monitoring atmospheric humidity from commercial aircraft by mozaic-iagos:

34
H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/ FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008 1 Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS: In-sights from the Past and Present into the Future Herman G. J. Smit ([email protected] ) Forschungszentrum Juelich (ICG-2) H 2O- Sensor A IR C RA FT SK IN SEN SO R S RH :H U M IC AP-H T :PT100 D EIC IN G HEATER BOUNDARY LAYERS CONTROL H OLES RIG H T ANGLE PRODUCES PA R TIC LE SEPA R A TIO N Past and Present: MOZAIC Humidity Sampling Quality Assurance & Synergy of Data Future: IAGOS 0 2 4 6 8 0 R] 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 T em p erature [ K] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 0 2 4 6 8 0 R] 0 2 4 6 8 0 R] 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 T em p erature [ K] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 0 2 4 6 8 0 R] 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 T em p erature [ K] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 0 2 4 6 8 0 R] Ice Liquid 0 2 4 6 8 10 P robability [% ] 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 Relative Hum idity [% ] 40N-60N 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 T em p erature [ K] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 200 210 220 230 240 250 Tempe ratu re [K ] 0 50 100 150 200 250 R e la tive H um id ity [% Ic e ] N= 61389 Samples with VN> 0 A B A = Saturationto Liquid B = Homog. Nucleation M OZAIC 0 9 6 3 0 0 9 6 3 0 -6 0 -4 0 -20 0 20 Sta tic A ir T em perature 0 2 4 6 8 10 A bs.E rr o r o f R el.H um i. [% RH] 12 9 6 3 0 A ltitu d e [k m] In: Helten et al., J .Geophys.R es., 1998

Upload: terry

Post on 09-Jan-2016

25 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS: In-sights from the Past and Present into the Future Herman G. J. Smit ( [email protected] ) Forschungszentrum Juelich (ICG-2). Past and Present: MOZAIC. Humidity Sampling. Quality Assurance & Synergy of Data. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

1

Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

In-sights from the Past and Present into the Future

Herman G. J. Smit ([email protected])Forschungszentrum Juelich (ICG-2)

H 2 O -S e n s o r

AIRCRAFTSKIN

SENSORSRH: HUMICAP-HT : PT100

DEICINGHEATER

BOUNDARY LAYERSCONTROL HOLES

RIGHT ANGLEPRODUCESPARTICLE

SEPARATION

Past and Present: MOZAIC

HumiditySampling

Quality Assurance & Synergy of Data

Future:IAGOS

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]

40N-60N

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]

40N-60N

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

MOZAIC

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]

40N-60N

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]

40N-60N

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

200 210 220 230 24 0 25 0T em peratu re [K ]

0

5 0

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 61389 Sam ples w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

MOZAIC

-60 -40 -20 0 20S ta tic A ir T e m p er a tu r e

0

2

4

6

8

10

Abs

.Err

or o

f R

el.H

umi.

[% R

H]

1 2 9 6 3 0

A ltitu d e [k m ]

A ll D a ta 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0

In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998

-60 -40 -20 0 20S ta tic A ir T e m p er a tu r e

0

2

4

6

8

10

Abs

.Err

or o

f R

el.H

umi.

[% R

H]

1 2 9 6 3 0

A ltitu d e [k m ]

A ll D a ta 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0

In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998

-60 -40 -20 0 20S ta tic A ir T e m p er a tu r e

0

2

4

6

8

10

Abs

.Err

or o

f R

el.H

umi.

