February 4th, 2014

Aim: How is this not Baroque? Classical era: 1750 - 1820

- More legato lines Beethoven’s change-over to Romantic style.

- Simpler melody and harmony

- Greater dynamics

- Changes in mood

- Changes in rhythm

- Symmetry and balance

- Composers can get more inventive with the roles of the instruments.

Changes to the orchestra-

- Instrumental roles are changing and becoming standardized.

- Orchestra becomes much more standardized

- Strings generally have the lead role as the melody instrument

- Four instrumental families: Strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion

- Basso continuo dying off

BIG THREEJoseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven

February 5th, 2014

Vienna, Austria becomes the most important cultural city in Europe. - Wealth- Influence from people moving

The age of Enlightenment occurred - Questioning, science, math, reasoning.

Middle Class is moving up

Haydn (Long, successful career)

Mozart

Beethoven

Classical music-

- Contrast of mood within a movement - Flexible rhythm - rhythmic ideas change throughout movement- Homophonic texture, mostly- Catchy melodies - Flexible dynamic - Flexible dynamic

Johann Stamitz -

- Violinist - From Court of Mannheim - Stressed dynamics - Virtuoso musicians - “Mannheim Sigh”- “Mannheim Rocket”

Sonata - type of piece several movements

Baroque - 1 to 8 instrumentalists

Classical - 1 to 3 instruments

Sonata Form aka Sonata Allegro Form

Sonata (Allegro) Form

● Optional introduction - would be slow

● Exposition - exposes the themes that will be used in the sonata form movement; first theme

is first; bridge follows first movement and leads to the second theme, piece modulates from

tonic to dominant if major; if minor, relative major; second theme often contrasts with first

theme

● Development - ideas from the exposition's themes are developed, usually through

modulation, rhythmic changes, or combining the two themes

● Recapitulation - theme one, bridge, and theme two all in tonic key

● Coda

“Ah! Vous-diraj-ke, maman”, L. 265- Variations by Mozart

Sonata-

Exposition

1st theme

Bridge

2nd theme

Closing section

Development

Modulation

Recapitulation

Exactly the same thing as the exposition EXCEPT theres no MODULATION

More classical form:

Sonata- Almost always the first movement, sometimes second, sometimes fourth.

Theme & variation- most often used as a second movement

Minuet & trio- Most often used as third movement

- The minuet and trio were dances during the Baroque era. - In the classical era, composers used the form in works that were just for listening (symphonic)

Minuet - A

Trio- B

Minuet- A’

Minuet Trio Minuet||: a :||: b a’:|| ||: c :||: d e’ :|| a b a’

Diagraming Theme and Variation-

A A’ A”

A A1 A2 A3

Sometimes composers write “Double Theme and Variation”

A B A’ B’ A” B”...

Eine Kleine Nachtmusik - Serenade in G minor - Menuetto

Haydn - Symphony #94 - G major

2nd movement- theme and variation

“Surprise” Symphony

- Timpani comes in with trumpets for “surprise”

First variationStrings and wind take the variation line with a counter melody

Second variationMinor key

Symphonies:

1. fast, sonata (Same Key)

2. Slow, related key, sonata, Theme and Var., Rondo

3. Fast-ish, Minuet and Trio (Same Key)

4. Fast, sonata, Theme and Variation, Rondo. (Same Key)

Rondo (Round) form

A B A C A - 5 part Rondo form

Your opening theme keep coming back around in alternation with other themes.

Franz Haydn -

From Austria

The Esterhazys -

Hadyn

A A’ A’’ A’’’ - Theme and Variations

||: a :||: b a’:|| ||: c :||: d e’ :|| a b a’ - Minuet trio Minuet

A B A C A - Rondo (A returns)

A B A C A B A - 7 Part Rondo

A B A Development A B A - Sonata Rondo

Symphony

1. Sonata (Fast)

2. Theme and Variation - Rondo - Sonata (Slow)

3. Minuet Trio Minuet (Dance - moderate)

4. Sonata or Rondo (Fast)

Classical concertos

3 movements

Orchestra & soloist

Cadenzas are featured.

Tempi are fast - slow - fast

No dance mov’t

Featured mov’ts

- Sonata- Rondo- Theme & Variation- Rounded binary (ABA)

Mozart - Piano Concert - #23 in A Major K. 488 (Ludwig Köchel)

1st movement - Sonata form Double exposition

1. Orchestra 2. Soloist

3/4/15

Mozart - Piano Concerto #21 in C major K. 467 “Elvira Madigan”

3/6/15

Mozart Recap-

1756 - 1791

Austrian

1st symphony when he was 8

Romantic era: 1820 - 1900Industrial revolution

March 12th, 2015

Aim: Beethoven and the beginnings of Romanticism.

