ORIGINS AND EXPLORATIONMr. Searcy

Bering Strait

35,000 years ago Ice Age Nomads following wild Game. 10,000 years ago, land Bridge is back in the sea. 1492- 100 million People in Americas.

Tribes

Countless tribes were created from Alaska to southern tip of South America

Over 2,000 separate languages were created.

New cultures, religions, and customs

Mayans

Mexico through northern Central America

Establish around 2000 B.C. Peaked between 250-900 AD Created agriculture, hieroglyphic written

language, vast architecture, and city-states.

Developed elaborate pyramids and religious centers.

Collapsed between 8th and 9th Century.

Mayans

Collapse may have been due to climate change(drought). May also have been due to overpopulation.

Eventually overtaken by the Spanish. Culture still exists in parts of Central

America.

Aztecs

Central Mexico Mexicas settled at Tenochtitlan after

seeing the eagle on a prickly cactus eating a snake in 1325.

Lake Texcoco Created by a triple alliance of tribes. Tlacaelel and Montezuma I

established a new culture and religion.

Aztecs

Late 1400s they reached their peak of power, controlling Mexico from the Pacific to the gulf.

Inca

Largest pre-Columbian empire. Cusco in modern day Peru Covered all of Andes mountains. Worshiped the sun god Began expansion in 1400s under

Capac Tupac Inca Yupanqui led expansion

into the north in the late 1400s.

Impact on the USA

Maize: Corn 1200 BC in Southwest US by Pueblos. Led to stationary living. Spread slowly through North America US never had the empire of Central

and South America due to nomadic lifestyle of most tribes.

Reason for easy conquest of N.A. tribes

Early US tribes

Mississippians: Lower Midwest of US Cahokia: close to St. Louis 40,000 people in city by 1100 Decline by 1300s. Unknown reasonsMound Builders:Ohio River valley

3 Sister Farming

1000 AD in Southeast US Corn Squash Beans Creek, Cherokee, and Choctaw

Iroquois Nation

16th Century Hiawatha created the Confederacy. Military alliance of

Mohawk, Algonquin, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida tribes

Matriarch system where power and possession passed down on female side of family

Native Population before conquest

Around 10 million people in North America before European arrival.

Tribes were isolated and heavily dependent on land.

Land was relatively untouched

Why search for a New World

1. Scandinavia: 1000 AD: Eric the Red had reached

Iceland and Greenland Lief Ericson then reached Vinland which

is present day Newfoundland2. Christian Crusades: 11th -14th Century Became fans of Eastern Goods while

fighting in the holy lands. (spices, silk, and drugs)

Why search for a new world

Muslim middle easterners worked as middle men.

3. Marco Polo 1295 returned to Venice after

spending 20 years in China. Led to an increased interest in

Eastern goods.4. Portuguese Found a way to sail south to Africa.

Why Search for a New World

Sailed NW in order to reach Europe. Allowed them to establish trading posts

along West African Coast. Sub-Saharan Africa was virtually unknown before

Allowed the movement of gold and slaves

Slavery already existed in Africa with Muslims controlling black Africans.

1488: Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip

Why Search for a New World

1498 Vasco de Gama sailed to India5. Spain: Late 15th Century the reconquest of Spain was complete. Moors kicked out of Spain Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of

Castile were married. Began expansion west to compete

with Portugal.

Why search for a New World

6. The Renaissance Ideas of optimism and exploration

spread Mariners compass made it easier to

sail Maps improved Printing press: spread scientific

knowledge and ideas Spain was poised to expand

Christopher Columbus

Italian Not sure how he truly Looked due to several Portraits. Persuaded King FerdinandAnd Queen Isabella to Finance his trip to find a Western route to the East Indies.

Christopher Columbus

The Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria

Six week voyage October 12, 1492 reached the

Bahamas Thought he had reached the Indies

and accordingly called the people “Indians”

Accidental discovery sparked an economic system that lasted centuries.

