MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

Presentation

PRESENTED BYMOHD BILAL ANSARI

AKASH SHARMA IISAMEEN KHAN

SUBMITED TOAR. KUMAR ABHISHEK

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SOME FAMOUS BUILDING OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE

Introduction MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE• The Great Mughal Emperors:

▫Babur (1526-1530) The First of the Mughals

▫Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader

▫Akbar (1556-1605) The Great▫Jahangir (1605-1627) The

Paragon(adarsh) of Stability▫Shah Jahan (1627-1658) The Master

Builder▫Aurangzeb (1658-1707) The Intolerant

Introduction MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE•The Mughal (or Mogul) Empire

ruled most of India and Pakistan in the 16th and 17th centuries.

It consolidated Islam in South Asia, and spread Muslim (and particularly Persian) arts and culture as well as the faith.

• The Mughals were Muslims who ruled a country with a large Hindu majority. However for much of their empire they allowed Hindus to reach senior government or military positions.

•Centralised government that brought together many smaller kingdoms

•Delegated government with respect for human rights

•Persian art and culture•Persian language mixed with Arabic

and Hindi to create Urdu•Periods of great religious tolerance•A style of architecture (e.g. the Taj

Mahal)•A system of education that took

account of pupils' needs and culture

The Mughals brought many changes to India

Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur

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The first Mughal Emperor(1526-1530)

Babur was a descendent(santan) of Tamerlaine (Timur).

Timur also considered himself a warrior of Allah, but his most ferocious(khukhar) attacks were leveled on some of Islam's great cities.

A brutal (but charming) military genius, Timur is one of history's most fascinating characters.

He captured the Turkic Ghur'iat Sultanate of Delhi in 1526, defeated the last of the Delhi Sultans,Ibrahim Shah Lodi, at the First Battle Of Panipat

The Empire he founded was a sophisticated civilisation based on religious toleration. It was a mixture of Persian, Mongol and Indian culture.

Under Babur Hinduism was tolerated and new Hindu temples were built with his permission.

Babur's Architectural Legacy

Kabuli Bagh Mosque,PanipatMadhi Masjid, DelhiShaikh Yusuf Qattal's Tomb, Delhi

(1527)Rambagh, AgraMir Hindu Beg’s masjid,Sambhal

Two of his mosques exist, one in Panipat and one in Sambhal

Location : Panipat Built By : Babur Built In : 1526

Kabuli Bagh Mosque

Mir Hindu Beg’s masjid

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Location : Sambhal Built By : Babur Built In : 1526

Babri Masjid

A view of the Babri Masjid, before its Ayodhya Debate by Hindu nationalists.

The Mosque is believed to have been commissioned by Babur.

Humayun

The Luckless Leader1530-1556, but deposed 1540-1555

The stars always seemed to be against poor Humayun, who nearly lost the Mughal empire before it had barely begun.

Babur was followed by his son Humayun who was a bad emperor, a better poet, and a drug addict.

He rapidly lost the empire.

Humayan was certainly disastrous as a ruler, his love of poetry and culture heavily influenced his son Akbar, and helped to make the Mughal Empire an artistic power as well as a military one

Humayun's Architectural Legacy

Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb, Delhi (1528-36)Imam Zamin's Tomb, Delhi (1537)Hasan Khan's Tomb, Sasaram (c. 1535)Sher Shah's Tomb, Sasaram (c. 1540)Purana Qila, Delhi (c. 1530-45)Qala-i-Kuhna Masjid, Delhi (1541)Sher Mandal, Delhi (c. 1541)Gate of Sher Shah's Wall, Delhi (1540s)Salimgarh, Delhi (1546)Isa Khan's Mosque and Tomb, Delhi (1547)Sabz Burj, Nila Gumbad, DelhiBu Halima's Garden, Delhi

Purana Qila, Delhi (c. 1530-45)

Sher Shah built the Purana Quila in Delhi. Started by him, it was completed by Humayun.

It is ornamented with black and white marble and coloured tiles

A beautiful mosque inside the Quila with ornamental arches, decorative panels, geometrical designs and inscriptions is an example of the development of architecture and ornamentation during Sher Shah's reign.

Purana_Qila

Isa Khan Niyazi'sMausoleum(Maqbara)

Akbar(Akbar-e-Azam)(1556-1605)

The Great

The third Emperor, Abu Akbar, is regarded as one of the great rulers of all time, regardless of country.

Akbar succeeded to the throne at 13, and started to recapture the remaining territory lost from Babur's empire.

