 2

6 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 3

7 4 5 5 5 5 2 1 1

8 1 3 5 5 1 5 2 1

9 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 2

10 3 5 5 5 4 5 3 3

11 5 5 5 5 3 1 1 1

12 4 5 4 5 4 3 1 1

13 3 5 4 4 3 2 1 2

14 2 5 2 3 3 1 4 3

15 2 5 3 3 4 3 4 3

16 3 5 4 5 1 3 2 3

17 2 5 4 3 4 2 2 2

18 3 5 4 5 1 2 1 2

19 3 5 4 5 1 3 2 3

20 4 5 5 5 3 3 2 3

21 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2

22 2 4 3 3 4 3 2 2

23 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 2

24 4 5 3 4 3 2 1 2

25 4 5 5 4 3 2 2 2

26 5 1 2 2 5 1 4 1

27 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 4

28 4 5 4 4 3 3 3 2

29 3 2 4 4 1 1 3 3

30 4 3 5 5 1 2 4 2

Σx 98 128 124 129 94 85 70 65

3.27 4.27 4.13 4.3 3.13 2.83 2.33 2.17

29

APPENDIX B

Computation for the Chi-Square Test of Homogeneity

A. Odor

Excellent VSatisfactory Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Poor Total

Marker A 4 4.5 10 8.5 8 9.5 6 3.5 2 4.0 30

Marker B 5 4.5 7 8.5 11 9.5 1 3.5 6 4.0 30

Total 9 17 19 7 8 60

Σx2 = 0.056 + 0.056 + 0.265 + 0.265 + 0.237 + 0.237 + 1.786 + 1.786 + 1 + 1

= 0.112 + 0.53 + 0.474 +3.572 + 2

Σx2 = 6.688

30

B. Color


Marker A 18 11.5 5 5.0 5 6.0 1 5.0 1 2.5 30

Marker B 5 11.5 5 5.0 7 6.0 9 5.0 4 2.5 30

Total 23 10 12 10 5 60

Σx2 = 3.674 + 3.674 + 0.167 + 0.167 + 3.2 + 3.2 + 0.9 + 0.9

= 7.348 + 0.334 + 6.4 + 1.8

Σx2 =15.882

31

C. Absorption


Marker A 13 7.0 10 7.5 5 5.0 2 6.5 0 4.0 30

Marker B 1 7.0 5 7.5 5 5.0 11 6.5 8 4.0 30

Total 14 15 10 13 8 60

Σx2 = 5.143 + 5.143 + 0.833 + 0.833 + 3.115 + 3.115 + 4 + 4

= 10.286 + 1.666 + 6.23 + 8.0

Σx2 = 26.182

32

D. Rate of Evaporation


Marker A 17 8.5 6 3.5 6 7.0 1 8.0 0 3.0 30

Marker B 0 8.5 1 3.5 8 7.0 15 8.0 6 3.0 30

Total 17 7 14 16 6 60

Σx2 = 8.5 + 8.5 + 1.786 + 1.786 + 0.143 + 0.143 + 6.125 + 6.125 + 3 + 3

= 17 + 3.572 + 0.286 + 12.25 + 6

Σx2 = 39.108

33

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: John Paul C. Antioquia

Age: 17

Birth date: January 11, 1995

Email address: [email protected]

Mobile number: +639489688401

Address: Salvacion, Bula, Camarines Sur

Mother: Charito C. Antioquia

Father: John H. Antioquia

narra bark as ink.pdf

Documents