multicellular, heterotrophic kingdom animalia phylum...
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Mul
ticel
lula
r, h
eter
otro
phic
Col
onia
l (?)
Pro
tist
Kin
gdom
AN
IMA
LIA
Phyl
um C
HY
TRID
IOM
YC
OTA
Phyl
um Z
YG
OM
YC
OTA
Phyl
um A
SCO
MY
CO
TA
Phyl
um B
ASI
DIO
MY
CO
TA
Kingdom FUNGI?
Chitinous cell walls; motile gametes
Trophic growth; reproduction by spores; growth via filamentous hypae
immobile spores; zygotic meiosis; mainly terrestrial; mycorrhizal symbiosis
Dikaryotic hyphae;macroscopic fruiting bodies
`
Fig. 31.3
Symbiotic RelationshipsLichens
Mycorrhizae
Leaf cutter ants
Endophytes
GROWTH FORMS IN LICHENGROWTH FORMS IN LICHEN
CrustoseCrustose CrustoseCrustose
FolioseFoliose FruticoseFruticose Fruticose - epiphyteFruticose - epiphyte
Figure 31.17 Anatomy of a lichen
Figure 31.16 Lichens
MYCORRHIZAE
Mycorrhizal Mantle
P. 628
MYCORRHIZAE
( Increases surface area)
Seedling Rooting Vigor
Nature 396, 69-72 (1998)
Mycorrhizal fungal diversity determines plant diversity and productivity
Leaf cutter antsGenus - Atta
Bromatia
Secondary metabolites
Few of them are good to be eaten and most of them do suffocate and strangle the eater.
John Gerard, 1597
Figure 31.21 Fungal production of an antibiotic
EndophytesExample - Ergot disease in cereal grains
Endophyte: Claviceps purpurea
Ergot disease in cereal grains
Ergotism in Humans
St. Anthony’s Fire
GangreneSpontaneous abortionPsychotic delusionsConvulsionsDeath
An endophytic hypha (yellow) growing alongside a leaf vein (blue).
Amanita
Psilocybe
Ralph Steadman
Figure 32.1 Early embryonic development
Figure 32.1 Early embryonic development
Figure 21.11 Key developmental events in the life cycle of Drosophila
Larval stages are common
Figure 21.14 Homeotic mutations and abnormal pattern formation in Drosophila
Figure 21.14
Homeotic genes control developmental fate of groups of cells.
Figure 21.15 Homologous genes that affect pattern formation in a fruit fly and a mouse
Hox Genes
Figure 32.2 A choanoflagellate colony
Figure 32.3 One hypothesis for the origin of animals from a flagellated protist
Figure 32.4 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades
Figure 32.5 Body symmetry
Figure 32.4 A traditional view of animal diversity based on body-plan grades
Figure 32.6 Body plans of the bilateria