War against Sikandar Shah Suri for the throne of Delhi. He soon won his eighteenth victory at age 21 or 22

Akbar worked hard to win over the hearts and minds of the Hindu leaders. While this may well have been for political reasons - he married a Hindu princess.

Akbar believed that all religions should be tolerated, and that a ruler's duty was to treat all believers equally, whatever their belief.

Akbar's government machine included many Hindus in positions of responsibility - the governed were allowed to take a major part in the governing.

Akbar also ended a tax (jizya) that had been imposed on non-Muslims. This discriminatory tax had been much resented, and ending it was a popular move.

Akbar's Architectural Legacy

Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1560s)Arab Sarai, Delhi (1560s)Khair-ul Manazil Masjid, Delhi (1561)Adham Khan's Tomb, Delhi (c. 1562)Dargah of Nizam-ud-din, Delhi (1562-?)Ataga Khan's Tomb, Delhi (1566)Afsarwala Mosque and Tomb, Delhi (1566)Agra Fort, including Amar Singh Gate and Jehangiri Mahal, Agra (1565-70)Ajmer Fort and Pavilion, Ajmer (1570-2)

Lahore Fort and Palace, Lahore Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri (1571)Shaikh Salim Chishti's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri (1571-80)Islam Khan's Tomb, Fatehpur SikriPalace, Fatehpur Sikri (1571-85)Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri (1575-6)Allahabad Fort and Palace, Allahabad (1583)Muhammad Ghaus's Tomb, Gwalior Hari Parbat Fort, Srinagar (1586)Nasim Bagh, Srinagar Barber's Tomb, Delhi (1590)

Akbar's Architectural Legacy

Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi 1560s

Humayun’s Tomb

Humayun's Tomb is an early example of Mughal architecture built in Delhi.

Built in the mid 16th century by Haji Begum, senior wife of Humayun

The tomb design is attributed to Sayyid Muhammad and his father, Mirak Sayyid Ghiyath (Mirak Mirza Ghiyas), Persian architects and poets active in the Timurid and later the Mughal courts.

It was constructed between nine and fourteen years after the death of the Emperor Humayun in 1556.

Plan of Humayun’s Tomb

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The lofty double storeyed structure is built on a huge high platformterrace which has a row of calls with arched openings.

The central chamber is octagonal in shape and contains the tomb.

Each side of the mausoleum has a large arched alcove in the centre with smaller ones on either side.

It has a high marble double dome in the centre and pillared kiosks with cupolas surrounding it.

Built of red sandstone with an inlay of black, white and yellow marble it presents an imposing picture.

Agra Fort

A greater part of the fort at Agra was constructed by Akbar starting in 1565AD and completed it in 1574 A.D.

Situated on the bank of the river Jamuna, it is a massive and grand structure.

The special feature of this fort is the 2.5 kms. long and 21 metres high circuitous wall of solid red sand stone.

The stones are linked with iron rings so close that not even a hair can pass through.

The entrance to the fort is through two gateways. The main entrance known as Delhi Gate was the ceremonial entrance to the fort. The other smaller gateway is called the Hathi Pol or Elephant Gate because of the two huge elephants on either side of the gate and was meant for private use.

The gateway is decorated with beautiful panels of coloured tiles and marble inlay work.

The fort formerly contained numerous buildings of red sand stone but these were later demolished in the reign of Shah Jehan who constructed marble pavilions instead.

Some of the important buildings inside the fort are the Jahangiri Mahal built for Jahangir and his family, the Moti Masjid, and Mena Bazaars.

The Jehangiri Mahal is an impressive structure and has a courtyard surrounded by double-storeyed halls and rooms.

The corbel brackets, doorways and the chajja above them are profusely carved

Jama Masjid, Agra, Uttar Pradesh

Fatehpur Sikri is a fascinating ghost citybuilt in the 16th century; 37 km fromAgra Akbar the great, who at 26 yearsdid not have an heir, founded this historic site.

Fatehpur Sikri He went to a saint, Shaikh Salim Chishti who lived in a city called Sikri. His blessing gave Akbar 3 sons. As a gesture, Akbar built a whole new city in Sikri. Akbar named his new capital Fatehpur Sikri or the City of Victory.

Fatehpur Sikri is one of the finest examples of Mughal architectural splendour at its height.

It was built between 1569 and 1585 and was intended to be the joint capital with Agra, but was soon deserted because the water system could not support any residents.

It remained untouched for over 400 years low and its palaces are a remainder of the extravagance of the Mughals Fatehpur sikri is the best example of the culmination of Hindu and Muslim architecture.

