COMBINED NANO MOTORS AND IMAGE SENSING USING NANO TECHNOLOGY

(NANO ROBOTS)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: SASI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

Kadakatla, Tadepalligudem, west godavari district , A.P

PRESENTED BY:

A.SUNITHA G.ARUNA KUMARI

III B.TECH III B.TECH Suni.53@gmail.com haiaruna4@gmail.com

SUBMITTED TO: MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

SRI VASAVI INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY OF ENGINEERING

NANDAMURU,KRISHNA DISTRICT

Abstract:

Nanotechnology has become a major and very exciting field for research and

development as it presents tremendous potential for a variety of applications. Research in

nanoscience is needed to facilitate these new radical scalable technologies beyond 2020.

The purpose of this presentation is to give an overview of nano robots and how it works

such as robot sensing the image and how the robot moves with the nano motors.

In this event one main idea is to present nano robots which is used to sense the

images using a small nano chips and also move according to the vision of the robot by

using nano motors made of combined organic and inorganic materials.

By using such kind of robots there are many fields of applications such as space

technology, Bio- technology, Nano technology, Cultural technology, Information

technology and Environment technology.

Introduction

Stone age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, silicon age and next what? Nevertheless to say,

we are very in nanotech age, where materials are just getting smaller day-by-day!

Imagine chips are embedded in the robot reporting every body movement. The word nano

is defined as a unit of a billionth, derived from the ancient Greek word nanos, meaning

pigmy. The length of 1 nanometer (nm) is 1/10m, about 1/80,000 of the thickness of a

hair and the length of 10 hydrogen arranged in a line. Nanotechnology refers to the

technical implementation of new phenomena or characteristics occurring when a size of

material is around number~100nm scale. In other words, it is atoms and molecule-scaled

super-microscopic technology. There would be sensors embedded in almost all works of

life. Thanks to the nanotechnology, all of these wonders, and many more are possible

Nanotechnology involves working with matter at the scale of one billionth of a meter.

Image sensor adopted Nano technology:

It functions as an artificial eye, mimicking the human eye. It uses similar

manufacturing methods to common memory semiconductors combined with silicon

semiconductor technology. Everyone has experienced trying to use a camera in a dark

place, where the picture is blurred or objects are vague because of the limitations of

existing technology regarding light-detecting capability. However, we can solve this

problem with this technology and it’s possible for anyone to take highly sensitive and

vivid pictures whenever and wherever.

Highly Sensitive Image Sensor:

The SMPD (Single-carrier Modulation Photo Detector), our most recently

developed technology, applies nano material (resulted) from the quantum effect into unit

pixels of the photo detection area in order to realize highly sensitive images. The nano

structural photodetector functions as multiple carriers using the quantum effect as single

electrons.

The photodetector, which uses a simple quantum structure to the electron carrier,

has an immense light amplification rate, many times more in comparison to PN junction

photodiodes. Consequently, the nano photodetector has optical response characteristics

and a photoelectric transformation effect, while making it possible to work with low

power consumption. The SMPD image sensor has applied such features of photoelectric

elements using nano technique to produce highly integrated pixel density and maximize

the efficiency of photo detection.

Image chip:

An Image Chip is, as the name indicates, is a chip inserted with an image sensor.

Image sensors have the ability to sense and process, in other words many photodiodes

within. Thus we call semiconductor chips, including image sensors, image chips.

Role of nano motors in robots:

This crude structure is, in fact, a motor. And like young Henry Ford's first Model-

Ts, it may be a harbinger of an equally significant industrial revolution--this time, on the

scale of billionths of a meter. Created by biological engineers at Cornell University, it

makes a reality out of what seemed a purely theoretical idea just a couple of years ago:

building machines on a molecular scale.

 

By comparison, the miniscule gears and wheels that have been etched from

silicon using a process called micromachining are behemoths. But self-propelled devices

powered by molecule-size engines could function not just inside the body, but literally

inside individual cells. To build this micro powerplant, the researchers, headed by Carlo

Montemagno, turned not to silicon, but to nature, and combined the organic with the

inorganic.

Living cells, too, have engines, such as those that wave bacterial cilia or

transport energy across membranes. The scientists found their molecular stator and rotor

in the form of an ubiquitous molecule, the enzyme ATPase. The ATPase molecular

motors occur on the membranes of mitochondria, microscopic bodies in the cells of

nearly all living organisms, as well as in chloroplasts of plant cells; within these

organelles, the enzyme is responsible for converting food to usable energy.

The moving part of ATPase is a central protein shaft (or rotor, in electric-motor

terms), less than 12 nanometers in diameter, that rotates in response to electrochemical

reactions with each of the molecule's three proton channels (comparable to the

electromagnets in the stator coil of an electric motor). ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is

the fuel for the molecular motor's motion. Energy becomes available when atomic bonds

between phosphate atoms are broken during hydrolysis, converting ATP into ADP

(adenosine diphosphate). During hydrolysis, the shaft rotates in a counterclockwise

direction, whereas it rotates clockwise during ATP synthesis from ADP.

