myers’ exploring psychology (6th ed) chapter 11 emotions, stress and health james a. mccubbin, phd...
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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)
Chapter 11
Emotions, Stress and Health
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
Emotion
Emotion a response of the whole organism
physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience
Theories of Emotion
Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Fear(emotion)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of
emotion
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Fear(emotion)
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
To experience emotion one must: be physically
aroused cognitively label
the arousalCognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear(emotion)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Emotion and Physiology
Autonomic nervous system controlsphysiological arousal
Sympatheticdivision (arousing)
Pupils dilate
Decreases
Perspires
Increases
Accelerates
Inhibits
Secrete stresshormones
Parasympatheticdivision (calming)
Pupils contract
Increases
Dries
Decreases
Slows
Activates
Decreasessecretion of
stress hormones
EYES
SALIVATION
SKIN
RESPIRATION
HEART
DIGESTION
ADRENALGLANDS
Arousal and Performance
Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks
Emotion - Lie Detectors
Polygraph machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies measures several of the physiological responses
accompanying emotion perspiration cardiovascular breathing changes
Emotion - Lie Detectors
Control Question Example- Up to age 18, did you ever physically
harm anyone?
Relevant Question Example- Did [the deceased] threaten to harm
you in any way?
Relevant > Control --> Lie
Emotion - Lie Detectors
50 Innocents 50 Thieves
1/3 of innocent declared guilty
1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)
Expressed Emotion Gender and expressiveness
Men Women
Sad Happy ScaryFilm Type
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Numberof
expressions
Experienced Emotion
Catharsis emotional release
catharsis hypothesis “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or
fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a
good mood
Experienced Emotion
Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being
physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life
Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness?
Year
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Averageper-person
after-tax incomein 1995 dollars
Percentagedescribingthemselves asvery happy
$20,000$19,000$18,000$17,000$16,000$15,000$14,000$13,000$12,000$11,000$10,000
$9,000$8,000$7,000$6,000$5,000$4,000
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Percentage very happy
Personal income
Experienced Emotion Values and life satisfaction
MoneyLove
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00Life satisfaction
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
Importancescores
Experienced Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income
defined by our prior experience
Relative Deprivation perception that one is worse off relative to those
with whom one compares oneself
Happiness is...Researchers Have Found ThatHappy People Tend to
Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfyingmarriage
Have work and leisure that engagetheir skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
However, Happiness Seems Unrelated to Other Factors, Such as
Age
Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness
Stress and Illness
Stress the process by
which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Stress Appraisal
Stressful event(tough math test)
Threat(“Yikes! This isbeyond me!”)
Challenge(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal Response
Stress and Illness
General Adaptation Syndrome Selye’s concept of
the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages
Stressresistance
Phase 1Alarm
reaction(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2Resistance(cope with stressor)
Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)
The body’s resistance to stress canlast only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressoroccurs
Stress and Health
Health Psychology subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s
contribution to behavioral medicine
Stress and the Heart
Hopelessnessscores
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0 Heart attack DeathLow risk Moderate risk High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessnessare at greater risk for heart attacksand early death
Stress and the Heart
Coronary Heart Disease clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart
muscle leading cause of death in many developed
countries
Stress and the Heart
Type A Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive,
hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing,
relaxed people
Stress and Disease
Psychophysiological Illness “mind-body” illness any stress-related physical illness
some forms of hypertension some headaches
distinct from hypochondria— misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
Stress and Disease
Lymphocytes two types of white blood cells that are part of the
body’s immune system B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release
antibodies that fight bacterial infections T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other
duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
Stress and Disease
Conditioning of immune suppression
UCS(drug)
UCR(immunesuppression)
UCS(drug)
UCR(immunesuppression)
CS(sweetenedwater)
CS(sweetenedwater) CR
(immunesuppression)
Stress and Disease
Negative emotions and health-related consequences
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressorsand negative
emotions
Release of stresshormones
Heartdisease
Immunesuppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
Promoting Health
Aerobic Exercise sustained exercise that
increases heart and lung fitness
Depressionscore
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3 Before treatmentevaluation
After treatmentevaluation
No-treatmentgroup
Aerobicexercise
group
Relaxationtreatment
group
Promoting Health
Biofeedback system for electronically
recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state blood pressure muscle tension
Promoting Health Modifying Type A life-style can reduce
recurrence of heart attacks
Percentageof patients
with recurrentheart attacks
(cumulativeaverage)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Year1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Life-style modification patients
Control patients
Modifying life-stylereduced recurrent
heart attacks
Promoting Health Social support across the life span
12-14 18-19 25-34 45-54 65-74 15-17 20-24 35-44 55-64 75+ Age in years
100%
90
80
70
60
50
Percentagewith high
support
Life events
Tendency toward
Health Illness
Personal appraisal
Challenge Threat
Personality type
Easy going, Nondepressed,Optimistic
Hostile, Depressed,Pessimistic
Personal habits
Nonsmoking, Regular exercise, Good nutrition
Smoking, Sedentary,Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring Lacking
Promoting Health
Alternative systems ofmedical practice
Bioelectromagneticapplications
Diet, nutrition,life-style changes
Herbal medicine
Manual healing
Mind-body control
Pharmacological and biological treatments
Subfields of Alternative MedicineHealth care ranging from self-care according to folk principles,to care rendered in an organized health care system based onalternative traditions or practices
The study of how living organisms interact with electromagnetic (EM) fields
The knowledge of how to prevent illness, maintain health, and reverse the effects of chronic disease through dietary or nutritional intervention
Employing plan and plant products from folk medicine traditionsfor pharmacological use
Using touch and manipulation with the hands as a diagnosticand therapeutic tool
Exploring the mind’s capacity to affect the body, based on traditional medical systems that make use of the interconnected-ness of mind and body
Drugs and vaccines not yet accepted by mainstream medicine
Alternative systems ofmedical practice
Bioelectromagneticapplications
Diet, nutrition,life-style changes
Herbal medicine
Manual healing
Mind-body control
Pharmacological and biological treatments
Subfields of Alternative MedicineHealth care ranging from self-care according to folk principles,to care rendered in an organized health care system based onalternative traditions or practices
The study of how living organisms interact with electromagnetic (EM) fields
The knowledge of how to prevent illness, maintain health, and reverse the effects of chronic disease through dietary or nutritional intervention
Employing plan and plant products from folk medicine traditionsfor pharmacological use
Using touch and manipulation with the hands as a diagnosticand therapeutic tool
Exploring the mind’s capacity to affect the body, based on traditional medical systems that make use of the interconnected-ness of mind and body
Drugs and vaccines not yet accepted by mainstream medicine
Alternative Medicine
Promoting Health Predictors of mortality
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Men Women
Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious attendance
Relativerisk
of dying