[% R

H]

1 2 9 6 3 0

A ltitu d e [k m ]

A ll D a ta 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0

In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998

Page 2: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

2

Doubling CO2-concentration: 2-5oC Temperature increase 1/3-part: direct via CO2 2/3-part: via positive feedback of water vapor+clouds

Wat

erVa

por

Mas

s(re

lativ

e to

pr

e-in

dust

rial

valu

e)

Change in Global Mean Water Vapor (NOAA/GDFL-GCM Scenario Run)

P 200 hPa

P 900 hPaW

ater

Vapo

rM

ass

(rela

tive

to

pre

-indu

stria

lva

lue

)

Change in Global Mean Water Vapor (NOAA/GDFL-GCM Scenario Run)

P 200 hPa

P 900 hPa

(WV

) W

ate

r V

ap

or

(C)

Clo

ud

(LR

) L

ap

seR

ate

WV

+L

R

(A)

Alb

ed

o

AL

L

FeedbackType

Fe

ed

ba

ck

Str

en

gth

(W m

-2K

-1

-1

0

1

2

(WV

) W

ate

r V

ap

or

(C)

Clo

ud

(LR

) L

ap

seR

ate

WV

+L

R

(A)

Alb

ed

o

AL

L

FeedbackType

(C)

Clo

ud

(LR

) L

ap

seR

ate

WV

+L

R

(A)

Alb

ed

o

AL

L

FeedbackType

FeedbackType

Fe

ed

ba

ck

Str

en

gth

(W m

-2K

-1

-1

0

1

2

Fe

ed

ba

ck

Str

en

gth

(W m

-2K

-1

-1

0

1

2

Most Prominent Climate Feedbacks

(WV

) W

ate

r V

ap

or

(C)

Clo

ud

(LR

) L

ap

seR

ate

WV

+L

R

(A)

Alb

ed

o

AL

L

FeedbackType

Fe

ed

ba

ck

Str

en

gth

(W m

-2K

-1

-1

0

1

2

(WV

) W

ate

r V

ap

or

(C)

Clo

ud

(LR

) L

ap

seR

ate

WV

+L

R

(A)

Alb

ed

o

AL

L

FeedbackType

(C)

Clo

ud

(LR

) L

ap

seR

ate

WV

+L

R

(A)

Alb

ed

o

AL

L

FeedbackType

FeedbackType

Fe

ed

ba

ck

Str

en

gth

(W m

-2K

-1

-1

0

1

2

Fe

ed

ba

ck

Str

en

gth

(W m

-2K

-1

-1

0

1

2

Most Prominent Climate Feedbacks

Upper troposphere most sensitive region in climate change

Why Monitoring Humidity in Upper Troposphere ??

Page 3: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

3

Routine Aircraft Measurements in the Global Observing System: The Link Between Surface and Space

Page 4: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

4

MOZAIC: Humidity Sampling

H 2 O -S e n s o r

AIRCRAFTSKIN

SENSORSRH: HUMICAP-HT : PT100

DEICINGHEATER

BOUNDARY LAYERSCONTROL HOLES

RIGHT ANGLEPRODUCESPARTICLE

SEPARATION

Page 5: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

5

SAT

T A T

0

5

10

15

Adi

abat

ic F

acto

r R

HS

/RH

D

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

A ltitude [km ]

-60

-40

-20

0

20

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]

RHS/RHD

MOZAIC: Humidity Sensor in Rosemount Air Inlet System

H 2 O -S e n s o r

AIRCRAFTSKIN

SENSORSRH: HUMICAP-HT : PT100

DEICINGHEATER

BOUNDARY LAYERSCONTROL HOLES

RIGHT ANGLEPRODUCESPARTICLE

SEPARATION

TAT, RHD

SAT

RHS

Rosemount HousingTotal TemperatureModel 102 BX

In inlet speed reduction (Mach0.8 to 0) with adiabatic conversion: ► Heating (SAT to TAT) : in UT 30oC

► Compression (PS to PD): in UT Factor 1.6

RH at detector (RHD) << RH sampled air (RHS) ► At cruise altitude RHS 13 x RHD

Page 6: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

6

MOZAIC-Humidity Device: Pre-&Post Flight Calibration

Regular calibration (every 500 flight hours) In environmental simulation chamber Against Lyman()-fluorescence hygrometer Under realistic flight conditions of humidity,

temperature and pressure

Evaluation of two year record of pre- and post-flight calibrations

Results agree well with in-flight intercomparisons [Helten et al. Geophys.Res.1998, 1999]

-60 -40 -20 0 20S ta tic A ir T e m p er a tu r e

0

2

4

6

8

10

Abs

.Err

or o

f R

el.H

umi.

