monitoring of inland aquatic environmentinfofile.pcd.go.th › air › 27_acidrain.pdf · inland...

Inland Aquatic Environment Monitoring

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Monitoring of Monitoring of Inland Inland Aquatic EnvironmentAquatic Environment

Wijarn Simachaya, Ph.D.

Water Quality Management BureauPollution Control Department

http://www.pcd.go.th

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Presentation Outline• Characteristics of Receiving Waters• Site Selection• Relevant Information gathering• Sampling Procedures• Sampling Handling and Preservation• Sampling Analysis• Data Evaluation


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What is a watershed?

Lake

Rivers and Streams

Mountain

Rainfall

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2525 River Basins in ThailandRiver Basins in Thailand

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0203

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04

07

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1314

1516

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1819

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Basin NoBasin No.. Name of River BasinsName of River BasinsCatchmentCatchment AreaArea

(sq.km.)

01 Salawin 17,92002 Mae Khong 57,42203 Kok 7,89504 Shi 49,47705 Mun 69,70006 Ping 33,89807 wang 10,79108 Yom 23,61609 Nan 34,33010 Chao Phraya 20,12511 Sakaekrang 5,19112 Pasak 16,29213 Thachin 13,68214 Mae Klong 30,83715 Prachinburi 10,48116 Bang Pakong 7,97817 Tonglesap 4,15018 East Coast 13,83019 Phetchaburi 5,60320 Prachuap Khiri Khan coast 6,74521 South East Coast 26,35322 Ta Pi 12,22523 Songkhla Lake 8,49524 Pattani 3,85325 South West Coast 21,172

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5Mekong River BasinMekong River Basin

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Monitoring Sites

Lakes, Springs, Headwaters and Rivers

Lakes are better

If there are no appropriate lakes,springs and headwaters, rivers shouldbe selected in this order.


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Water Balance of Lake

• Input (Major River + Lake Tributaries + Precipitation) - Evaporation +_ Groundwater = Output

• Seasonal Variations (Climate Changes, Rainfall, Solar Heating)

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Lake Acidification

• Acid Buffering Capacity due to the presence of dissolved salts from the watershed

• Quart Sandstones• Buffering Capacity defines as acid neutalising capacity (ANC)• ANC = base cations - strong acid anions• ([CA]+[Mg]+[Na]+[K]) - ([SO4]+[NO3]+[Cl])


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ANC Scale

ANC (ueq/l) Sensitivity

< 0 Acidified

0 - 40 Very Sensitive

40 - 200 Sensitive

>200 Insensitive

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Trophic Lake Classification


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Causes and Effects of Eutrophication

Eutrophic Lake


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Siting CriteriaSiting CriteriaLakesLakes

- Harmonic lakes ( Oligotrophic or Mesotrophic ) - Low alkalinity ( less than 0.2 less than 0.2 meqmeq/L/L )- Low EC ( less than 10mS/mless than 10mS/m )-Closed to wet deposition monitoring sitewet deposition monitoring site- Depth of approximately 10m or less- Water retention time of 1 y. or less- Water area of 1 hector or more- Minimal anthropogenic water pollution- Representativeness of sitesshould be confirmed in terms of water quality (within half a year from the start of sampling/5 points).

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Sites Criteria

Springs, Headwaters & Rivers

•• SpringsSprings( upper stream area ) is better than rivers• In case of river sites, upper stream area or first

order streams is desirable.• With minimum pollution • Monitoring is only one upstream point• At river sites, no or small rainfall within 2 days

before monitoring


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Collection of Information on Monitoring Sites

The monitoring sites (lakes) should be selected from the inventory of lakes(e.g. water area larger than 1 h)

The information of the selected sites and their watersheds should be collected as much as possible

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Characteristics of LakesCharacteristics of Lakes• Location, Location Map, Elevation, Origin, Area,

Shore line length• Lake hydrologic type (seepage, closed, drainage, and

reservoir)• Lake trophic type (oligotrophic, mesotrophic,

eutrophic and dystrophic with indication of OECD criteria or others)

