Myanmar/Burmese-English-Czech, EnglishMyanmar/Burmese-Czech, CzechMyanmar/Burmese-English Students' DictionaryFirst Edition

ven. Czech Sarana (Jan ovek)

Myanmar/Burmese-English-Czech, EnglishMyanmar/Burmese-Czech, CzechMyanmar/Burmese-English, Students' DictionaryFirst Edition

ven. Czech Sarana (Jan ovek)

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No copyright whatsoever applies to this book. author: ven. Czech Sarana (Jan ovek) finished in the year: 2012 place of creation: Colombo, Sri Lanka

Dedicated to all, who are interested in any of the contained languages.

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ContentsIntroduction...................................................................................................................................................V 1. Origin and system of this dictionary..........................................................................................................V Special characteristics in brief:..................................................................................................................V 1. Words translation.................................................................................................................................VI 2. Sentences translation..........................................................................................................................VII 2. Burmese Language................................................................................................................................VIII 1. Writing System.................................................................................................................................VIII 2. Pronunciation.......................................................................................................................................IX 3. Syllables...............................................................................................................................................XI 4. Words.................................................................................................................................................XII 5. Sentences..........................................................................................................................................XIII 3. Resources..............................................................................................................................................XIV 4. Acknowledgment...................................................................................................................................XIV 5. Useful Tables..........................................................................................................................................XV 1. Matrix of Burmese Script...................................................................................................................XV 2. Pronunciation of the Romanized Matrix...........................................................................................XVI 3. Tables of weights and measures......................................................................................................XVIII 4. Birth-day naming...............................................................................................................................XX vod.........................................................................................................................................................XXI 1. Vznik a systm tohoto slovnku.............................................................................................................XXI Zvltn vlastnosti strun:....................................................................................................................XXI 1. Peklad slovek..............................................................................................................................XXII 2. Peklad vt.....................................................................................................................................XXIII 2. Barmsk jazyk....................................................................................................................................XXIV 1. Systm psan..................................................................................................................................XXIV 2. Vslovnost.......................................................................................................................................XXV 3. Slabiky..........................................................................................................................................XXVII 4. Slova...........................................................................................................................................XXVIII 5. Vty..................................................................................................................................................XIX 6. Podobnost s eskm jazykem..........................................................................................................XXX 3. Uit literatura....................................................................................................................................XXXI 4. Podkovn.........................................................................................................................................XXXI 5. Uiten Tabulky .............................................................................................................................XXXII 1. Systm Myanmarskho Psma......................................................................................................XXXII 2. Vslovnost Romanizovanho Systmu........................................................................................XXXIII 3. Tabulky mr a vah........................................................................................................................XXXV 4. Jmenovn dle dne narozen.......................................................................................................XXXVII Abbreviations....................................................................................................................................XXXVIII Myanmar/Burmese-English-Czech Part..........................................................................................................1 English-Myanmar/Burmese-Czech Part......................................................................................................323 Czech-Myanmar/Burmese-English Part.......................................................................................................668

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Introduction1. Origin and system of this dictionaryThis dictionary is a collection of words, phrases and sentences that I have collected during my study of Burmese (Myanmar) language, which happened to be in Sri Lanka. It includes especially colloquial language, and (though rarely) also written and vulgar words, phrases and sentences, which one may encounter while being in contact with people from Myanmar. I decided to make my collection public even in this way for two reasons: firstly, as a person of Czech nationality, I felt it slightly sad when I found that there was no practical Burmese (Myanmar) -Czech or Czech-Burmese (Myanmar) dictionary available, and secondly for the sake of elevating fame and respect to both mentioned languages. The special aspect of this dictionary is not only, that it is trilingual (and includes third language, Czech), but especially the fact, that it tries to be helpful mainly for students. Though most of the users may not understand the Czech part of the terms herein, I decided not to remove it, as it may happen, that certain Czech people may have the intention of studying this magnificent language, and secondly, because certain Burmese students (who stay in Czech Republic) may like to use the dictionary to help them in studying Czech language. There are two kinds of terms: vocabulary and examples. Vocabulary terms are mostly simple translation of particular words with their grammatical specification at the end. Examples are mostly sentences, which have the purpose of showing how the particular word (copied at the beginning of the particular example) may be used.

Special characteristics in brief: Wrong spellings (often appearing in writings of natives) are intentionally included and marked as WS. (= Wrong Spelling). Great number of examples - words are shown in sentences and all those examples (sentences) are given in all the three languages. Attempt for verbatim translation of the examples - a great number of the given sentences is given in comprehensible form of translation, but verbatim translation is also indicated. Etymology of words - many words are given etymology, which is rather a help for students to remember the words, not necessarily compatible with the real history of the particular Burmese words. There was an attempt to analyze each word and translate their syllables in an understandable form, so that student can learn not only the word itself, but also the meaning of the syllables therein. The translation of syllables may be mixed so that the syllable translation is comprehensible, and in that case each syllable is numbered to reflect the original order of syllables of each Burmese word. Certain difficult words are given pronunciation in roman script according to a new system created by ven. Czech Sarana. Buddhist terms are included with their Pli original form and the Pli word is translated again in English to help the student understand origin of the particular word. Certain terms not well known to Western students are given an explanation. Most of the countable words are given their appropriate "numerical classifier" () in brackets. (But especially this was the tricky part. Professional correction of these and other mistakes would be appreciated.) Especially colloquial language is included. There are also written and vulgar expressions, but rarely. Almost all words are given grammatical and usage specification so as to inform the student in what occasion he/she may encounter (or use) the particular word. The dictionary certainly still contains many mistakes and overall there are many deficiencies. Author is neither of Burmese, nor of English nationality. No ancestor of the author has ever visited Myanmar (Burma). The author himself has never been to Burma (Myanmar). Professional proofreading is therefore requested. The dictionary is without copyright and it can be edited by anybody. It can be accepted by a company, developed, published and sold. It should be available in StarDict dictionary (program) as a downloadable and freely distributable database, as online dictionary and also as a PDF. The hard-copy should contain CD with all data and programs needed for correction, editing and further work on the dictionary.

