mohamed khaled (roro ship)

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    Mohamed khaled abd-rabouhID 10203224

    RORO SHIPPROJECT

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    RORO SHIP:-

    ro-ro (roll-on roll-off) ship, a vessel, both

    military and civilian, where vehicles are

    loaded on by means of a bow ramp and are

    offloaded by a similar ramp at the stern or by

    side ports.

    Commercial ships are connected to land by

    Linkspans, a ramp designed to alter in height

    and slope depending on the state of the tide.

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    Many ro-ros have mezzanine, orportable, decks which can be taken

    to deck head height when handlinglarge commercial vehicles.but lowered to half height

    allowing twice the deck area to bemade available for cars. Unlike theold-fashioned cargo ship, the cargo

    space is open from bow to sternwithout any transverse bulk heads.

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    Ro-ro ships are nothing new as they

    were being built in the 19th century to

    transport trains across rivers too wide

    for bridges, and Linkspans were first

    produced by the Glasgow shipbuilderRobert Napier around 1850.

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    Examples of roro ship:

    An early example of a ro-ro is the Firth of Forthferry which started operations in 1851.

    The ships were equipped with rails which

    could be connected to the ones on land, and atrain simply rolled onto the ship and then off itagain at the other end. In its heyday theovernight Golden Arrow service from London

    to Paris was transported in exactly the sameway.

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    During the Second World War (193945)

    the same principle was used to transport

    tanks and other equipment in landing craft for

    amphibious assaults. However, after the war

    anyone wanting to take his car across any

    stretch of water had to have it loaded and

    unloaded by crane, an expensive and time-

    consuming business.

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    Statistics issued by the port of Dover

    showed that it handled about 10,000 cars

    annually in this way before theintroduction in 1953 of ro-ro passenger

    ferries with terminals to service them.

    Within a year the numbers of cars handledby the port rose to 100,000 and by 1994 it

    was handling 4.5 million. By 1994 the

    world's ro-ro fleet of 4,600 vessels could

    be divided into several types, two-thirds of

    them dedicated to carrying cargo.

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    The US Navy's Military Sealift Command also runs a type of

    ro-ro ship with a slewing stern ramp which services two side

    ports. Designated a Large, Medium-speed, Roll-on Roll-off

    ship, or LMSR, these ships, of 55,000 displacement tonnes,have a carrying capacity of 35,000 square metres (380,000

    sq. ft.), and are used to sealift the equipment of large combat

    forces.

    However, the most widely known type of ro-ro is thecar/passenger ferry where vehicles, both private and

    commercial, drive on at one end and drive off at the other.

    They are extremely popular with holidaymakers and hauliers

    because of the speed with which they can be loaded and

    offloaded. Nevertheless, ro-ro ferries do have problems.Constructed with cargo doors at both ends, especially

    vulnerable to wear and tear when used as vehicle ramps,

    and without internal transverse bulkheads, they are

    vulnerable if an accident occurs.

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    When flooding happens, either through

    the cargo doors or through the hull being

    pierced, there is nothing to stop waterflowing rapidly onto the car deck. This can

    cause the ro-ro to list, the cargo shifts, and

    the ro-ro quickly capsizes. As a safeguard .

    against this, modern ro-ros have bows

    which hinge upwards and a secondary

    door inside. This acts as both a collision

    bulkhead and a ramp which is attached to

    a Linkspan.

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    conventional shipA conventional ship has watertight bulkheads which prevent it fromsinking too fast, so that its passengers and crew usually have time to

    escape. Though statistics show the ro-ro ship's accident rate is no higherthan any other type.

    between 1965 and 1982 it was considerably lowerother statistics aremore disturbing. Between 1989 and 1994, when the two worst ro-ro

    accidents occurred, Lloyd's Register's figures reveal that 4,583 liveswere lost in accidents at sea. Of these, 1,544 were lost in accidentsinvolving passenger/ro-ro cargo ships, or one-third of the total, thoughro-ro ships comprise a tiny percentage of the world's merchant marine

    tonnage. In other words, the accident rate for ro-ro ships is average, orbelow average, but when an accident does occur, a large loss of life can

    result.

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