• Water depth (mean and maximum), Water volume, Bathometric map

• Range of annual water level fluctuation, Precipitation, Solar radiation

• Wind direction and speed (mean and dominant)• Residence time of water• Lake utilization (irrigation, domestic water, electric

power, fish culture, sightseeing, and others)• Water qualities


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Water Qualities• Water temperature, pH, EC,

Transparency, Color, Alkalinity, Dissolved oxygen, Organic carbon or COD and total aluminum

• Cations: ammonium ion, sodium ion(Na+ ), calcium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion(K+)

• Anions: sulfate ion, nitrate and nitrite ions, chloride ion and phosphate ion


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Watersheds

• Area, Elevation and topography, Surficial geology, Soil types, Vegetation, Land use, Population

• Numbers, and discharge of streams (inlets and outlets)

• Numbers, discharge and water qualities of spring or ground waters around the shore

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$T

เข ื อนวช ิราลงกรณ

เข ื อนศร ีนคร ินทร

น . แ ค ว น อ ย

บ านห วยกะแช

บ านน ิค ูห ู

บ านหนองบาง

บ านเกร ิงกระวาย

บ านท าข ามส ุด

บ านว ังเก ียงบ านว ังหล ังคา

บ านน ำชน

บ านประจำใหม

บ านตาท า

บ านแก งกระตอง

บ านท าท ุ งนา

บ านดงโครง

บ านอ ุงล ือ

บ านด านแม แฉลบ

บ านน ำม ุด

บ านต นมะพร าว

บ านท ุ งนา

บ านท ีภ ูเยตะว ันตก

บ านก ุยแหย

บ านแก งโช

บ านและแซะ

N

มาตราส วน 1:350,000

พ ื นท ี ก ันออกเขตป าเพ ื อการเกษตรเขตป าเพ ื อการอน ุร ักษ เขตป าเพ ื อเศรษฐก ิจ

ประเภทป าไม

ช ุมชนแหล งนำ

ประเภทการใช ท ี ด ิน

แผนท ี แสดงการใช ท ี ด ินบร ิเวณล ุ มนำ แม กลอง

$T หม ู บ าน


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Measurement Parameters and Frequency (1)

Measurement Parameters• Mandatory / Optional

Minimum Frequency of Sampling• Parameters relevant to Acid DepositionAcid Deposition

- 4 times/year• Parameters representing other Water Qualityother Water Quality

- once/year

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Measurement Parameters and Frequency (2)

Mandatory Parameters Optional Parameters

4 times/y W.T., pH, EC, Alkalinity, ( at pH4.8 baseline), NH4

+, Ca2+ , Mg2+

, Na+, K+, SO42-, NO3

- , Cl-

Phytoplankton( diatom species)*Epilithic algae**

Once/year Transparency, water color, DOC(if impossible,COD ),NO2

- , PO43-

Total Al

Once in 3-5 y

Sediment (SO42-, NO3

- andNH4

+ in pour water)*Living organisms other than phytoplankton, Sediment(Pb,Pb-210 and stable isotopeof S)*

* parameter for lakes only** parameter for springs, headwaters and rivers only


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Sampling and On-site Measurement

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SamplingSamplingSampling• Surface water- At center of the lake (or another representative

point of the lake) or flow of springs, headwaters and rivers

- At river sites, no or small rainfall within 2 days before monitoring

• Plankton / Epilithic Algae • SedimentDuplicate sampling• For QA/QC purpose


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Field Sampling

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เคร่ืองวัดความนําไฟฟา(S-C-T meter)

เคร่ืองวัดปริมาณออกซิเจนละลาย

(DO meter)

เคร่ืองวัดความลึก(Sounder)

Field Equipment


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Field Measurement

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On-site Measurement

As Reference Values• W.T., pH, EC (for reference)