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1. Words translationBurmese language is a syllabic language, i.e. based on syllables. This means, that a great number of its words are composed of syllables, which have their own specific meaning. For example: " " [we.hm~b(h):] is usually translated to English as "brush". However, the Burmese word gives somewhat exact information on the meaning of the meaning itself [we.] = pig, [hm~]= bristle, [b(h):]= comb - therefore, the true meaning of the Burmese word is "comb (of) pig bristles", conveying thus its basic sense. This dictionary tries to reveal this sense of Burmese words and help students to learn them quicker and more efficiently. Accordingly, the dictionary term may look like this: ex: ();brush ("comb (of) pig bristles");kart ("heben (z) prasech ttin");sg. Sometimes the verbatim translation looses its sense when given orderly according to the original. Often just (proper) mixing the translated syllables immensely help the student to understand the particular word. For that purpose, the verbatim translation is given in an order comfortable for understanding, and for exact understanding the syllables are given numbers (, , , , , ) to reflect the order in the particular Burmese term. Sometimes the words are either borrowed from a foreign language or the original meaning of the particular syllables could not be discovered by the author. Result is, that certain etymologies are completely disregarding the meaning of whole the word. For example, ( );man (man tiger);mu (mu tygr);sg.

();pineapple (fruit (of) suffering deity);ananas (ovoce trpcho bka);sg. Certain translation is verbatim even in the natural form, therefore sign ) is given to indicate it. [m:z.];raindrop );deov kapka );n. ;bank acount );bankovn et );n. Another feature of the terms in this dictionary is their "grammatical specification" mentioned at their end. For example: ;brush;kartovat;T Here "T" means "transitive" and it helps to understand, that a noun in accusative case may follow. ;go;jt;I Here "I" means "intransitive" and it helps to understand, that a noun in accusative case may not follow. Other specifications are mentioned in the list of abbreviations later in the opening part of this dictionary. Also, it must be mentioned, that though Burmese language has specific adjectives, it often makes adjectives from intransitive (passive) verbs with adding only a syllable or making an appropriate change in syntax. Therefore, if an adjective can be used as a verb in Burmese, it should be given as an intransitive verb. In this dictionary they are treated as such. For example: ;small, be;mal, bt;I . Here you may see, how it occurs in sentences: : ;small: His car is small.;mal: Jeho auto je mal. & : ;small: He ("inside") has a small car.;mal: ("On uvnit") m mal auto. From these two examples we may see, that the word (= small) may be used as a verb as well as an adjective. Though in English the adjectives also do not change, they are never treated as verbs - a verb "be" must be often added. In Burmese it is not so. Certain Burmese words do not have exact equivalent in English, especially if we talk about 'particles'. Such terms are explained after the introductory word 'indicates'. In the English Burmese (Myanmar) Czech Part one may search also by looking at terms starting by 'indicates'. Similarly it is with numerical classifiers. All numerical classifiers are usually 'translated' after the introductory word 'num. class'. They may be searched in the English Burmese (Myanmar) Czech Part as terms starting by 'num. class.'. Another point to be mentioned is frequent redundancy of pref. '' at Burmese (monosyllabic) nouns. Especially Burmese nouns may be often given two times, one time with the prefix '' and then without it. Thus for example ~ (fruit), ~ (grandfather), ~ (responsibility). Last note should be already known to users of other dictionaries. Certain composite terms are given as swapped, in order to be easily searcheable in the printed version according to the user's need. For example: ;wrong, be;patn, bt;I ;affected, be deeply (with chest);ovlivnn, bt hluboce (s hrud);I

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2. Sentences translationThere are certain spoken terms and sentences, which were given here with the purpose to show the usage of the particular word. Thus, for example, student may understand what is the usage of [lwa~:](miss) from the sentence " " [ m~:k lwa~:] (I miss you.). In order to make these sentences easily searchable in the (alphabetically organized) dictionary, I add the important word of the particular sentence at its beginning: : ;miss: I miss you.;chybt: Chyb mi. (J tebe postrdm.);col. One of the main characteristics of this dictionary is, that it tries to be "as perfect as possible". That means, that if there is a sentence or a phrase, it should be translated verbatim, i.e. word by word. Sometimes the meaning gets lost, therefore this "verbatim translation" appears in quotation marks. However, if the meaning doesn't get lost and still it keeps the grammar of the target languages, it should be given as verbatim. The verbatim translation in quotation marks still tries to follow certain grammar - with regards to English, there have to be certain words (such as prepositions) added - as these words are not mentioned in the Burmese original, they have to appear in brackets. For example: : ;home: (I) will give (you) a lift home.;domov: Odvezu (t) dom.;fut. From this example we may see, that the bracket was used for a word, which is not mentioned in the Burmese original. The non-verbatim (common translation) should, therefore, be read with the contents of the brackets, i.e. "I will give you a lift home." It may happen, that certain words mentioned in Burmese are usually not being mentioned in the target language. Therefore, to keep the translation verbatim, the translation of the Burmese words (which are usually not translated to the target language) is mentioned in brackets and quotation marks. For example: : ;have: He ("inside") has a book.;mt: On (uvnit") m knihu.;pol. Here the word would not appear as "inside" (or as anything else) in English - and therefore, to keep the verbatim form of translation, it has been included in brackets and quotation marks. The non-verbatim (common translation) has to be read without the bracketed and quoted content, i.e. as "He has a book.". Sometimes in the translation should be used a certain word in order to make the sentence intelligible, even though the precision suffers. In an attempt to keep the precision anyway, the precise translation of the particular word appears quoted in brackets after a wave: ( ~ ) . : T ;be ( ~ has become): The map is ( ~ has become) so old.;bt ( ~ stala se): (Ta) mapa je ( ~ stala se) tak (moc) star.;p.p.; : ;ask: The man asks for direction ( ~ way).;ptt se: Pn se pt na cestu.;cont. A frequent user of this dictionary should remember, that the word given at the beginning of the particular example has been attempted to be translated also at the beginning of the remaining two translation. However, sometimes the word does not appear in the translation, or it appears as completely different. In that case another important word of the particular translation has been copied at the beginning, and the translation of the starting word of the first sentence is given quoted in brackets, sometimes after a wave sign. In Burmese language there are many tags and particles, which help to make sense of each sentence. Some of them denote politeness or another way of speech. As it would be troublesome to include them into verbatim translations of each such sentences, their occurrence is mentioned in the grammatical specification at the end of a sentence. Therefore, for example " " is given as: : ;go: I go.;jt: J jdu.;pol. Here the "pol." means "polite". The abbreviations given in the last chapter of this introduction have been used throughout whole this dictionary, mostly in the place of the grammatical specification. Similarly it is with certain other 'tags', such as etc. Some examples include words, which make them useful only for certain kinds of persons or situations. For example: : ;and: You and I.;a: Ty a j.;col. um. Here ' ' (you) and ' ' (I) are words especially used by men. Therefore, at the end of the sentence 'um.' is mentioned to indicate, that this is 'used by men'. As another example, : ;today: What will you drink today?;dnes: Co budete (vy) dnes pt?;inter. col. uw. As '' (you) is especially used by women, uw. is mentioned at the end of the example.