To fashion ATPase into a motor capable of mechanical work, Montemagno, an

assistant professor of agricultural and biological engineering, turned to genetic

engineering. He produced the ATPase molecules using Escherichia coli bacteria that

were altered to include a gene sequence for ATPase from the thermophilic bacterium

Bacillus PS3.

He then separated the molecules from the cell membrane and attached them to a

metallic substrate using a synthetic peptide composed of histidine and other amino acids.

These histidine peptides, like little "legs," tied the molecular motors to the substrates,

nanofabricated patterns of gold, copper or nickel--the three standard contact materials in

integrated circuits that might one day provide control systems for the motors. Of the three

metals, nickel showed the greatest adhesion.

Next, the researchers bonded propeller-like filaments made from polymerized

proteins to the top of the motor shaft. With further genetic manipulation, the Cornell

engineers expect E. coli to turn out ATPase molecules with tiny propellers built right in--

making each a kind of nano-motorboat. The protein "props," ranging from 0.5 to 8

microns long, were made of a material that would fluoresce under certain wavelengths of

laser light so their motion could be viewed.

Indeed, observing the motion of anything so tiny requires almost as much

technology as it does to create it in the first place. In recent experiments, the Cornell

engineers tagged the ATPase molecule's rotor with giant fluorescent microspheres,

measuring 1 micron (1 millionth of a meter) in diameter. They could then observe the

microsphere's movement using a differential interferometer and a charge-coupled device

kinetics camera.

When the scientists switched on their motor--by bathing it in a solution of ATP--the

rotor spun for 40 minutes at 3 to 4 revolutions per second, the group reports in the

September issue of the journal Nanotechnology.

Still, it won't be any day soon when tiny "smart" devices are swimming through the

body, dispensing drugs to kill cancer cells. "We have succeeded in establishing biological

and nanofabrication platforms for the production of organic/inorganic hybrid

nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)," says Montemagno. "But we have a long way

to go before it's safe to turn these little machines loose in the human body." Issues such as

the impact of waste products, including heat and protons, on the motors' performance and

their surrounding environment, must be addressed.

But it's possible that, far sooner, these nanoengines will be pumping fluids, opening

and closing valves and providing mechanical drives for a new class of nanomechanical

devices.

Field Applications:

6T(IT, BT, NT, ST, ET, CT)

6T is technology for the future.

IT (Information Technology)

IT is not only for computers, software or services. IT is a combination of all these

elements, capped by a vision on how technology can help an organization to reach its

goals. Today, businesses are concentrating on their core activities in their struggle to

survive. The IT department has to do ever more with less. Under these circumstances, the

need for well informed IT professionals exist.

Bt (Bio- technology)

The use of biological processes, as through the exploitation and manipulation of living

organisms or biological systems, in the development or manufacture of a product or in

the technological solution to a problem. As such, biotechnology is a general category that

has applications in pharmacology, medicine, agriculture, and many other fields.

NT (Nano- technology)

Nanotechnology is a general term that refers to technology which enables the control and

manipulation of atoms and molecules at their level (10~9mm). NT allows for the creation

of a new area of scientific technology or the enhancement of a pre-existing product's

functions. We assume NT will become a core technology along with IT, BT, and ET, and

a revolutionary one. Even thought NT is becoming a core technology related to IT, BT,

ET, it's in the preliminary stage and the expected ripple effects will be very broad and

strong.

ST (Space technology)

Space technology is acknowledged as a combined technology related to satellites,

projectiles, and aircraft development. It also is expected to affect system technology, as it

requires high technology in order to work with electronics, semiconductors, computers

and materials. ST can contribute to raising technological levels, especially when we

behind in development compared to other advance countries.

ET (Environment Technology)

Environment technology is an approach to the design of human-machine interfaces that

seek to provide users with a sense of immersion in a computer-generated, synthetic

world. This technology researches the total of all the surrounding natural conditions that

affect the existence of living organism on Earth, including air, water, soil, and minerals,

therefore the local complex of such conditions affects a particular organism and

ultimately determines its physiology and survival.

CT (Culture Technology)

This term refers to technology for developing new culture and the art industry based on

digital media. Recently, demand is high for digital contents due to revitalization of the

Internet and improvement of digital technology. This technology is expected to maximize

our creativity by a technology-knowledge integrated industry feature that is necessary in

order to further new cultural and art industry development based on high value-added

digital media.

CONCLUSION:

Nanotechnology is a wonderful tool, but what would happen if this technology tell

the wrong hands? One might ask legal implications of self-replicating nanotechnology or

even the harmful effects of terrorism.