[% R

H]

1 2 9 6 3 0

A lt itu d e [k m ]

A ll D a ta 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0

In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998

Page 7: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

7

MOZAIC Relative Humidity in Upper Troposphere (UT) over Atlantic

• MOZAIC provided the first

climatology of humidity in the UT • Large variability in time and

space

-20

0

20

40

60

La

titu

de

5102030405060708090100

Jan

95

Jan

96

Jan

97

Jan

98

Jan

99

Jan

00

• More than 30% of UTH-data

are Ice Super Saturated (ISS)• But less than 0.5-1% of data

are Saturated to Liquid

%

Control of Humidity in UT?? Long Term Changes ??

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab i

li ty

[ %]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175RelativeHumidity [%]

40N-60N

Page 8: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

8

Critical aspects on inlet system

Ice Super Saturation over North Atlantic: More than 35% of UTH ice super saturated But less than 1% of observations are saturated to liquid

Separation solid / gas phase Particle enhancement Evaporation droplets & crystals Wall memory effects Well defined P & T (cq. SH & RH)-conditions

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]

40N-60N

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]

40N-60N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175Relative Humidity [% ]

40N-60N

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

2 0 0 2 1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0T em p eratu re [K ]

0

5 0

1 0 0

1 5 0

2 0 0

2 5 0

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity

[% I

ce] N = 6 13 8 9 Sa m p les w ith V N > 0

AB

A = Saturation to LiquidB = Homog. Nucleation

MOZAIC

Page 9: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

9

Performance MOZAIC Humidity Device in Clouds Evaporation of Ice Crystals ???????

• Clouds are clearly detected as „RHI-burst“ to 200% by the Lyman ()-Total H2O

• In clouds the MOZAIC-Humidity Device not exceeding 100% RHI

13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30

Time / U TC

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

Re

l. H

um

idit

y o

ve

r Ic

e /

%

0

2

4

6

8

10

Po

ten

tia

l Vo

rtic

ity

/ p

vu

MOZAIC-Device

Lyman ( HygrometerPotential VorticityAltitudeAir Temperature

11000

11500

12000

12500

13000

13500

Alt

itu

de

/ m

-65

-60

-55

-50

-45

Am

bie

nt

Air

Te

mp

era

ture

/ °C

SPURT 4, 22-08-2002Flight 2, Monastir (Algeria) - Hohn (Germany)

MOZAIC-Method

Page 10: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

10

• Small scale phenomenon(X < 200 km, Z < 1-2 km)

• Difficult to see by satellites • Importance:

contrail & cirrus formation; radiative balance; OH formation

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Spring |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Summer |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Fall |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500Winter |pv| < 2 time < 0.0022

Fre

quency

ISS horizontal extent [km]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um idity [% , Ice]

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

pabi

lity

[%

]

ECMW F

MOZAIC

40N-60N

• 30% of the UT shows ice super saturation (ISS)

• Global models do not reproduce ISS

• ISS relates with sub-visible cirrus

Horizontal extent of ISS regions

MOZAIC: Ice Super Saturation (ISS) in the UT

Page 11: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

11

-100 100-50 0AIRS - MOZAIC RH (liq.%)

50

RH (liq.%)

MOZAIC

0

AIRS

20 40 60 80 100 120

MOZAIC- UTH: Comparison with AIRS-Satellite over 2003 (Work by Co PI: Andrew Gettelman, NCAR, Boulder, USA)

Development of proper „matching“ citeria of coincidence in space and time: A priori estimation of contribution of natural variability Direct comparison at (x,y,z,t) Indirect by optimizing statistics of coincidence by using backward trajectories

Page 12: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

12

-3 -2 .5 -2 -1 .5 -1 -0 .5 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3T em p era tu re D iffe ren ce A irc ra ft m in u s M O Z A IC (K )

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

Rel

ativ

e O

ccur

ence

(B

in=

0.1

K)

in %

Involvment Temperature Measurements Using TAT-Housings: Comparison Temperature Aircraft versus MOZAIC

Temp.