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2. Burmese LanguageBurmese language is a member of the Tibeto-Burman language family, which is a subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.1 As such, there are certain peculiarities specific for Tibetan and Chinese language. It is a syllabic and tonal language, which make it's study for Westerners quite more difficult, as the language grammar along with the pronunciation follow very different criteria. As scholars of Burma as well as West agree, there are two kinds of Burmese language: 'written' ( [s]) and 'spoken' ( [sk:]) . There are not many differences in these two forms, and high proficiency in spoken form of the language will, to a very good extent, allow the particular student to understand even the Burmese written text. In order to preserve the noble culture of the then Burma, written form of the language has been for centuries emphasized and stressed. As the Burmese proverb says: [y:o. ahma~ pha.o.ad~] Writing is correct, reading ( ~ speech) is (just) sound.

1. Writing SystemThough the first humans in Myanmar are expected to have settled there around eleven millennia ago,2 the Burmese script ultimately descended from the Brhm script undergoing certain changes to suit the phonology of Burmese for transcribing spoken Burmese. The earliest writing in Burmese is dated 1058."3 It is characterized by its circular letters and diacritics. It is an abugida, with all letters having an inherent vowel (a. [ai] or [])."4 Writing is from left to right, as it is in most of the Western languages. Apart from the fact, that Burmese numbers have been preserved in their historical form, there are also certain marks, which are not used in the West. For example, for full stop (.) Burmese use the character () and for comma (,) is used () . Probably in order to preserve the 'roundness' of Burmese characters (which probably developed in order to comply with needs of palm-leaf scripting), certain characters were for centuries written in a seemingly awkward way. For example, (written by two draws), (2 draws), (3 draws), (3 draws).5 One may encounter ambiguities in writing certain symbols. The sign [] has been developed besides the sign [] to make reading of consonants [kh], [g], [d], [p], [w] followed by sound '' clear. Thus, we distinguish: Writing fragment + [sha] [ka] [a] [ha] [a] + [kh] [g] [d] [p] [w]

However, certain other letters, namely [dh] and [ph] are given and interchangeably, making no specific difference. Thus we may encounter ~ and ~ . may be seen especially in words derived from Pli (eg., [dh.:]electricity) and is rather encountered in vocabulary borrowed from English (eg. [falud] faluda). Nevertheless, it must be mentioned, that dictionaries of proper Burmese orthography6 (probably) always mention 'ph' only as and 'dh' only as ''.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language (24th of May, 2012) http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Burmese/ (24th of May, 2012) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language (24th of May, 2012) Ibid. However, certain modern Burmese natives draw these characters with one draw. For proper writing system, see http://www.seasite.niu.edu/burmese/script/script_index.htm . 6 Eg., Myanmar-English Dictionary of Myanmar Language Commission (program, v. 1.0.1.). 1 2 3 4 5

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An emphasis should be made when studying the Burmese spelling, because it is easy to change complete meaning of the particular word even by a small mistake. A good example are the [y] and T [y] symbols. While ' ' [py~:] means 'bored' or 'lazy', 'T ' [py~:] means 'intense', 'violent'. Regarding the historical development of Burmese writing and speaking, even today we may automatically recognize certain historical changes when we compare the written and spoken language. For instance, in written language for 'if' we come across ' ' [hly~] and ' ' [ly~], but in the modern Burmese ' ' [y~] prevails. In Pli and old texts we encounter [a], where as in the modern writings we see only [a] [a] or [a] (all the four have identical pronunciation).

2. PronunciationBurmese pronunciation follows five tones, namely 'low', 'high', 'low checked', 'high checked' and 'creaky', which, though not distinguished in Western languages at all, make significant difference in the meaning of the particular words.7 a) Low tone (ex.: [k] shield), read with a tone relatively low in comparison to other tones. b) High tone (ex.: [k:] - spread out), read with a tone relatively high in comparison to other tones. c) Low checked (or cut) tone (ex.: [ne..]8 - day), read in low tone, with short duration, and suddenly cutting the sound. d) High checked (or cut) tone (ex.: [ka.] - stick to sth.), read in high tone, with short duration and suddenly cutting the sound. e) Creaky (or choked) tone (ex.: [k -> -> -> Intransitive [c:] (= break, violate) [c.] (= be cooked) T [pye] (= be loosened) [py] (= melt, dissolve) Transitive [ch:] (= break, bend, turn) [ch.] (= cook) T [phye] (or [pe]) (= untie) [phy] (or [p]) (= dissolve)

B) Perfectisation 'H' sound may slightly change the meaning of the particular (verb) syllable, if it is added or removed at the very beginning. The change here is from 'imperfect' to 'perfect': Consonant change -> -> -> C) Verbisation Certain 'nouns' and 'adjectives' are used as verbs, like it is in English. From English, we know, that 'show' has the meaning of noun (exhibition) as well as the meaning of verb (to expose). Such words are many in English, and in Burmese as well: Noun or adjective [wa~:] (= round) [ph] (= bellows) [p:] (= fever) [sh (= big) + + (from Pli) (= big) + (= truth) (= walk) (from Pli) (= knowledge) (from Pli) (= proof) + > (from Pli) (= truth)

(proof) > (= proof) > (= knowledge)

> (from Pli) (= walking) +

Burmese words often easily change their type, from noun to verb, from verb to noun etc. For change from verb to noun there are many 'suffixes' and student will certainly find them useful when studying the language. For easier study of this phenomena, I call them as 'nouners'. The prominent of them are: T [ch~:] (probably derived from T - happening, event), usually indicates action in its continuous form, eg., T [ad~pha~:ch~:] (= recording) T [dassakh~ych~:] (= making oath). [ch.] (probably derived from - topic, matter), usually indicates a phenomenon or event, eg., [p.chCzech database) e) (program) Stardict 3.0.2 (ven. Czech Sarana's database EnglishSinhala, SinhalaCzech) f) (program) Verdict Free English-Czech Dictionary 1.5 (Microton s.r.o, 2003-2005) g) (Mozilla Firefox add-on) DPR 3.5.2 (Digital Pali Reader) (ven. Yuttadhammo, especially Pali-English Dictionary of PTS and ven. Buddhadatta's Concise Pali-English dictionary) h) (program) Okawix 0.7 with Wikipedia Offline version from 2011 i) (website) Burmese course website: http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Burmese/language.htm j) (program) L-Lingo Burmese Professional 4.1 k) (book) Burmese By Ear or Essential Myanmar, Reference text to accompany the audio (J. Okell, 2002, 211 pages) l) (book) Burmese Phrasebook (Sally Seward and col., Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd 2001 (third edition), 224 pages) m) (website) http://www.facebook.com n) And all kinds of Burmese people, that I have ever met in Sri Lanka.