Fatehpur Sikri Mosque is said to be a copy of the mosque in Mecca and has designs, derived from the Persian & Hindu architecture.

After this within 20 years, the capital of Mughals was shifted to Lahore

Diwan-i-Khas- served as the royal chamber of Emperor Akbar. It is designed according to the Persian style of architecture and is decorated with fine sculpture and precious stones. There are 4 kiosks, which are located in the middle of the court.

Tomb of Salim Chisti: The tomb of renowned Sufi saint Salim Chisti is located here. The tomb is well known for its delicate carvings and draws hundreds of pilgrims.

Buland Darwaza: It ranks among the important monuments in the place. This enormous gateway has a height of 54 meters and is largest gateway in the world. It was made in the year 1575 to celebrate Emperor Akbar's success in conquering Gujarat and is a fine blend of Persion and mughal architecture.

Panch Mahal: The Panch Mahal ranks among the most fascinating buildings in Fatehpur Sikri. It is a five-storey building which was meant to be the shelter of the royal ladies and mistresses. The top story of the building offers a panoramic view of the surrounding area.

Diwan-i-KhasFatehpur Sikri Panch Mahal

Buland Darwaza Tomb of Salim Chisti

Diwan-i-Khas

Jahangir (1605-1627)

The Paragon (adarsh) of Stability

Akbar's son, Emperor Jahangir, readopted Islam as the state religion and continued the policy of religious toleration. His court included large numbers of Indian Hindus, Persian Shias and Sufis

Jahangir also began building the magnificent monuments and gardens by which the Mughals are chiefly remembered today, importing hundreds of Persian architects to build palaces and create magnificent gardens.

Jehangir's Architectural LegacyAkbar's Tomb, Sikandra (1605-12)Anarkali's Tomb, Lahore (1615)Buildings in Lahore Fort, including Moti Masjid and Bari Khwabgah, Lahore Sheikhupura complex, Lahore Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar (1619)Nishat Bagh, Pathar Masjid, SrinagarKhusrau's Tomb, Allahabad (c. 1621)Itimad-ud-daulah's Tomb, Agra (1622-8)Chaunsath Khamba, Delhi (1623)Khan-i-Khanan's Tomb, Delhi (c. 1626)Jehangir's Tomb, Lahore (1627)

Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra

Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra

The south gate is the largest, with four white Marble Chhatri-topped minarets which are similar to those of the Taj Mahal, and is the normal point of entry to the tomb.

The tomb itself is surrounded by a walled enclosure 105 m square.

The tomb building is a four-tiered pyramid, surmounted by a marble pavilion containing the false tomb.

The true tomb, as in other mausoleums, is in the basement

Shah Jahan (1627-1658)

The Master Builder

The architectural achievements of the Mughals peaked between 1592 and 1666, during the reign of Jahangir's successor Shah Jahan.By Jahan's period the capital had moved to the Red Fort in Delhi, putting the Fort at the heart of Mughal power.

Shah Jehan was a patron of the arts, and a lover of all things big: big mosques, big forts, big gemstones

The most enduring of Shah Jehan's creations were his massive construction projects

Shah Jahan's Architectural Legacy

Anar Sagar Pavilions, AjmerPalaces in Agra Fort, including Anguri Bagh, Khas Mahal, Diwan-i-Khas, and Diwan-i-Am, Agra (1627-38)Taj Mahal, Agra (1631-52)Black Pavilion (Shalimar Bagh), Srinagar (1630)Wazir Khan's Mosque, Lahore (1634)Shalimar Bagh, Lahore (1637)Palaces in Lahore Fort, including Chati Khwabgah, Diwan-i-Am, and Mussaman Burj, Lahore

Asaf Khan's Tomb, Lahore (c. 1641)

Shahjehanabad, Delhi (1638-48)

Red Fort and Palace, Delhi (1639-48)

Chini ka Rauza, Agra (c. 1639)

Jama Masjid, Agra (1648)

Jama Masjid, Delhi (1650-6)

Fatehpuri Masjid, Delhi (1650)

Moti Masjid (Agra Fort), Agra (1654)

Khas Mahal

Anguri Bagh Diwan-i-Khas Diwan-i-Am

Taj Mahal

Section of Taj Mahal

SHAH JAHAN

Emperor Shah Jahan built it.

He lived from 1628 – 1666.

He made Taj Mahal in the memory of his wife and queen Mumtaz Mahal, (Her real name was Arjumand Banu). they married on 1612

City: Arga, on the banks of River YamunaState: Uttar PradeshDistance from New Delhi: 204 km (Approximately)

It took 22 years to build it, they began building it in 1631 and it was completed in 1653 and there were 20,000 workers who helped.

