Ms. AguirrePart A- Chapter 3

Common Parts

There are more than half a million types of vascular plants on Earth.

They range from tiny plants to giant redwood trees

No matter how different they are, vascular plants

have three parts in common

These three parts make it possible for vascular plants to live an grow almost everywhere.

Vascular plants are found in dry deserts, wet jungles, and the cold Arctic.

They are able to live in these environments because their roots, stems, and leaves adapt to these environments.

RootsSpread as far from the trunks as the branches

Act as anchors so the tree doesn’t fall over

Root HairsTake in water and minerals from the soil through root hairs

Roots spread far and close to the surface to take in large

amounts of the little rain

Different roots adapt to different environments

Desert

Forest- deep roots and prop roots

Deep roots serve as anchors and prop roots help so they are not being blown in the wind.

Fibrous roots look like tree branches just underneath the surface

They are like a tangled mat just underneath the surface of the soil and prevent soil erosion

They anchor the plant and the soil

Single thick root that grows straight down.

They can reach water deep in the ground

Can store food for the plant as well

Plants that grow on big trees

In tropical rainforests there are plants that grow on branches and take water directly from the moist air.

Storage

Some plants store extra food and water to help them survive changes in their environment.

Some store so much extra food that people grow them for their own food.

Stems

Hold up the plant

Carry food and water to other parts of the plant

Grow up to reach the sunlight

Strawberry Plants and Spider Plants

Stems grow sideways for new plants to grow.

Stem of a barrel cactus stores water so when rain is scarce, it

uses water from its stem.

Daisies and dandelions have stems with water inside that keep the stems firm.

When you cut they begin to droopThey have no more water inside the stem to hold it up.

Bushes and stems usually have stiff, woody stems for the extra

support they need.

Woody plants don’t die after one growing season but continue to grow year after year.

Redwoods grow for hundreds of years.

The tubes that transport water and minerals are called xylem

Xylem move water and minerals upward from roots to the leaves.

The strings you bite when eating celery are xylem tubes

These are the tubes that carry food.

They move the food made in the leaves to other parts of the plants

In flexible stems, xylem and phloem are in bundles scattered all through the stem. In

woody stems, the xylem and phlem are arranged in rings (xylem is toward the

middle and phloem is around the outside. With each growing season the stem of a woody plant gets bigger and bigger.

More xylem and phloem forms each year, so the thickness of a tree trunk is xylem.

The old xylem is the heartwood of a tree.

The heartwood is used to build houses.

Leaves Food factories

Small, large, but usually flat

Use water from the soil, carbon dioxide from the air, and energy from the sun to make food

Also produces oxygen and release into the air

A pigment, or coloring matter, called chlorophyll helps plants us light energy to produce sugars

In the fall, as the days get shorter, most leaves stop making chlorophyll

Inside the leaf are layers of cells containing microscopic chloroplasts

which are full of chlorophyll

The food making process takes place in these chloroplasts which are full of chlorophyll

Veins bring water and minerals to the chloroplasts and take

sugars from them

The stomata are tiny holes in the leaf

The stomata open wide during the day when the plant is making food

and close at night to conserve water

The waxy outer layer on top fo most leaves helps to conserve water during the heat of the day

The Venus Fly Trap- They grow where soil may not have enough nutrients the plant needs to make

food.

It snaps shut when an insect lands on it and take the nutrients from the insect it needs.

The main thing is that leaves make food for plants

Science Chapter 3 Lesson 2

Natural CyclesStores lots of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide

Iron, copper, magnesium, and calcium are stored in rocks

Running water slowly wears away rocks, releasing stored material. They dissolve in rivers, lakes, and become part of the soil

Animals drink the water and get nutrients it needs. They get most of their nutrients from food, and then their waste becomes part of the environment

Not only does their waste become part of the environment, but so does their bodies. This is all an example of how many plants

and animals use these materials

The Nitrogen CycleAll living organisms need nitrogen

Plants use nitrogen to make proteins

Animals get the nitrogen they need to make proteins when

they eat plants or other animals

Earth’s atmosphere is made up of 78 percent nitrogen

But most organisms cannot use nitrogen in this way

In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen gas is fixed, or changed into forms that

plants can use

These forms are nitrates and ammonia

Animals get nitrogen by eating the plants

An animals waste product put nitrogen back into the soil.