4. AcknowledgmentIt would be impossible to make this dictionary real without the great number of people, who (both directly and indirectly) helped its creation and development. Firstly I would like to thank all the Burmese monks, with who I spent several years in Sri Lankan monasteries when we together studied at the local university. Most helpful were ven. Janinda, ven. Nanda, ven. Pannindriya (Rakhai), ven. Tikkha, ven. Vasava, ven. Asabha, ven. Ratthasara (Rakhai), ven. Tejaniya, ven. Narinda, ven. Dhammasara (Rakhai), ven. Suriya (Mon), ven. Issariya, ven. Kavissara and ven. Ashon Nyanuttara (Rakhai). Also many lay people helped me in understanding many sentences and contributed much to the collection of the words herein. Especially I would like to mention Mr. Soe Myint Thein, Ms. Mya Mytzu, Mrs. Ssu Yee Mon, Mr. Phone Myint Min, Ms. Nine Win, Ms. Saw Nan Thiri May, Mr. Lwin, Mr. Nay Linn, Mr. Khun Cho, Mr. Sue Khat Min and many, many others. I would like to express my deep gratitude to the proofreaders of whole the dictionary database, especially to Mrs. Ssu Yee Mon, Mrs. Noble Moe and Mrs. Kay Thi Hlaing. With a lot of faith, they have done immense work by correcting the countless mistakes that I had made when writing this dictionary. Without their help this dictionary could never be truly called as 'useful'. They have thus certainly collected much merit. Thereafter I wish to express my gratitude also to Mr. Radek Chejlava for his important remarks and proofreading of this introduction. I must not forget also Chanaka Jayamal, who spent his precious time making code for concatenation, so much important for transfer of dictionary database into book form. Ven. Nyana (Mon) was irreplaceable in transforming the dictionary database into StarDict database form, Mr. Mirek Frodl exhibited his programming skills when he created the nice program for this dictionary despite the lack of his time and Hashan Godakanda spent much of his precious time preparing CD Menu for the CD of this dictionary, a work which can be done only through uttermost patience, compassion and loving-kindness. Finally, I should mention Ko Zaw Min Lwin, who at the time of writing this acknowledgment prepares online version of this dictionary and who has done the proofreading of the Burmese part of its introduction. There were many other people, but hopefully they will forgive me, that my memory didn't allow me to mention them.

May all beings be happy, ven. Czech Sarana (Jan ovek) Sri Lanka, Colombo, May 2012

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5. Useful Tables1. Matrix of Burmese Script11Consonants [k] group [s] group [] group [] group [p] group non-group: [ka] [sa] ([ca]) [a] [a] [pa] [ya] [da/ta] ([sa]) [kha] [sha] ([cha]) [ha] [ha] [pha] ([fa]) [ya] [ha] [ga] [za] ([ja]) [a] [a] [ba] ([fa]) [la] [a] [gha] [zha] ([jha]) [ha] [ha] [bha] [wa] [a] [a] [a] [a] [na] [ma]

Vowels [a] [] () [a.] [:] / [i] / [] [:] / [u] / [] / [:] / [e] [e..] [:] [] [.] / [o] [o.] / [] [a~] [a~.] [] [.] [:] [.] () [ei.] (/ ) [ou.] [au.] [ai.] () [ou.] ( ) [a.] () [ei.] () [ou.] [~] [~.] [~:] () [ei~] [au~] [au~.] [au~:] [ai~] [ai~.] [ai~:] [i.] ( ) [.] (/ ) [.] (/ ) [ou.] ( ) [.] () [ei.] [a~] [a~.] [a~:] ( ) [~] () [ei~] () [ou~] ( ) [e~] [/] [.] [:] [.] ( ) [a.] (/ ) [ei.] () [ou.] ( ) [e..] ( ) [au.] ( ) [.] () [a~] () [~] () [ei~] (/) [ou~] () [ai~] () [ai~:] [a.] ( ) [.] /( ) [ei.] /( ) [ou.] ( ) [e..] ( ) [a.] ( ) [.] (/ ) [ei.] () [ou.] () [ai.] [a~] [a~.] [a~:] ( ) [~] (/ ) [ei~] [ei~.] [ei~:] [ou~] [ou~.] [ou~:] [a.] [ei.] /( ) [ou.] ( ) [au.] ( ) [a.] () [ei.] () [ou.] ( ) [.] [a~] [a~.] [a~:] [ei~] [ei~.] [ei~:] /( ) [ou~] /() [ou~] [ou~.] [ou~.] [ou~:] [ou~:] [/] [.] ( ) [] () [ai] () [ai.] ( ) [] ( ) [e] () [ai] ( ) [a] () [ei] () [ou] () [] ( ) [a.] ( ) [] (/ ) [ei] (/ ) [ou] ( ) [e] () [ai] ( ) [a] ( ) [] () [ei] () [ai] () []

Devowelized consonants: Those are consonants which loose their ''. Often they make only a 'hight cut' tone, but (especially) in case of English words they may happen to be pronounced. E.g.: [k] -> [k] ; [p] -> [p] etc. Doubled consonants: Those are devowelized consonants followed by a duplicate or other consonant. They appear especially in loans from Pali. E.g.: [kk], [mm], [dd], [mb(h)], [nd ], [(h)], [(h)], [] etc.

11 Mostly copied from "T " , T T T T

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2. Pronunciation of the Romanized MatrixAs the letters and their romanization have been mentioned above, the reader should be contended with a brief explanation of the way how to read the romanization. This romanization system is very different from any romanization systems ever introduced for Burmese language. The author of this dictionary believes, that as Burmese language is a 'Buddhist language', it should have much common with the original Buddhist language, Pli. Therefore, especially for the convenience of Pli scholars, the internationally accepted Pli romanization system should be applied for Burmse language as well. Modern Burmese romanization system is misleading and unnecessarily complicated. Below is a suggestion of a new system, simple and much similar to the system used for Sinhalese, Sanskrit, Pli, Hindi and many other languages. Consonantsk, g, j, p, b, m, y, r, l, s, h and f - These are read as their equivalents in English alphabet. Regarding g and j, they are read as g in goal and j in jar respectively. and Both are read as n in link or ng in sing. c Read like ch in cheek. Read like n in finch or orange or Spanish in aos. It is a palatal consonant pronounced as t in tick tack or t in teak. It is a palatal consonant pronounced as d in destiny or down. and Both are pronounced as their equivalents n and l. The purpose of the distinction is to make possible eventual exact transcription back to Burmese or Pli. w Pronounced like w in vowel, shower etc. v Usually interchangeable with b, Pronounced like v in vowel, vindicate etc. Burmese ear often does not recognize difference between v and b, because v sound is not innate to Burmese pronunciation. t It is a dental consonant pronounced by blunt touching the upper jaw with the tongue and thus making a sound similar to t in trip. Less exact pronunciation can be achieved by pronouncing it as th in throne. d It is a dental consonant pronounced by blunt touching the upper jaw with the tongue. It is pronounced as the, the English definite particle. and Both are pronounced as sh in sheep or sch in schwa. kh, gh, ch, jh, h, h, th, dh, ph and bh These are aspirated consonants, for example kh is read likeckh in trick him, gh is read like gh in dig hastily, ch is read like chh in rich hustler, jh is read like geh in rage-high, h is read like dh in red hot, bh is read like bh in astrolab history, etc. kk, mm, , ll, ww etc. - These are doubled consonants. Kk is read like ckc when quickly reading sack-carrying, mm like mm in ram-murder, like dd in bad donkey, ll like ll in ill lizard, ww like now walk.