Spec.Hum.

Rel.Hum.

In addition, important aspect at low temperatures:

Which H2O-saturation pressure Es(T)-table has been applied ???

Page 13: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

13

Development of Automatic In-flight Calibration (IFC)

Based on the technology and experience obtained during 8 years of MOZAIC-operation.

Long-term zero drift of MOZAIC-device, particularly at low temperatures, is the critical and accuracy determining parameter

On-line determination of long term zero drift during dry stratospheric episodes (5ppmv water vapor) as a function of temperature.

On-Line correction of zero drift of RH-measurements

Page 14: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

14

MOZAIC In-Flight Calibration (IFC): Validation

15:00 16:00 17:00

Time / UTC

0

10

20

30

RH

I /

%

0

1

2

3

Po

ten

tial

Vo

rtic

ity

/ p

vu

CASHAICLym an-AlphaPV

-60

-55

-50

Te

mp

era

ture

/ °

C

-8 -4 0 4 8R H (A IC ) - R H (M O Z A IC ) [% R H ]

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

Alt

itud

e [

km]

Comparison with MOZAIC In-flight comparison during SPURTwith Ly()-Hygrometer (FISH)

RH(IFC) – RH (MOZAIC) [%RH]

IFC

Page 15: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

15

US-NWS has installed on 25 UPS aircraft since 2005 , now in evaluation phase but with plans to extend to large number

Poor documentation on evaluation of performance

FZJ has evaluated in the laboratory in 2005

DWD has installed on three A320 of Lufthansa since 2007

In the loop: plans to install on a MOZAIC/IAGOS A340 of Lufthansa ?

Can new airborne WVSS-II measure humidity in UT and LS?:State of the Art

Diode laser (2f-detection)

Compact( 2.5 kg)

Designed for automatic on-line sampling ofhumidity from aircraft for weather forecasting

AMDAR

Goal NWS: Reduce radiosounding network and replace by AMDAR

Page 16: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

16

MOZAIC WVSS-II Open Path TDL SAW-Frostpoint FLASH

Weight 2 kg 3 kg 10 2 kg 2 kg

Internal Box Size

14x12x7 cm 23x13x8 cm ~25x25x15 cm ~15x15x10 cm ~20x8x8 cm

Price (kEuro) ~20 ~20 ~50 (estimated) ~20 (estimated) ~20 (estimated)

PrincipleCapacitive (Humicap)

Spectroscopic (Tunable Diode

Laser)

Spectroscopic (Tunable Diode

Laser)

Frostpoint (Surface acoustic wave

chip)

Lyman(α) Fluorescence

Inlet system- Wall effects

Rosemount- No wall effects

Wall plate in AC skin

- Not known

External mounting of optical cell

Rosemount- Not known

Rosemount (??)-Not known

Calibration frequency

every 6 months Not proven Not proven Not proven Not proven

Altitude Range 0-12 km 0-6 km 0-12 km 0-12 km 6-12 km

Accuracy5-10% of Rel.

Hum.5-10% of Mix.

Ratio5-10% of Mix.