Involvement of 22, 000 workers including masons, stonecutters, inlayers, carvers, painters, calligraphers, dome-builders and other artisans called on from all over the central Asia and IranThe entire Taj complex consists of five major constituents, namely Darwaza (main gateway), Bageecha (gardens), Masjid (mosque), Naqqar Khana (rest house) and Rauza (main mausoleum).

The Taj Mahal covers an area of 42 acres

The main tomb of Taj Mahal stands on a square platform that was raised 50 meter above the riverbank and was leveled with dirt to reduce seepage from the river.

The four minarets on each corner of this square are detached, facing the chamfered angles of the main and are deliberately kept at 137 feet to emphasize the beautiful and spherical dome that itself is 58 feet in diameter and 81 feet high.

The western side of the main tomb has the mosque and on the eastern side is the Naqqar Khana (rest/guest house), both made in red sandstone.

Out of the total area of 580 meter by 300 meter, the garden alone covers 300 meter by 300 meter

Red Fort, DELHI

The Red Fort covers a total area of about 254.67 acres enclosed within 2.4 kilometres of defence walls

Shah Jchan started construction of the red sandstone Red Fort or Lal Quila in 1638 A.D. on the banks of the river Jumuna.

The fort took nearly nine years to complete.

Within the walled city, the fortress is in the shape of a rectangle 900 metres by 550 metres. The rampart walls are about 34 metres high. A moat surrounds the rampart.

Red Fort

.Two of the five gateways of the fort are three storeyed structures flanked by octagonal towers.

These are the Lahori Gate and the Delhi Gate.

Figures of two huge elephants flank the Delhi Gate.

The main entrance to the fort is through the Lahori Gate.

Some of the beautiful buildings are the Diwan -i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas, Moti Mahal, Hira Mahal and Rang Mahal, the latter three, all halls decorated with pietro dura and patterns in gold and colour and floors paved with marble slabs.

The Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience) is an arched pillared durbar hall. A white marble throne, embellished with coloured inlay work stands under a marble canopy. Below the throne is a marble dais inlaid with semi-precious stones. Behind the throne, the wall has beautiful panels of flowers and birds in coloured inlay work.

The Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) is a rectangular central hall with aisles of arches and painted pillars. The four corners of the roof have pillars with chhatris on them. The walls have the famous verses of Amir Khusro which says that “If there is paradise on earth it is here”

MOAT MEANS KHAI

Jama Masjid, Delhi

Plan of Jama Masjid

Jama masjid is the largest mosque in India

It can be called as the replica of Moti Masjid in Agra.

It is one of the finest mosque in the world.

After the death of his wife he shifted his capital to Delhi.

And laid the foundation of shahjahanabad between 1638- 1648

After building the fortified city of shahjahanabad and his palace he felt the need of a large mosque.

The foundation laid on 6th oct 1650.Five thousand workers has made it in six years.

It has three entrance gates.

Southern gate has 33 steps mentfor genral public.

Northern gate has 39 steps ment for nobles.

Eastern gate has 35 steps it was formally reserved for the use of mughal emperors. Even during the British period opened only for royal visitors and the viceroy of India.

An open courtyard measuring 109.75X109.75M is there.

In the centre of this there is an ablution tank, made up of marble. It measures 30.71X10.96m.In the centre of the tank there is a fountain.In the four of its corners marble kiosks are there.

It serves a dual purpose Cool the interior.Give dome a voluminous andelegant look.

Above every dome there is a copper gilt spike.

The square shape of the compartment below is united with the circular base of the dome above.

The minar consists of three storey and 130 feet (40 m) high .

Each storey is bisected by a projected gallery. With a balustrade railing around it.

Octagonal in plan.

Fatehpuri MasjidDelhi

Fatehpuri MasjidFatehpuri Masjid was built in 1650 by Fatehpuri Begum, one of Mughal Emporer, Shah Jahan’s wives who was from Fatehpur,and the mosque at Taj Mahal is also named after her.

The mosque is built using red sandstone and has a fluted dome with mahapadma and kalash on the top. Flanked by minarets, the mosque has a traditional design with the prayer hall having seven-arched openings. The mosque has single and double-storeyed apartments on the sides.

The central iwan in the middle is flanked by three arches on each side

Moti Masjid(Agra Fort), Agra (1654)

The Moti Masjid in Agra was built by Shah Jahan.