Vowelsa It is a short vowel, read as u in fun or o in son. This is shwa, the unstressed, toneless, neutral vowel, similar to o in random. It is a long vowel, read like ah in blah or ar in lard when pronounced by a British speaker. This symbol has been introduced by me in order to solve the general dispute on how to romanize of Sinhalese. In Burmese language this sound is also very frequent. It is a short vowel read like a in man or ant. - This symbol has been introduced by me in order to solve the general dispute on how to romanize of Sinhalese. In Burmese language this sound is also very frequent. It is a long vowel read like land or hand.

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i This is a short vowel, read as i in stick or lip. This is a long vowel, read as ee in cheek or jeep. u This is a short vowel, read as u in put. This is a long vowel, read as oo in food or mood. e This is a short vowel, read as e in pet or let. This is a long vowel, read by lenthening the sound of e mentioned above. Its pronunciation as in caf (pronounced by an American speaker) or (short) e in men or red is completely wrong. It may be also understood as e in French l'ane. o This is a short vowel, read as o in roll or pot. When pronouncing, the jaws should be kept far from each other. This is a short vowel, read as slightly closed o in proverb or cold. When pronouncing, there should be made little space between the jaws and lips should be well rounded into a small circle. This is a long vowel, read as aw in straw or law. ai This is a diphthong consisting of two short vowels, and it should be read as i in like. In other words, it is a combination of a and i mentioned above. au This is a diphthong consisting of two short vowels, and it is read as ou in trousers or doubt. In other words, it is combination of a and u mentioned above. ou This is a diphthong consisting of two short vowels, and it is read as ow in low or snow. In other words, it is combination of o and u mentioned above. : - This colon indicates higher tone of voice, almost like singing higher. : will be read as with high tone, : as with higher tone etc. . - This dot indicates cut in voice in higher tone. For example a. will be read as a very short, suddenly stopped a in higher tone. . will be read as a very short, suddenly stopped in higher tone. e.. - This is pronounced as e low in tone, read as very short, suddenly stopped sound. It is similar to ea in head or e in net. < - This sign indicates the 'choked' (or 'creaky') tone of Burmese language. When pronouncing a consonant, a choked a-like sound with tone rising up should be emitted. Thus for example n< should be pronounced as a choked, high toned n. py< should be pronounced as a choked, high toned py. It is very important to pronounce this sound distinctly. Even when exaggerated, Burmese ear understands. ~ - This sign indicates nasal end. It is similar to the specific French nasal sound 'n', as in bon matin (= good morning), which is read as bo~ mata~. Therefore, a~ will be read as a finished with nasal end, i~ will be read as i finished with nasal end etc.

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3. Tables of weights and measures12Grain and liquid measuring Myanmar grain and liquid measuring (A) 2 T 2 2 2 2 4 T 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 16 T

Myanmar grain and liquid measuring (B) (1 of paddy contains 200 seeds.) 200 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 T 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 1 (cl) 1 (l) 1 (kl) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

- 1 = bushel (ca. 36.3 liters, grain in box ca. 47 cm in diameter and 20.3 cm high)

English liquid measuring 2 (pint) 4 (quarter) 1 (quarter) 1 (gallon)

- 1 (gallon) = gallon, ca. 3.79 liters

Metric system10 (ml) 100 (cl) 1000 (l) -

WeightsMyanmar measuring 7 () 4 () 4 () 4 () 2 2 2 2 20 1() 1 () 1 () 1 1 1 1 1 () (tical) 1 1 (viss) 1

English measuring (ounce) (pound) (pound) (quarter) (quarter) (ton) - 1 (ton) = ton, ca. 907.18 kg - 1 (quarter) = quarter, ca. 113.4 - 1 (pound) = pound, ca. 453 g - 1 (ounce) = ounce, ca. 28.3 g 10 (mg) 100 (cg) 1000 (g) 1000 (kg)

5 () (tical)25 (viss) -

- 1 (viss) = 1 viss, ca. 1.6 kg - 1 () (tical) = 1 tical, ca. 16 g

Metric system 1 (cg) 1 (g) 1 (kg) 1 (t)

12 Mostly copied from "T " , T T T T

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Comparison of weight standards side by side1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (pound) (pound) (kg) (kg) (metric t) ( ) (t) ( ) (t) (viss) (viss) (metric t) (t) 0.453 (kg) 27.777 (tical) 2.205 (pound) 61.239 (tical) 2209 (pound) 622 (viss) 2240 (pound) 3.6 (pound) 1.633 (kg) 0. 984 (t) 1.016 (metric t)

LengthMyanmar measuring 10 T (hairs)4 (barley)3 7 20 20 4 4 1 (sesame seed) 1 (finger-breadth) 1 1 1 (usabha) 1 1 1 (yojana) 6 (sesame seed)- 1 (barley) 8 (finger-breadth)-1 12 (inch) 2 (foot) 22 (yard) 10 8 (furlong) English measuring 1 (foot) 1 ( ) (yard) 1 1 (furlong) 1 (mile)

1 (inch) = 1 inch, ca. 2.54 cm 1 (foot) = 1 foot, ca. 30.48 cm. 1 (yard) = 1 yard, ca. 0.91 m 1 (furlong) = 1 furlong, ca. 201.17 m 1 (mile) = 1 mile, ca. 1.6 km

1 (yojana) = ca. 12.72 miles, ca. 20.47 km 1 (usabha) = ca. 140 cubits, ca. 6.4 km 1 = ca. 6 inches, ca. 15.24 cm.

