Plant poisoning

Definition

• Poisoning occurs when any substance interferes with normal body functions after it is swallowed, inhaled, injected, or absorbed.

• The branch of medicine that deals with the detection and treatment of poisons is known as toxicology.

• Nearly above 100 plants are toxic to humans.• (Lethal)

Examples :

1. AloeAloe: • Latin name -Vera 

 

2. Cannabis • Latin name - Cannabis Sativa

3. Mushroom :

Latin name : Boletus edulis

Mushroom’s poisoning

There are three types of effects;POSITIVE• Mood lift, Euphoria• Increased giggling and laughing• May interrupt cluster sequences in

those suffering from cluster headaches

NEUTRAL :• Feeling more emotionally sensitive• General change in consciousness • Sleepiness, lethargy• Pupil dilation.

NEGATIVE :• Intense feelings of fear, nausea, confusion• Mild to severe anxiety, dizziness,.

• Mushroom poisoning (also known as mycetism)

• Refers to harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom.

• They are unique.• They are neither animal or plant.• The Kingdom of “ Fungi”

CLASSIFICATION

1. Cyclopeptide – containing mushrooms - AMANITA SPECIES

2. Mono methyl hydrazine - Gyromitra species

3. Muscarine containing mushrooms – Inocybe species

4. Coprine – coprinus – Atramentarius

5. Gastroenteritis including mushrooms – Chlorophyllum molybdites.

USES OF MUSHROOMS

• Production of foodstuffs like wine and cheese. 

• Mushrooms has immune system enhancement properties.

• Used for dyeing wool and other natural fibers.

• Used as a antioxidant.

AMANITA SPECIES

Fly agaric or fly amanita Poisonous and psychoactive basidiomycete 

fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. 

DESCRIPTION: A large conspicuous mushroom Fly agaric fruiting bodies emerge from the

soil looking like a white egg, covered in the white warty material of the universal veil.

M.O.A :

• Amatoxins are potent and selective inhibitors of RNA polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of messenger RNA(mRNA), microRNA, and small nuclear RNA (snRNA).

• Without mRNA, which is the template for protein synthesis, cell metabolism stops and cytolysis ensues.

• The RNA polymerase of Amanita phalloides is insensitive to the effects of amatoxins; thus, the mushroom does not poison itself.

• Fatal dose – 2 to 3 mushrooms

( A.phalloides)

Early symptom category - 6 hours • Allergic, and neurologic syndromes

(Hallucinations, Convulsions,coma )

Late symptom category – 6 and 24 hours • Hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic.

Delayed symptom category – After 24 hours • Jaundice, hypoglycemia, MODS followed by

death.

Other symptoms :

• Diarrhea, • Fever,• Headache,• Weakness, • Drowsiness, • Dizziness, sweating, • Confusion, and hallucination.

Complications

• Kidney damage, Kidney failure & Death

Indications:• Don't believe that boiling, salting, or

drying mushrooms will purified ones• Don't use alcohol. Some edible

mushrooms can cause an abnormal reaction when taken with alcohol.

DIAGNOSIS :

• Arterial blood gas analysis may demonstrate hypoxia and acidosis.

• Electrolyte disturbances (eg, hypokalemia) may occur in patients with severe gastroenteritis.

• LFT & RFT

• Monitoring BGL

• Detection of toxins in gastric aspirate, serum, urine, stool.

• Liver & kidney biopsies has to done.

• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of urinary amanitin appears to be efficacious in diagnosing amatoxin poisoning.

• TLC, • GLC and • HPLC.

Treatment

• The initial treatment is supportive. • Control the ABCs • Hydration with intravenous fluid is essential to

maintain a strong blood pressure. • Transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, packed RBC is

necessary.• Oxygen therapy and, if necessary, a breathing

machine (mechanical ventilator) can be used.• Decontamination of GUT (A+ charcoal, emesis,

catharsis, forced diuresis, hemoperfusion)

• Drugs used include anticonvulsants, antiemetics, gastrointestinal (GI) decontaminants, antidotes, and anticholinergic agents.

Anticonvulsants - Lorazepam (Ativan) Antiemetic Agents - Metoclopramide (Reglan) Gastrointestinal Agents - PEG Anticholinergic Agents - Atropine

Antidote :• BENZYL PENICLLIN :

• DOSE : 300000 – 1,000,000units/day is effective.

• M.O.A : By binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, penicillin G inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis.

• Cell lysis is then mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes such as autolysis.

• ADR :, hypersensitivity, rashes, neurotoxicity , erythema, dermatitis , angioedema , seizures.

• Thioctic acid – hepatic damage• Silybinnin – hepatic toxicity• Cimetidine (have hepato protector

against alpha amanitin)

Dose – 4-6gm/day

How to get infect from mushrooms??????????????

IF…. Eat poisonous mushroom. Eat rotten mushroom. Eat mushrooms sprayed with

pesticides.Eat mushrooms if the person is

allergic too.Eat safe mushrooms but have a

panic reaction.

Tips For Identifying Poisonous Mushrooms 

• Should never pick little brown mushrooms or umbrella-capped ones with white gills.

• Always leave out the mushroom that has a bulbous cap or sac around its base.

• This ring or ‘annulus’ is a clear indication of the toxicity of a mushroom.

• Just bite into its fleshy cap and wait for 24 hours to see any possible signs of poisoning.

• Also, avoid eating wild mushrooms in raw form or in large quantities as these are difficult to digest.

mycotoxins

THANQQQQ