Measurement in Lab.• EC, pH, ALK and other parameters


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Filter on Site

If transportation time is less than several hours• May not need filter on site

If transportation time is more than several hours• Filter on site except the sample to measure EC, pH

and alkalinity

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Treatment procedure of lake water sampleTreatment procedure of lake water sample

Lake WaterLake Water

Take water sampleTake water sample

filterfilter do notdo not filterfilter

store in cool and darkstore in cool and dark storestore in cool and in cool and darkdark

measure parameters measure parameters except alkalinityexcept alkalinity

measure EC, pH, measure EC, pH, and alkalinityand alkalinity

MeasureMeasure W.T., pH, W.T., pH, and EC as and EC as reference datareference data

inin laboratorylaboratory

transportationtransportation

at sampling siteat sampling site


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Treatment procedure for attached Treatment procedure for attached matter in springs, headwaters and riversmatter in springs, headwaters and rivers

Attached Matter in Springs, Headwaters and Rivers

pick up rocks

scrape off attached matter by brushing, put in water

add formalin

measure species composition of diatom

do not add formalin

store in cool and dark

centrifuge

analyze chemical composition

at sampling siteat sampling site

transportationtransportation

in laboratoryin laboratory

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Transportationand

Storage of Samples


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Storage and Measurement in Lab.

Measure EC, pH and alkalinity as soon as possible (no filtered)

Measure other parameters in several days (filtered)

Storage in -20oC~ -40oC (more than several days)

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Measurementand Analysis

in Laboratory


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Measurement Condition for EC & pH

EC and pHare recommended to be measured in the

water bath at 25 oC in the laboratory, if a temperature controlled water bath is notavailable, use of water bath without temperature control but containing at least5 L of water may be considered.

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Measurement of alkalinityX = a × (1,000/sample (ml)) × f × 0.02

X : alkalinity (meq/L)a : titration volume (ml)

f = 25/xx : standard Na2CO3 solution used (ml) f : factor of standard sulfuric acid

• Measurement using a pH meter• Swirling with magnetic stirrer, but the sample

should be motionless at end-point pH4.


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Quality Assurance and Quality Control

(QA/QC) Program

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QA/QC ProgramData Quality Objectives (DQOs)

QC in sampling/chemical analysis organizations- On-site measurement and sampling - Measurement/Analysis in lab.- Cation and anion balance (R1), ( R2)

Site performance audit and laboratory auditExternal QA programTraining program


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Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) (1)Required accuracy and precision (unit: %)

Accuracy1) Precision2)

±15 15

1) AccuracyAccuracy is calculated by the following formula:A = [(certified values)-(analytical values)]

×100/(certified values)2) Precision (Precision (SSii)) is calculated by the following formula:

Si = (Σdi2/2Ni )1/2×100/Av

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Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) (2)Detection limitsDetection limits and determination limitsdetermination limits

Items Detection limits Determination limits µmol L-1 mg L-1 µ mol L-1 mg L-1

SO42- 0.3 0.03 1.0 0.10

NO3- 0.5 0.03 1.5 0.10

Cl- 0.5 0.02 1.5 0.05NH4

+ 0.8 0.01 3.0 0.05Na+ 0.3 0.01 1.0 0.03K+ 0.3 0.01 1.0 0.04Ca2+ 0.2 0.01 0.6 0.03Mg2+ 0.3 0.01 1.0 0.03Alkalinity 5pH Replicate measurement of RM should agree to within within ±±0.05 pH value of 0.05 pH value of

RMRM.EC Replicate measurement of deionizeddeionized water (EC: less than 0.15mSmwater (EC: less than 0.15mSm--11) )

should be agree with should be agree with ±±0.02mSm0.02mSm--11.

RM: Reference material can be diluted by a laboratory working RM: Reference material can be diluted by a laboratory working standard for inland water analysisstandard for inland water analysis.