Metric system 10 (mm) 100 (cm) 1000 (m) 1 (cm) 1 (m) 1 (km)

Comparison of length standards side by side1 (m) 1 (km) 1 (inch) 1 (foot) 1 (yard) 1 (mile) 1 (mile) 39.37 (inch) 0.621 (mile) 2.94 (cm) 0.304 (m) 0.914 (m) 1609.35 (km) 1.609 (km)

Myanmar time measuring 10 (wink)10 (moment)10 10 6 T 15 4 30 (day) 1 (moment) 1 1 (1 ) 1 T 1 1 1 (hour) 1 (day) 1 (month) 1 (year)

60 (hour) 12 (month) -

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4. Birth-day namingAs astrology, the Hindu (non-Buddhist) practice, has strong roots in Burmese culture, even children receive their names according to the day of their birth. From the first letter of a person's name one may realize his/her day of birth.

DayMonday () Tuesday () Wednesday ( ) Thursday () Friday () Saturday () Sunday ()

First letter of the name

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vod1. Vznik a systm tohoto slovnkuTento slovnk je sbrkou slov, frz a vt, kter jsem nasbral bhem svho studia Myanmarskho (Barmskho) jazyka, kter jsem zapoal na Sr Lance. Obsahuje zejmna nespisovn jazyk, a (pestoe vzcn) tak spisovn a vulgrn termny, frze a vty, s nimi je mono se setkat pi kontaktu s lidmi z Myanmaru. Jakoto osob esk nrodnosti, mi pilo ponkud tristn, e nebyl k dispozici dn sinhlsko-esk i eskosinhlsk slovnk, a tak ve prospch pozdvien slvy a cty tchto obou jazyk uveejuji touto cestou svou kolekci peloench vznam.Zvltn vlastnost tohoto slovnku je nejen to, e je trojjazyn (zahrnuje tet jazyk, tj. etinu), ale zejmna skutenost, e se sna bt npomocnm hlavn studentm. Pestoe vtina uivatel asi neporozum esk sti zde uvedench termn, rozhodl jsem se ji neodstranit, ponvad se me stt, e by se nkte ei rdi nauili tento ndhern jazyk, a pak, protoe by jist Barmt studenti (kte ij v esk Republice) mohli tento slovnk shledat uitenm pi svm studiu eskho jazyka. Jsou zde dva druhy termn: slovka a pklady. Slovkov termny jsou z velk sti jednoduchm pekladem slov s jejimi gramatickmi vlastnostmi na konci. Pklady jsou zejmna vty, kter jsou zde s elem ukzat, jak by se to kter slovo (opsan na zatku toho kterho pkladu) mohlo ut.

Zvltn vlastnosti strun: Slova s chybnm pravopisem (se ktermi je mon se setkat od rodilch) jsou tak zahrnuta a oznaena WS. Ohromn poet pklad slova jsou pedvedena ve vtch a vechny tyto pklady (vty) jsou k dispozici ve vech tech jazycch. Pokus o doslovn peklad pklad velk poet uvedench vt je k dispozici ve srozumiteln podob pekladu, avak doslovn peklad je tak naznaen. Etymologie slov mnoho slov je obohaceno etymologi, kter je spe pomoc studentm k jejich zapamatovn, nikoliv nezbytn v souladu se skutenou histori toho kterho barmskho slovka. Pokusil jsem se o analzu kadho slova a peklad jejich slabik v pochopiteln form, aby se student mohl nauit nejen to kter slovo jako takov, ale tak vznam slabik, ze kterch se skld. Peklad slabik me bt zamchan, aby byl srozumiteln, v jakm ppad je kad slabika oslovan aby bylo mon zptn dohledat vznam kad slabiky v pvodnm slov. Jist nron slova jsou obohacena o vslovnost v latince dle novho systmu vytvoenho ct. Czech Saranou. Buddhistick termny jsou zahrnuty s jejich originln formou jazyka Pli, kter je pak zptn peloeno znovu do anglitiny, aby tak bylo studentovi umonno pochopit pvod toho kterho slova. Jist termny ne dobe znm studentm ze zpadu jsou obohacen o vysvtlen. Vtina poitatelnch slov je obohacena o svj odpovdajc itatel () v zvorkch. (Ale zejmna tato st byla ponkud nron. Profesionln oprava tchto a jinch chyb by byla vtan.) Je zahrnut zejmna nespisovn jazyk. Jsou zde tak vulgrn vrazy, ale jen vzcn. Tm vechna slova jsou obohacena o informace ohledn gramatiky a zpsobu uit jim vlastnch, aby student vdl v jakm ppad se s tm kterm slovem me setkat, ppadn jej ut. Tento slovnk jist stle obsahuje mnoho chyb a celkov je zde mnoho nedostatk. Autor nen ani barmsk, ani anglick nrodnosti. Nikdo z pedk autora nenavtvil zemi Myanmaru. Profesionln korektura je tedy douc. Tento slovnk pozbv autorskch prv a me bt kmkoliv upraven. Me bt pijat spolenost, vylepen, vydvn a prodvn. Ml by bt tak k dispozici v programu StarDict jakoto sthnuteln a voln dostupn databze, jakoto online slovnk a tak jakoto PDF. Vytisknut kopie by mly obsahovat CD se vemi daty a programy uitenmi ke korektue, prav a vbec dal prci na tomto slovnku.

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1. Peklad slovekBarmsk jazyk je slabin jazyk, tj. zaloen na slabikch. To znamen, e ohromn mnostv jeho slov se skld ze slabik, kter maj svj vlastn specifick vznam. Nap.: " " [we.hm~b(h):] se obvykle do etiny pekld jakoto kart. Avak Barmsk slovo nm dv ponkud pesnj informaci o vznamu tohoto slova [we.] = prase, [hm~]= ttiny, [b(h):]= heben proto je skutenm vznamem tohoto Barmskho slova "heben (z) prasech ttin", z eho je zeteln zkladn smysl. Tento slovnk se sna odhalit tento smysl Barmskch slov a pomoci tak studentm se je nauit rychleji a efektivnji. Z toho dvodu slovnkov zpis ve zmnnho termnu vypad;e takto: ex: ();brush ("comb (of) pig bristles");kart ("heben (z) prasech ttin");sg. Nkdy doslovn peklad ztrc svj smysl kdy je uveden popoad dle pekldanho. astokrt pouh (sprvn) zamchn peloench slabik nesmrn pome, aby student tomu ktermu slovu porozuml. Za tm elem je doslovn peklad uveden v poad pohodlnm k pochopen, a pro pesn pochopen je u slabik uvedeno slo (, , , , , ) aby bylo mon sprvn poad peloench slabik toho kterho Barmskho slova zptn dohledat. Nkdy jsou slova bu pevzata z cizho jazyka, nebo jsem nebyl schopen dohledatpvodn vznam jejich slabik. Vsledkem je, e nkter etymologie zcela opomj vznam celho slova. Nap.: ( );man (man tiger);mu (mu tygr);sg.