- Beethoven is a bridge composer because some of his music is clearly Classical and some is clearly Romantic

- Beethoven is a bridge composer because some of his music is clearly Classical and some is clearly Romantic.

Classical - Very homophonic to clearly state the melody

Forms and structures - Sonata, theme and variation, etc.

Clarity- Accessible - easy to understandBalance, symmetry for entertainment.

Monteverdi as a bridge composer to the Baroque era

Beethoven is a bridge composer to the Romantic era

Romantic art-

Emotion is one of the most important elements not simple entertainment.

Supernatural is often used as subject matter

- Interest in nature - Beethoven - “Pastoral” Symphony #6

Beethoven - Piano Sonata in C minor Opus. 13, #8 “Pathetique”. (1798)

- 1st movement - Sonata form

- Slow introduction - gave the piece its name because of its intensely defeated sound. Very passionate and

Aim: Romanticism in Music.

- 1820 - 1900

- Beethoven influenced Romantic era

- Individualism- Composers want to sound unique.

- Music becomes a great deal more expressive and emotional.

- Frederic Chopin- P.I. Tchaikovsky (Lots of ballets) - Franz Schubert - Robert Schumann - Clara Wieck Schumann - Felix Mendelssohn- Bedrich Smetana - Franz Liszt- Claude Debussy - Maurice Ravel- Johannes Brahms - Giuseppe Verdi- Giacomo Puccini- Gioacchino Rossini - Antonin Dvorak

Composers try to express emotion, drama. There is a lot of Program Music written to communicate stories. Word painting is also used to help make the text 3D

Composers continue to use forms established during the Classical era (sonata, Theme and Variations, etc.), but some alter them to suit their needs. Some composers are traditionalists, some are radical

Nationalism- as a reaction to smaller countries being controlled by larger ones, composers would write music that had elements of their country’s national sounds and/or stories. Smetana, Dvorak*, Verdi

Aim: Schubert’s music

Ave Maria - Schubert

Schubert wrote 600+ lieder (German art songs)

Many of the poems written by Goethe (Gu-ta) and many by Heine

- “Heideneröslen” Text by Goethe - Strophic setting

Fauste - A play by Goethe

“Gretchen am Spinnrade” (Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel)

Schubert - “Die Forelle” - Modified strophic Schubert - Trout quintet -

Pizzicato - Plucking

Arco - Use the bow

Schubert’s unfinished symphony - 8th - Second to last symphony

March 26th, 2015

Aim: Robert Schumann

- 1810 - 1856

(June 8th)

- Like Schubert he wrote a lot of chamber music, wrote lieder, wrote symphonies.

- At 20 he wanted to become a piano virtuoso. Started studying with Friedrich Wieck. Clara was Frederick’s daughter and star pupil.

- Father was against her marrying Schumann. Schumann and Clara fought him in court and eventually married when she turned 21.

- Besides composing, Robert was known as a music critic

- He founded, with his father-in-law, a music newspaper called the New Journal of music.

- Schumann used pen names/alter-egos sometimes when he wrote criticism - Florestan and Eusebius

Schumann had mental illness later in life. Auditory and visual hallucinations. Spent the last 2 years of his life in an asylum.

Music is autobiographical - used memories of childhood, people he knew were sources of material

Schumann wrote song cycles for example, “Dichter liebe” in which all the songs share the subject of love.

He also wrote Piano Cycles - some idea as song cycles, but piano works, rather than songs.

Piano cycle called

“Carnaval” (Opus 9, written 1834)

- 21 short piano pieces linked together - Florestan- Eusebius- Chiarina (Young Clara)- Estrella (stars)- League of David

Carnival-

A s c h SCHumAn

Aflat C Bnatural

A Eflat C Bnatural

March 31st, 2015

Aim: How do composers communicate visual ideas musically?

Program music is…

- Music with a storyline - Instrumental- Definite story

Examples: “Four Seasons”, “Peter & the Wolf”, “Carnival of the Animals”, “Cinderella”, “Swan lake”, “The Nutcracker”, “Romeo and Juliet”,

Ex. #1- birds?- Running- Fighting - Tornado- Crashing percussion

Ex. #2 - Slow walking

Ex. #3- Dancing - Love

Aim: Finishing up “Carnaval”

- A piano cycle- By Robert Schumann- Program music- Florestan and Eusebius - Papillons (Butterflies)- Chiarina (Young Clars_- Chopin - is a type of piece called a nocturne which is a quiet, relaxed type of music.- Estrella - an Ernestine Von Fricken- Reconnaissance - Reunion