RatioNot known

5-10% of Mix. Ratio

Detection Limit 5% Rel. Hum. 70 ppmv 1 ppmv Not known 0.5 ppmv

Time response5s (0km), 60s

(12km)2s 1s 1s 4 s

Long term stability

Proven (12 yrs MOZAIC)

Not proven Not Known Not Known Not known

MaintenanceProven, every ½

yearNot Proven Not Known Not Known Not known

Documentation of performance

Peer reviewed literature

Only internal reports

???Under investigation

(IAGOS)Only internal

reports

Compact Sensors for Measuring Humidity on In-Service Aircraft

Page 17: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

17

Reports:• Aircraft Identification• Date • Time (UTC)• Position• Altitude (Pressure)• Temperature • Windspeed• Wind Direction

• Planned: Water Vapor Mass Mixing Ratio

AMDAR = Aircraft Meteorological DAta Relay

Aboard Commercial Aircraft For Weather Forecasting

Page 18: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

18

190 210 230 250 270 290 310Frostpo in t Tem pera ture R eference H ygrom eter [K ]

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Re

l. D

evi

atio

n W

VS

S f

rom

Re

f. [

(WV

SS

-Re

f.)/R

ef.]

(W

VS

S a

nd

Re

f. in

vol

um

e m

ixin

g ra

tio)

190

210

230

250

270

290

310F

rost

poi

nt

Te

mp

era

ture

WV

SS

II [

K]

190 210 230 250 270 290 310Frostpo in t Tem pera ture R eference H ygrom eter [K ]

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Re

l. D

evi

atio

n W

VS

S f

rom

Re

f. [

(WV

SS

-Re

f.)/R

ef.]

(W

VS

S a

nd

Re

f. in

vol

um

e m

ixin

g ra

tio)

190

210

230

250

270

290

310F

rost

poi

nt

Te

mp

era

ture

WV

SS

II [

K]

Frost P o in t Tem peratureR el.D evia tion W VSS from R ef.

Can new airborne WVSS-II measure humidity in UT and LS???:Performance tests at Environmental Simulation Facility at Jülich, Germany

WVSS at Frostpoint Temperatures:Above ~290 K: No reliable signal225 K – 290 K: Good performance: Accuracy ±(5-10)%215 K – 225 K: Rapid declining sensitivity, Limited accuracy: <±(10-15)% Below ~ 215 K: Below detection limit (80 ppmv)

Poor performance in UT/LS

Diode laser (2f-detection)

Compact( 2.5 kg)

Designed for automatic on-line sampling ofhumidity from aircraft for weather forecasting

AMDAR

Page 19: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

19

Pre-and Post flight calibration every 500 flight hours) [Helten et al. 1998]

In-flight comparisons (In-service & Research) [Helten et al., 1999]

Evaluation in SPARC-water vapor assessment 2000 report

Development in-flight calibration (IFC) method [Smit et al., 2008]

Evaluation of detection of ice superation saturation [in-preparation]

Assessment of performance of 12 years of MOZAIC-flight operation [in

preparation]

12 year Climatology of MOZAIC-H2O/T data available in MOZAIC-data

base at Toulouse

Participating in COST-action WaVaCS (Watewr Vapor in the Climate System)

Participating in new, second SPARC water vapor assessment

New instruments are under investigations.

MOZAIC/IAGOS: Summary QA-H2O/T Performance

Page 20: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

20

Page 21: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

21

Extra Material

Page 22: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

22

Tompkins, Gierens, Rädel, Quart.J.Roy.Met.Soc, 2007

ECMWF Model Now With Ice Super-Saturation

Page 23: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

23

-3 -2 .5 -2 -1 .5 -1 -0 .5 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2 2 .5 3T em p era tu re D iffe ren ce A irc ra ft m in u s M O Z A IC (K )

0

2

4

6

8

1 0

1 2

Rel

ativ

e O

ccur

ence

(B

in=

0.1

K)

in %

MOZAIC: Comparison Temperature Aircraft versus MOZAIC]

2

V

VP Mc2

cc1SATTAT

Both measured with Rosemount TAT Assumption full adiabatic conversion:

