Development Development in in

computerscomputers

Computer?Computer?

a programmable machine a programmable machine A computing device.A computing device. comes from the word compute- comes from the word compute-

means 'to calculate'. means 'to calculate'. The first use of the word "computer" The first use of the word "computer"

was recorded in 1613was recorded in 1613

Early computing Early computing devices and devices and InventionsInventions

Abacus Abacus the first counting the first counting

machines machines emerged about emerged about

5,000 years ago5,000 years ago In asia minor In asia minor By use of paper By use of paper

and pencil in and pencil in Europe, the abacus Europe, the abacus lost its importance lost its importance

Stillin use.Stillin use.

Pascaline, Pascaline, Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 used eight movable dials used eight movable dials limitation to additionlimitation to addition improved by Leibniz in 1964 by creating a machine that improved by Leibniz in 1964 by creating a machine that

could also multiply could also multiply Charles Xavier invented the arithometer, a machine Charles Xavier invented the arithometer, a machine

that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions. that could perform the four basic arithmetic functions.

PascalinePascaline

(mechanical (mechanical calculator in calculator in 1642 )1642 )

Signed by pascalSigned by pascal

Real beginningReal beginning

Real beginning of Real beginning of computers -computers -

By Charles Babbage By Charles Babbage (1791-1871)Known (1791-1871)Known asas""Father of Father of ComputingComputing""

laid the down the laid the down the basic ideas for a basic ideas for a computing machine. computing machine.

Invented the Invented the Analytical and Analytical and Difference Engine. Difference Engine.

Vannevar BushVannevar Bush developed a calculator for solving developed a calculator for solving

differential equations(derivations) in differential equations(derivations) in 1931. 1931.

could solve complex differential could solve complex differential equations that had long left scientists equations that had long left scientists and mathematicians baffled and mathematicians baffled

their work was overshadowed by their work was overshadowed by similar developments by other similar developments by other scientists. scientists.

First generation-First generation-1940 -19561940 -1956

(Vacuum tubes)(Vacuum tubes)

Used vaccum tubesUsed vaccum tubes

For For switching,amplification,switching,amplification,resctification.resctification.

Relied on machine Relied on machine languagelanguage

Solve one problem at a Solve one problem at a timetime

Ex:UNIVAC and ENIACEx:UNIVAC and ENIAC Magnetic drums for Magnetic drums for

memorymemory Generates lot of heat.Generates lot of heat.

1941 - zuse31941 - zuse3

Onset of ww-II it is developed by zuse

to design airplanes & missilies.

1943- Colossus1943- Colossus

Code breaking Code breaking computer by computer by britishersbritishers

designed to break designed to break the germen the germen messagesmessages

Drawback:not used Drawback:not used for general for general purposepurpose

1944 Harvard Mark-1 1944 Harvard Mark-1 by Harvard by Harvard

professor Howard professor Howard AikenAiken

designed and built by designed and built by IBM IBM

a room-sized & a room-sized & relay-based relay-based calculator. calculator.

fifty-foot long fifty-foot long machine camshaftmachine camshaft

used to produce used to produce mathematical tablesmathematical tables

Second generationSecond generationof computersof computers(1956-1963)(1956-1963)

Used transistorsUsed transistors Replaced machine Replaced machine

language with language with assembly languageassembly language

relied on punched relied on punched cards for input and cards for input and printouts for output. printouts for output.

High-level High-level programming programming languages developed languages developed ex-COBOL and ex-COBOL and FORTRAN FORTRAN

s/w industry & career s/w industry & career in computers.in computers.

Third Third generation(1964-generation(1964-

1971) 1971)

Used intergrated Used intergrated circuitscircuits

Transistors placed Transistors placed on silicon chip on silicon chip called called semiconductersemiconducter

Introduction –Introduction –keyboards,monitorkeyboards,monitors & os.s & os.

accessible to a accessible to a mass audience mass audience

Fourth Fourth generation(1971-generation(1971-

present)present)

Microprocessers Microprocessers usedused

Placed many IC on Placed many IC on single silicon chipsingle silicon chip

fit in the palm of fit in the palm of the hand. the hand.

Linking and Linking and networkingnetworking

Led to Led to development of development of internetinternet

1971-the intel 1971-the intel 4004 chip4004 chip

located all the located all the components of the components of the computer - from computer - from the CPU and the CPU and memory to i/o memory to i/o controls - on a controls - on a single chip. single chip.

In 1981, IBM In 1981, IBM introduced its introduced its personal computer personal computer (PC) for use in the (PC) for use in the home, office and home, office and schools. schools.

in1984-in1984-MACINTOSH MACINTOSH

By appleBy apple Screen icons can Screen icons can

moved moved controlled the controlled the

screen cursor screen cursor using a mouse using a mouse

Fifth generationFifth generation(present (present

and and beyond)beyond)

based on artificial based on artificial intelligence intelligence

development of applications development of applications like –voice recognitionlike –voice recognition

Purpose:making computers Purpose:making computers behave like humans. behave like humans.

Technology-quantum Technology-quantum computation,molecular,nancomputation,molecular,nanotechnologyotechnology

They will aims to be able to solve highly complex problem including decision making, logical reasoning.

will use super large scale integrated chips.

Be able to recorgnize image graph

.

Thanks ……Thanks ……

by-by-

Milanpreet kaurMilanpreet kaur

R.no-95512366879R.no-95512366879