It stands on ground that slopes from east to west to the north of Diwan-i-Am complex in Agra Fort.

The sanctuary is roofed with three bulbous domes built of light white marble and stand on the red sandstone walls.

There are a series of Hindu-style domed kiosks along the parapet.

The Moti Masjid boasts of extensive white marble facing, a typical stylistic feature of architecture during the reign of Shah Jahan.

Aurangzeb – Abul Muzaffar Muhy-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb Alamgir

(1658-1707) The Intolerant

Jahan's son Aurangzeb was the last great Mughal Emperor

Aurangzeb ruled for nearly 50 years. He came to the throne after imprisoning his father and having his older brother killed.

He was a strong leader, whose conquests expanded the Mughal Empire to its greatest size.

Aurangzeb was a very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors.

He no longer allowed the Hindu community to live under their own laws and customs, but imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over the whole empire.

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Thousands of Hindu temples and shrines were torn down and a punitive tax on Hindu subjects was re-imposed.

In the last decades of the seventeenth century Aurangzeb invaded the Hindu kingdoms in central and southern India, conquering much territory and taking many slaves.

Under Aurangzeb, the Mughal empire reached the peak of its military power, but the rule was unstable. This was partly because of the hostility that Aurangazeb's intolerance and taxation inspired in the population, but also because the empire had simply become to big to be successfully governed

The great Mughal city of Calcutta came under the control of the east India company in 1696 and in the decades that followed Europeans and European - backed by Hindu princes conquered most of the Mughal territory.

The Mughal Emperors that followed Aurangzeb effectively became British or French puppets. The last Mughal Emperor was deposed by the British in 1858.

Moti Masjid (Delhi Fort), Delhi (1659)Burj-i-Shamali (Delhi Fort), DelhiBadshahi Mosque, Lahore (1674)Bibi ka Maqbara, Aurangabad (1678)Zinat-ul-Masjid, Delhi (1710)Safdar Jang's Tomb, Delhi (1753-4)Zafar Mahal, Hira Mahal (Delhi Fort), Delhi (1842)Gate to Zafar Mahal (Mehrauli), Delhi (c. 1850)

Aurangzeb'sArchitectural Legacy

Bibi ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque, Lahore

Safdar Jang's Tomb, Delhi Moti Masjid (Delhi Fort)

Zinat-ul-Masjid, Delhi (1710)

Bahadur Shah Zafar

The last Mughal Emperor[1775-1862]

By the time of Bahadur Shah Zafar the Mughal rule was confined to the Red Fort.

Bahadur Shah Zafar was obliged to live on British pension, while the reins of real power lay in the hands of the East India Company

It was at the time of Bahadur Shah that the War of Independence in 1857 started.

B r i e f H i s t o r y

Empire founded in 1526 by Emperor Babur.Prospered under first 6 emperors, referred to as the Great Mughals2nd emperor, Humayan, lost several battles to Sher Shah Suri, losing control of Hindustan.3rd emperor Akbar (circa 1700) regained control of Hindustan. Greatest Mughal ruler5th ruler Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in 1653.

Empire declined under 6th

emperor, Aurangzeb. Wars of succession, local revolts.

By 1765, the Mughal emperor had become a pensioner of the British East India Company

By 1765, the Mughal emperor had become a pensioner of the British East India Company.

Empire had several more mediocre rulers, finally ending in 1857 with expulsion to Burma (by British) of Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Influence on IndiaCentralized government system

Persian art/culture merged with native Indian art/culture.

New trade routes with Arabs and Turks

Mughlai cuisine

New architectural style.Landscape gardening

Urdu language developed from the fusion of Indian and Islamic culture.

Nearly 400 monuments have survived a time-span of 132 years.

White marble and red sandstone was favored.

Semi-precious gemstones were popular (jade, crystal, etc.)

Used arches sparingly.

Symmetry and balance stressed.

Used octagons a lot.

Use of tombs were common

Use of minarets(minar)

Char bhag concept was very common in each monument.

New architectural style

From ppt given by AR. KUMAR ABHISHEK http://en.wikipedia.org/wikihttp://www.umdnj.edu/~humayun/mughals.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_erahttp://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MUGHAL/ORIGIN.HTM http://encarta.msn.com/text_761564252___4/Mughal_Empire.htmlhttp://www.exoticindiaart.com/paintings/Mughal/ (ART)http://www.answers.com/topic/mughal-architecturehttp://www.indianholiday.com/tourist-attractions/delhi/mughal-garden/ (MUGHAL GARDEN) http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A020&Pg=5

Resources

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