Measurement of TAT (σ=±0.25K) Determination M from TAP (σ=±0.25hPa)

& SAP (σ=±0.35hPa) Determination SAT (σ=±0.50K)

Practice: TAT-recovery only 99.5-99.7% Correction tables based on wind duct

measurements (made in 1960/1970‘s)

Dependece on angle of attack Dependence on location at aircraft skin Remaining sources of uncertainties

TAT = Total Air TemperatureSAT = Static Air TemperatureTAP = Total Air PressureSAT = Static Air Pressure

=0.2

Page 24: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

24

Rosemount-TAT inlet systems: No indication of evaporation of ice crystals Evaporation of liquid droplets

Large temperature sensitivity of H2O-saturation: Review of water vapor saturation tables at low temperatures Temperature measurement needs more attention:

- Adiabatic recovery factor - Location at aircraft- Comparison with other in-situ temperature sensing technics

Scale analysis of spatial and temporal distribution of ISS

Climate impact of ISS

Outstanding Issues UTH-ISS Observations

Page 25: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

25

MOZAIC Humidity Device: Performance and Quality Assurance

Evaluation of two year record of pre- and post-flight calibrations Results agree well with in-flight inter comparisons [Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res.1999]

Calibration procedure:

1. Pre-flight calibration: a1(Ti) & b1(Ti)

- Installation in A340 - 500 h of flight operation - Exchange of MHD

2. Post-flight calibration: a2(Ti) & b2(Ti)

- Cleaning RH- & T-sensor3. Pre-flight calibration - Etc. etc.

RHCAL (Ti) =a (Ti)+b (Ti) x RHUNCAL (Ti)

Uncertainty of RH is derived from:• Difference between pre-and post flight calibration of RH• Uncertainty Temperature

-60 -40 -20 0 20S ta tic A ir T e m p er a tu r e

0

2

4

6

8

10

Abs

.Err

or o

f R

el.H

umi.

[% R

H]

1 2 9 6 3 0

A ltitu d e [k m ]

A ll D a ta 1 9 9 9 /2 0 0 0

In: Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res., 1998

Page 26: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

26

-1 3 -1 2 -11 -1 0 -9 -8 -7L o n g itu d e

7 0

8 0

9 0

1 0 0

11 0

1 2 0

H2O

Mix

ing

Rat

io [

ppm

v]

P O L IN A TM O Z A IC

S ec tio n AS ec tio n B S ec tio n C

POLINAT

MOZA IC

MOZAIC-Humidity: In-Flight Comparison with Frost Point Hygrometer (Ovarlaz) on Falcon (DLR/Nov.1997)

[Helten et al., J.Geophys.Res.1999]

Page 27: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

27

MOZAIC-UTH: Comparison with POEM III Satellite

POEM III= Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III satellite operational since April 1998 Good agreement POEM with MOZAIC (Slope=0.98)

Large variations due to Atmospheric variability & Limited resolution of POEM (X=250 km)

Source: Nedoluha et al., POAM III measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower most stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 2002

Coincidence criterion: 2.5º x 2.5º x 1 km x 6 hTotal: 200 Coincidences April 1998-Feb.2000

Slope = 0.98 (r=0.70)Offset= 3.6 ppmv

0 200100 300 400

200

100

300

400

POEM-UTH (ppmv)

MO

ZA

IC-U

TH

(pp

mv)

Page 28: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

28

MOZAIC-UTH: Comparison with MLS/UARS Satellite

MLS observe no ice super saturation (retrieval and/or limited horizontal resolution) MLS lower than MOZAIC (Slope=0.64)

Large variations due to Atmospheric variability & Limited resolution of POEM (Z=4-5 km)

Source: Read et al., UARS Microwave Limb Sounder upper tropospheric humidity measurement: Method and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 2001

Coincidence criterion: 1º x 1º x 1 km x 3 hTotal: 384 Coincidences Aug.1994-Dec.1997

