mohamed khaled (roro ship)
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Mohamed khaled abd-rabouhID 10203224
RORO SHIPPROJECT
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RORO SHIP:-
ro-ro (roll-on roll-off) ship, a vessel, both
military and civilian, where vehicles are
loaded on by means of a bow ramp and are
offloaded by a similar ramp at the stern or by
side ports.
Commercial ships are connected to land by
Linkspans, a ramp designed to alter in height
and slope depending on the state of the tide.
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Many ro-ros have mezzanine, orportable, decks which can be taken
to deck head height when handlinglarge commercial vehicles.but lowered to half height
allowing twice the deck area to bemade available for cars. Unlike theold-fashioned cargo ship, the cargo
space is open from bow to sternwithout any transverse bulk heads.
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Ro-ro ships are nothing new as they
were being built in the 19th century to
transport trains across rivers too wide
for bridges, and Linkspans were first
produced by the Glasgow shipbuilderRobert Napier around 1850.
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Examples of roro ship:
An early example of a ro-ro is the Firth of Forthferry which started operations in 1851.
The ships were equipped with rails which
could be connected to the ones on land, and atrain simply rolled onto the ship and then off itagain at the other end. In its heyday theovernight Golden Arrow service from London
to Paris was transported in exactly the sameway.
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During the Second World War (193945)
the same principle was used to transport
tanks and other equipment in landing craft for
amphibious assaults. However, after the war
anyone wanting to take his car across any
stretch of water had to have it loaded and
unloaded by crane, an expensive and time-
consuming business.
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Statistics issued by the port of Dover
showed that it handled about 10,000 cars
annually in this way before theintroduction in 1953 of ro-ro passenger
ferries with terminals to service them.
Within a year the numbers of cars handledby the port rose to 100,000 and by 1994 it
was handling 4.5 million. By 1994 the
world's ro-ro fleet of 4,600 vessels could
be divided into several types, two-thirds of
them dedicated to carrying cargo.
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The US Navy's Military Sealift Command also runs a type of
ro-ro ship with a slewing stern ramp which services two side
ports. Designated a Large, Medium-speed, Roll-on Roll-off
ship, or LMSR, these ships, of 55,000 displacement tonnes,have a carrying capacity of 35,000 square metres (380,000
sq. ft.), and are used to sealift the equipment of large combat
forces.
However, the most widely known type of ro-ro is thecar/passenger ferry where vehicles, both private and
commercial, drive on at one end and drive off at the other.
They are extremely popular with holidaymakers and hauliers
because of the speed with which they can be loaded and
offloaded. Nevertheless, ro-ro ferries do have problems.Constructed with cargo doors at both ends, especially
vulnerable to wear and tear when used as vehicle ramps,
and without internal transverse bulkheads, they are
vulnerable if an accident occurs.
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When flooding happens, either through
the cargo doors or through the hull being
pierced, there is nothing to stop waterflowing rapidly onto the car deck. This can
cause the ro-ro to list, the cargo shifts, and
the ro-ro quickly capsizes. As a safeguard .
against this, modern ro-ros have bows
which hinge upwards and a secondary
door inside. This acts as both a collision
bulkhead and a ramp which is attached to
a Linkspan.
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conventional shipA conventional ship has watertight bulkheads which prevent it fromsinking too fast, so that its passengers and crew usually have time to
escape. Though statistics show the ro-ro ship's accident rate is no higherthan any other type.
between 1965 and 1982 it was considerably lowerother statistics aremore disturbing. Between 1989 and 1994, when the two worst ro-ro
accidents occurred, Lloyd's Register's figures reveal that 4,583 liveswere lost in accidents at sea. Of these, 1,544 were lost in accidentsinvolving passenger/ro-ro cargo ships, or one-third of the total, thoughro-ro ships comprise a tiny percentage of the world's merchant marine
tonnage. In other words, the accident rate for ro-ro ships is average, orbelow average, but when an accident does occur, a large loss of life can
result.
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