New Market System

Europe: Provided Markets, Capital, and Technology

Africa: Provided Manual Labor New World: Provided Raw Materials

Metals Food products: corn, tobacco, potato,

tomato, and beans

Columbian Exchange

3/5 of all crops cultivated today come from the New World

Foods from New World led to population booms in both Europe and Africa (which helped fuel the slave trade)

Europeans brought beast of burden to Americas. (Horse, cattle, and pigs)

Page 12 on plants

Columbian Exchange

1493: Columbus returned to Hispaniola ( present day Haiti and DR)

17 ships Cattle, swine, and horses Horses forever changed the way Indians

lived (especially in the plains and in the SW)

Brought sugarcane, which led to the forced migration of millions of African slaves

Columbian Exchange

Disease: Small Pox, Yellow Fever, and Malaria

Indians were not immune to these diseases and they quickly spread

Taino tribe in Hispaniola: In 50 years their numbers went from 5 million to 200.

Within a century after Columbus landing, nearly 90% of native americans perished

Did give Europeans syphilis

The Spanish Conquistadores

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) gave much of new world to Spain. Portugal received land in Africa, Asia, and present day Brazil.

Vasco Nunez Balboa: discoverer of Pacific Ocean. Landed in Panama in 1513.

Ferdinand Magellan: 1519-1522: first trip around the globe. Killed by natives in the Philippines. Only one of 5 ships made it back to Spain.

Spanish Conquistadors

Juan Ponce de Leon: 1513 and 1521 explored Florida seeking gold. Killed by natives.

Francisco Coronado: 1540-1542: Searched for city of gold (actually pueblo homes). Wondered through much of the Soutwest and all the way into Kansas. First European to see the Grand Canyon and buffalo.

Hernando de Soto: 1539-1542: Gold seeking expedition through Florida and westward up Mississippi River. Died of fever and wounds from Indian attacks.

Spanish Conquistadors

Francisco Pizzaro: 1532: Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru.

Spanish Conquistadors

Flow of silver from New World sparked economic boom in Europe.

Prices increased and led to growing capitalism in Europe.

Also increased trade with Asia. Led to well developed banking

systems in the world.

Spanish Conquistadors

The West Indies became the testing ground for new economic system.

Became a storage area for goods and resting place before conquests in the New World.

Became a testing ground for “Christianizing” the natives which in essence was a process of enslaving the native people.

Bartoleme de Las Casas, a missionary, wrote of the evils of the slave system being created in the New World.

Hernan Cortez

Set sail form Cuba in 1519 for Mexico.

Picked up a Spanish castaway who had been imprisoned by Mayan speaking Indians.

Also picked up a female Indian slave named Malinche who spoke Mayan and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs.

These two interpreters added him in his conquest of the Aztecs.

Hernan Cortez

Landed near Vera Cruz and started his approach for Tenochtitlan with 20,000 Indian allies. Sought the gold he had heard rumors of.

Met by ambassadors of Montezuma who flowered him with gifts, only increasing his desire for gold.

Montezuma thought this white man riding a horse was the god Quetzalcoal. This thought allowed the Spanish to enter the capital unopposed.

Hernan Cortez

The Spanish were amazed by the scope and advancement of the town with it’s use of causeways and aqueducts.

The Aztecs eventually realized the Spanish only wanted their gold and attacked the Spanish on June 30, 1520.

The Spanish counter attacked on August 13. Their attack coincided with a smallpox epidemic that destroyed the Aztec empire and led to a Spanish victory.

The Spanish then controlled the city for 3 centuries, creating Mexico City and destroying the Aztec culture.

New culture emerged as Spanish and natives intermarried creating a new mestizos culture, a blending of new and old world ways.

Spanish Rule

Within a half century some 160,000 Spanish came to the Americas, creating churches and schools.

Threatened by other countries seeking a foothold in the Americas John Cabot: Italian sailing for the English:

1497 and 1498 explored Northeasten coast. Giovanni de Verranzano: Italisn sailing for

the French: 1524 Eastern seaboard Jacques Cariter: French 1534: Explored the

St. Lawrence River

Spanish Rule

Catholic Churches and Missions became centers of Spanish control in America.

Establish many in the Southwestern U.S.

Pueblos destroyed the missions in Pope’s Rebellion in 1680 in New Mexico.

Also establish churches and forts in Texas including the Alamo in the early 1700s.

Mid-1700s they establish mission in California including San Diego and San Francisco.