Page 29: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

29

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Pro

ba

bili

ty [%

]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um idity [% ]

00N-20N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um id ity [% ]

20N-30N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

babi

lity

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um id ity [% ]

30N-40N

Ice

Liquid

0

2

4

6

8

10

Pro

bab

ility

[%]

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175R elative H um id ity [% ]

40N-60N

MOZAIC: Distribution Relative Humidity in UT over AtlanticZ = 9-12 km, PV 2.0pvu, 10oW-70oW, Aug 1994 - June 2000

38% ISS

15% ISS15% ISS

22% ISS

Page 30: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

30

Performance MOZAIC Humidity Device & ISS:Artifacts due to Evaporation of Ice Crystals ???????

10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70Tem pera ture Am bien t A ir [oC ]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60P

erce

nta

ge

of

Me

asur

em

ent

s W

ith S

upe

r S

atu

ratio

n [%

]

SS to 100% RH to Liquid

SS to 100% RH to Ice(Corrected for Liquid Fraction)

SS to 100% RH to Liquid & Ice

Page 31: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

31

MOZAIC-IFC: In-Flight Correction of Zero Drift of RH-measurements

2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0 2 6 0 2 7 0 2 8 0S en so r T em p era tu re , T D [K ]

-0 .2 5

0

0 .2 5

0 .5

0 .7 5

Sen

sor

Sig

nal V

olta

ge U

D [

V]

D0

D0

UD,LS

0

0 .2 5S

enso

r V

olta

ge

UD

,LS [

V]

2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0 2 6 0 2 7 0 2 8 0S en so r T em p era tu re , T D [K ]

-0 .2 5

0

0 .2 5

0 .5

0 .7 5

Sen

sor

Sig

nal V

olta

ge U

D [

V]

D0

D0

UD,LS

2 3 0 2 4 0 2 5 0 2 6 0 2 7 0 2 8 0S en so r T em p era tu re , T D [K ]

-0 .2 5

0

0 .2 5

0 .5

0 .7 5

Sen

sor

Sig

nal V

olta

ge U

D [

V]

D0D0

D0D0

UD,LS

0

0 .2 5S

enso

r V

olta

ge

UD

,LS [

V]

Page 32: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

32

Every 6 months cleaning sensor at airport: rins with destilled water (1 min) rins with alcohol ( 1min)

heat out (1 min @ ~90oC)

Every 2 year overal check at service company: exchange humidity device and send to service

company overall check of device (new sensors, calibration etc.).

Outlook: automatic cleaning procedure at airport collaborations with companies for instrumental and QA

support (e.g.Vaisala)

Operational Aspects of MOZAIC-Humidity Device From Board Commercial Aircraft

Page 33: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

33

• 4/2008 IAGOS Design Study completed, - Prototypes available, - Partner airlines committed

• 2008 First aircraft equipped and commissioned:

O3, CO, H2O, Cloud Droplet Probe, NOy

• 2009 Certification for CO2 and aerosol

• 2016 20 aircraft equipped and commissioned

• 2028 20 years of data available ~ 150 000 flights

http://www.fz-juelich.de/icg/icg-ii/iagosCoordinator: Dr. Andreas Volz-Thomas E-mail: [email protected]

IAGOS-ERI: Time Table

Page 34: Monitoring Atmospheric Humidity  from Commercial Aircraft by MOZAIC-IAGOS:

H2O from MOZAIC-IAGOS // Herman Smit/FZJ ISSI-H2O Bern 11-14 Feb.2008

34

Candidates for Automatic Monitoring Humidity by Commercial Aircraft

WVSS-II

H 2 O -S e n s o r

AIRCRAFTSKIN

SENSORSRH: HUMICAP-HT : PT100

DEICINGHEATER

BOUNDARY LAYERSCONTROL HOLES

RIGHT ANGLEPRODUCESPARTICLE

SEPARATION