();pineapple (fruit (of) suffering deity);ananas (ovoce trpcho bka);sg. Nkter peklady jsou doslovn i v pirozen form, proto je za pekladem uveden symbol ) : [m:z.];raindrop );deov kapka );n. ;bank acount );bankovn et );n. Dal vlastnost termn tohoto slovnku je jejich gramatick popis zmnn na jejich konci. Nap.: ;brush;kartovat;T Zde "T" znamen "tranzitivn" (pechodn) a pomh pochopit, e se k tomu slovesu pidv pedmt ve tvrtm pd. ;go;jt;I Zde I znamen intranzitivn (nepechodn) a pomh pochopit, e se k tomu slovesu pedmt ve tvrtm pd nepidv. Dal upesnn jsou zmnn v seznamu zkratek pozdji v vodn sti tohoto slovnku. Tak je teba zmnit, e pestoe m barmsk jazyk specifick pdavn jmna, mnohokrt vytv pdavn jmno z intranzitivnho (nepechodnho) slovesa pidnm pouh slabiky nebo provedenm vhodn zmny ve vtn skladb. Proto, pokud je mon njak barmsk pdavn jmno ut coby sloveso, pak je teba jej uvst jakoto intranzitivn (nepechodn). V tomto slovnku jsou tak uvedena. Nap.: ;small, be;mal, bt;I . Zde se podvejte, jak se ten jev vyskytuje ve vt: : ;small: His car is small.;mal: Jeho auto je mal. & : ;small: He ("inside") has a small car.;mal: ("On uvnit") m mal auto. Z tchto dvou pklad lze vidt, e slovo (= small) je mono ut na mst slovesa i pdavnho jmna. Pestoe se v anglitin pdavn jmna tak nemn, nikdy se neuvaj na mst sloves slovo be mus bt asto pidno. V barmtin tomu tak nen. Jist barmsk slova nemaj pesn ekvivalent v anglitin, zejmna pokud se bavme o pedponch a pponch. Takov termny jsou zde uveden po vodnm slov zna. V sti Czech Burmese (Myanmar) English Part je mono je hledat dvnm se na termny zanajc slovem zna. Podobn je to s itateli. Vechny itatel jsou obvykle 'peloen' po vodnm slov 'itatel'. Mohou zde bt hledny v sti Czech Burmese (Myanmar) English Part jakoto termny zanajc slovem itatel. Dal zleitost ke zmnn je ast nadbytenost ppony '' v barmskch (jednoslabinch) podstatnch jmnech. Zejmna barmsk podstatn jmna se zde mohou asto vyskytovat jednou s pponou '' a podruh bez n. Takto nap.: ~ (ovoce), ~ (ddeek), ~ (zodpovdnost). Posledn poznmka by nemla bt novotou uivatelm jinch slovnk. Jist sloen termny jsou uvedeny zamnn, aby byly snadno hledateln ve vytitn verzi, dle poteby uivatele. Nap.: ;wrong, be;patn, bt;I ;affected, be deeply (with chest);ovlivnn, bt hluboce (s hrud);I

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2. Peklad vtJsou urit nespisovn termny a vty, kter jsou zde uvedeny aby byl jasn zpsob, jakm se to kter slovo uv. Proto, napklad, student me pochopit jak se uv slovo [lwa~:] (chybt) z vty " " [ m~:k lwa~:] (Chyb mi.). Aby bylo mon tyto vty snadno hledat v (abecedn uspodanm) slovnku, dleit slova, kter tam jsou obsaena, jsou opsan na potku: : ;miss: I miss you.;chybt: Chyb mi. (J tebe postrdm.);col. Jednou z hlavnch vlastnost tohoto slovnku je, e se sna bt 'co nejdokonalej'. To znamen, e pokud se zde vyskytuje vta nebo frze, mla by bt peloena doslovn, tj. slovo od slova. Nkdy se tm ztrat vznam, a proto se tento 'doslovn peklad' objevuje v uvozovkch. Nicmn, pokud se vznam neztrc a stle si uchovv gramatiku clovho jazyka, apk by mlo bt uvedeno doslova. Doslovn peklad v uvozovkch se stle sna zachovvat uritou gramatiku i v eskm jazyce jsou jist slova, kter je teba pidat a ponvad tato slova nejsou zmnna v barmskm originle, je teba, aby se objevila v zvorkch. Nap.:: ;home: (I) will give (you) a lift home.;domov: Odvezu (t) dom.;fut.

Z tohoto pkladu lze vidt, e zvorky byly uity pro slovo, kter nen zmnn v barmskm originle. Voln (nikoliv doslovn) peklad by tedy ml bt ten s obsahem zvorek, tj. Odvezu t dom. Me se stt, e nkter slova zmnn v barmtin nejsou zmiovna v clovm jazyce. V takovm ppad, aby byl uchovan doslovn peklad, je peklad barmskch slov (kter se obvykle nepekldaj do toho kterho clovho jazyka) zmnn v zvorkch a uvozovkch. Nap.: : ;have: He ("inside") has a book.;mt: On (uvnit") m knihu.;pol. Ve zmnn slovo se v etin jakoto uvnit(nebo cokoliv jinho) neobjevuje proto, aby se udrela podoba doslovnho pekladu, je zmnno v zvorkch a uvozovkch. Voln (nikoliv doslovn) peklad by ml bt ten bez obsahu zvorek s uvozovkami, tj. jakoto On m knihu. Nkdy by v pekladu mlo bt uito urit slovo aby byla dan vta pochopiteln, pestoe utrp na pesnosti. Pro zachovn pesnosti je pesn peklad toho kterho slova uveden v zvorkch s uvozovkami po vlnovce: ( ~ ) . : T ;be ( ~ has become): The map is ( ~ has become) so old.;bt ( ~ stala se): (Ta) mapa je ( ~ stala se) tak (moc) star.;p.p.; : ;ask: The man asks for direction ( ~ way).;ptt se: Pn se pt na cestu.;cont.ast uivatel tohoto slovnku by si ml pamatovat, e bylo vynaloeno sil peloit slovo uveden na potku toho kterho pkladu tak na potku jeho peklad. Nicmn, nkdy se to slovo v pekladu nevyskytuje, nebo se vyskytuje zcela jinak. V takovm ppad bylo dleit slovo toho kterho pekladu opsno na potek a peklad podstatnho slova prvn vty je uveden v zvorkch s uvozovkami, nkdy po vlnovce. V Barmskm jazyce je mnoho 'znaek', pedpon a ppon, kter hraj roli ve smyslu kad vty. Nkter z nich zna zdvoilost nebo i jin druh mluvy. Ponvad by bylo ponkud obtn je zahrnout do doslovnho pekladu kad vty, je jejich vskyt zmnn v gramatickm popisu na konci vty. Proto nap. " " je uvedeno jakoto: : ;go: I go.;jt: J jdu.;pol. "pol." zde znamen "polite" (tj. zdvoilost. Zkratky uveden v posledn kapitole tohoto vodu byly uvny v celm slovnku, zejmna na mst gramatickho popisu. Podobn je to s jistmi jinmi 'znakami', nap. atd. Nkter pklady zahrnuj slova, kvli kterm jsou uiteln pouze v uritch situacch nebo pro urit osoby. Nap.: : ;and: You and I.;a: Ty a j.;col. um. ' ' (ty) a ' ' (j) jsou slova uvan zejmna mui. Proto je na konci vty zmnno 'um.', aby bylo zeteln, e se tato vta 'uv mui'. Jinm pkladem me bt:

: ;today: What will you drink today?;dnes: Co budete (vy) dnes pt?;inter. col. uw. Ponvad '' (vy) se uv obvykle pouze enami, je na konci pkladu uvedeno uw (= used by women).

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2. Barmsk jazykBarmsk jazyk je lenem Tibetsko-Barmsk jazykov rodiny, kter je podrodinou Sino-Tibetsk rodiny jazyk.13 Jako takov, obsahuje jist zvltnosti specifick pro tibetsk a nsk jazyk. Je to slabin a tnov jazyk, kvli emu je jeho studium ponkud nronj pro lid ze zpadu, ponvad gramatika tohoto jazyka spolu s jeho vslovnost nsleduj velice odlin kritria. Jak se shoduj uenci z Myanmaru i uenci ze zpadu, jsou dva druhy barmskho jazyka: 'psan' ( [s]) a 'mluven' ( [sk:]) . Nen v tchto dvou formch mnoha rozdl, a vysok znalost mluven formy tohoto jazyka do velk mry umon studentovi pochopit dokonce i barmsk text. Za elem uchovat ulechtilou kulturu tehdej Barmy, byla po stolet zdrazovna a vyzvedvna psan forma tohoto jazyka. Jak k barmsk pslov, [y:o. ahma~ pha.o.ad~] Psan je sprvn, ten je pouze zvuk.

1. Systm psanPestoe se pedpokld, e se prvn lid Myanmaru v t oblasti usadili asi ped jedencti tisciletmi,14 v zsad vzato, vzniklo Barmsk psmo z psma Brhm, piem podstoupilo jist zmny aby vyhovovalo fonologii barmtiny pi zpisu jej mluven formy. Nejstar psan v Barmtin se datuje na rok 1058."15 Je zvltn svmi kulatmi psmeny a diakritikou. Je to abugida, se vemi psmeny obsahujcmi zkladn samohlsku (a. [ai] or [])."16 Je psan z leva do prava, tak, jako i mnoho zpadnch jazyk. Krom toho, e byly barmsk slice uchovny v jejich historick form, uv se v tomto jazyce jistch znaek, kter na zpad nejsou v uit. Na pklad pro teku za vtou (.) uvaj barmnci symbol () a pro rku v souvt (,) se uv () . Pravdpodobn za elem uchovn 'kulatosti' barmskch znak (kter se jist vyvinula aby vyhovovala potebm zapisovn na palmov listy), psaly se po stalet jist znaky zdnliv neikovn. Nap. (psan dvma tahy), (2 tahy), (3 tahy), (3 tahy).17 Je mon, e se student pi psan uritch symbol setk s nejednoznanostmi. Symbol [] byl vyvinut vedle [] aby umonil ten souhlsek [kh], [g], [d], [p], [w] nsledovanch zvukem '' jasnm. Proto rozliujeme:

Fragment psan

+ [sha] [ka] [a] [ha] [a]

+ [kh] [g] [d] [p] [w]

Nicmn, jistm dalm znakm, tj. [dh] a [ph] se pidv i zamniteln, ani by dochzelo k njak vznamn zmn. Proto se meme setkat s tm, e ~ a ~ . me bt spateno zejmna ve slovech odvozench z jazyka Pli (eg., [dh.:]- elektina) a je spe shledno ve slovn zsob pjen z anglitiny (eg. [falud] faluda). V kadm ppad je teba zmnit, e slovnky sprvnho barmskho pravopisu18 (pravdpodobn) vdy zmiuj 'ph' pouze jakoto a 'dh' pouze jakoto ''.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language (24th of May, 2012) http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Burmese/ (24th of May, 2012) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language (24th of May, 2012) Ibid. Avak nkte barmnci tyto znaky p jednm tahem. Pro pesn a vrohodn zpsob se lze odkzat na http://www.seasite.niu.edu/burmese/script/script_index.htm . 18 Nap., Myanmar-English Dictionary od Myanmar Language Commission (program, v. 1.0.1.). 13 14 15 16 17

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Pi studiu barmskho pravopisu by ml bt kladen draz, ponvad se snadno stane, e se, by kvli mal chyb, kompletn zmn vznam psanho. Dobrm pkladem jsou symboly [y]19 a T [y]. Zatmco ' ' [py~:] znamen 'znudn' nebo 'ln', 'T ' [py~:] znamen 'intenzivn', 'nsiln'. Co se te historickho vvoje spisovn a nespisovn barmtiny, i dnes, kdy tyto dv formy porovnme, meme rozpoznat k jakm zmnm v nich historicky dolo. Na pklad, v psanm jazyce se setkme s tm, e se pro jestli v psanm jazyce pouv ' ' [hly~] a ' ' [ly~], avak v modern barmtin pevld ' ' [y~]. V Pli a starch textech se setkvme s [a], zatmco v modernm psan se uv [a] [a] or [a] (vechny tyi maj identickou vslovnost).

2. VslovnostBarmsk vslovnost nsleduje pt tn, tj. 'nzk', 'vysok', 'nzk sekan', 'vysok sekan' a 'krcen', kter, pestoe nejsou v zpadnch jazycch vbec rozeznvny, hraj dleitou roli ve vznamu tch kterch slov ve kterch se vyskytuj.20 a) Nzk tn (nap.: [k] chrnit), ten v relativn nzk tnin. b) Vysok tn (nap.: [k:] - rozthnout), ten v relativn vysok tnin. c) Nzk sekan tn (nap.: [ne..]21 - den), ten v relativn nzk tnin, krtce a s useknutm na konci. d) Vysok sekan tn (nap.: [ka.] - pilepit), ten v relativn nzk tnin, krtce a s useknutm na konci. e) krcen tn (ex.: [k