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Data validation A) Calculation of ion balance (R1)

A (µeq L-1)= C(SO42-)+C(NO3

-)+C(Cl-

)+((ALKALK))C (µeq L-1)= 10(6-pH) + C(NH4

+)+ C(Na+)+C(K+)+C(Ca2+)+C(Mg2+)

• Calculation of ion balance (R1)R1 = 100 × (C-A) / (C+A)

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Data validationA) Calculation of ion balance (R1)

in different concentration ranges(C + A) µeq L-1 R1

<50 ±30 50-100 ±15 >100 ±8


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-1 0 0-9 0-8 0-7 0-6 0-5 0-4 0-3 0-2 0-1 001 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 01 0 0

0 50 1 0 0 1 5 0 20 0 2 50 3 0 0 3 5 0 4 0 0 4 5 0 50 0

R 1(%)

Relationship between total ion concentrationand R1 ( Kao Lam Dam, 2000)

Total ion concentration µeq/ L

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Data validation (continued)B)Comparison between calculations and measurement in electrical conductivity (R2)

• Total electric conductivity (Λcalc) should be calculated as follows;Λcalc (µS cm-1) = 349.7*10 3-pH + {80.0*C(SO4

2-) + 71.5*C(NO3

-) + 76.3*C(Cl-) + 73.5*C(NH4+) +

50.1*C(Na+) + 73.5*C(K+) + 59.8*C(Ca2+) + 53.3*C(Mg2+) + 44.5*(ALKALK)}/1000

• R2 = 100 × (Λcalc -Λmeas)/(Λcalc +Λmeas)

• R2, should be compared with standard value


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Data validation(continued)B)Comparison between calculations and

measurement in electrical conductivity (R2)

Allowable ranges for R2

in different concentration rangesΛmeas(µS cm-1) R2

< 5 ±20 5 ~ 30 ±13 > 30 ±9

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-35-30-25-20-15-10-505101520253035

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Relationship between observed electrical conductivityand R2 ( Kao Lam Dam , 2000)

R 2(%

)

Observed electrical conductivity (µS /cm )


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Double Measurement

Sampling, Transportation, Storage, Measurement

• Double Measurement will be carried out in above processes

• If the precision of two values are more more than 15%than 15%, the measurement should be done againdone again

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Data Management Data Management and and

EvaluationEvaluation


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Data Management Data Management Data ReportingData ReportingThe information concerning Siting, Sampling, Analyses and QC activities should be recorded, controlled and stored. Flags in Reporting Format are same as Wet Deposition tentativelyData EvaluationData EvaluationNational Centers and Network Center should carry out

QA/QC individually

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Data reportingData reporting• Result of measurement• Information about sampling sites• Matters related to collection of samples• Matters related to analytical procedures• Local quality control activities


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Properties of Khao Lam Dam : Kanchanaburi ProvinceAltitudeOriginArea and shapeShore line lengthLake hydrologic typeLake trophic typeWater depthWater volumeAnnual water level fluctuationPrecipitationSolar radiationWind speedWind directionResidence time of waterLake utilizationWatershed areaRiver ( flow into)

170 mArtificial (Dam made lake)3,720 km2

-Reservoir-Avg.149.08 m(max :153.21 m )

6.7276 km20-18 m ( avg.9 m )

1,780 mm/y(2001)-

Avg. 0.47 m/s( .01-.09 m/s)SE, NW, W ( s), W( r ) , SE ( w )165 daysIrrigation and Electric power

3720 km2

Kaew Noi River


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Change of alkalinity in Kao Lam Dam( 2000-2001)

Alkalinity

0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1

1 .2

1 .4

1 .6

9 .5 .0 0

1 4 .1 1 .0 03 1 .7 .0 1

1 3 .6 .0 21 2 .3 .0 3

3 .9 .0 3

B P C

B P P

Time

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Change of EC in Kao Lam Dam(2000-2003)

0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

9 .0 5 .0 0

1 4 .1 1 .0 0

3 1 .0 7 .0 1

2 8 .0 3 .0 2

2 8 .0 8 .0 2

2 5 ..0 3 .0 3

B P C

B P P


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THANK YOU VERY MUCHFOR YOUR ATTENTION

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