Solid waste= nitrates

Urine= ammonia

All life on earth is involved in the Carbon- Dioxide-Oxygen Cycle

This process stayed in balance for millions of years with

animal and plant processes

Humans began to use machines during the Industrial Revolution, so factories needed huge amounts of fuels.

Large forests were cut for timber and mines were dug to remove coal from the Earth

The burning of coal and wood put huge amounts of carbon

dioxide in the air

Then we relied on fossil fuels

This added more carbon dioxide to the air

Forests are still being cut down even though we don’t rely on timber as much

Each year we have less and less forests. This changes the balance.

There are fewer and fewer trees to use up the carbon dioxide in the air. Too much carbon dioxide is not good for

animals or humans

Chapter 3 Lesson 3

Different Methods of Reproduction

Recall that mosses and liverworts are simple plants that usually grow in damp places. They need to stay moist because they do not have xylem tubes to transport water. They do not have phloem tubes either.

Remember these types of plants are non-vascular.

They move food from cell to cell. That is why they are small!

Non-vascular Facts• Have parts that look similar to vascular• Leaflike parts have chloroplasts and use

sunlight to manufacture food.

Rootlike structures plant anchor plants in the ground.

Their stem parts hold leaflike parts to the sun.

However, these similar parts are not true leaves, roots or stems because they do not have a xylem or a phloem.

SporesDon’t have flowers. Don’t reproduce with seeds.

They reproduce with spores.

It is a single reproductive cell that grows into a new plant.

During their life cycle, mosses produce male and female reproductive cells on separate plants.

They join and produce a stalk that grows out of the female plant.

The stalk releases the spores that will grow into new moss plant.

Simple Vascular

Simple vascular plants include ferns and horsetails. Many people think of ferns as plants with lacy leaves. There are more than 11,000 kind.

In history, they took up much of the Earth. Today they only grow in cool forests.

Horsetails are much less common with only 20 kinds.

Most are small, and all contain silica, a gritty material like sand. Years ago, people used dried horsetails to scrub pots and pans.

Ferns- produce male and female cells . The zygote divides and grows into separate pore

producing plants

Seed- producing vascular plants

Produce seeds with no protection Gymnosperms- most common are

conifers, or cone-bearing plants, such as pine trees.

Most conifers produce both male and female cones on the same tree. Male cones produce pollen, structures that contain the male reproductive cells

Female cones vary in size from 2 cm-75 cm. Their shapes vary but most have a stem from which thin woody plates grow. These plates are called scales

Wind carries pollen from male cones to female cones. There the male and female reproductive cells unite. The resulting zygotes divide and grow

into seeds. During dry weather the scales open and seeds are released. .

Angiosperms- more than 235,000 kinds on Earth. They include grasses,

shrubs, herbs, and many trees.

Flowering plants are important sources of wood, fiber, and medicine

Nearly all the food that people eat come directly or indirectly from flowering plants.

Flowers make sure that pollen gets from the male part to the female part. Angiosperms are pollinated by insect and other small animals

Angiosperms produce fruits that protect their seeds. These fruits include apples, oranges, tomatoes, peanuts, and acorns

Chapter 3 Lesson 4

People us plants more for food than any other purpose

Breakfast is made of grain or the seeds of certain grasses.

Bread is made by grinding seeds

Lettuce is plant leafTomato is a fruit plant

Mustard is made from seeds

Beans, lentils, corn and rice are all seeds

Corn and rice are also seeds

Beets, radishes, and turnips are all roots

Spinach, lettuce and kale are leaves

Asparagus are stems

From fruit plants or trees

Broccoli are flowers

Artichokes are flowers

Cinnamon is the bark of a tree or the outer layer of the stem

Plants are also used for medicine

Digitalis and Quinine are two widely used medicines that come from plants

This is Foxglove.

Foxglove is used to produce digitalis

People many years ago used to chew the bark of a willow tree for pain medication.

Clothing is made from fibers of a cotton plant

Blue Jeans = Indigo plant

The dye came from an indigo plant. That’s how they got their blue color.

Wooden products come from trees.

Many beauty products come from plants