ACADEMIC reading

Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales-UNaM

Área de idiomas

Academic ReadingÁrea de Idiomas- FHyCS

Academic Reading

Inglés con fines académicosEste seminario está especialmente destinado a maestrandos que se encuentren realizando estudios de posgrado y que necesiten afianzar competencias vinculadas con la lectura académica en Inglés. La propuesta contempla el perfil de los destinatarios ofreciéndose el desarrollo de competencias lingüísticas y estrategias de lectura aplicadas a textos de la especialidad seleccionados de diferentes fuentes de información.

Course DescriptionIn this course, students will improve their academic reading skills through study and discussion of different types of texts taken from different sources of information and of varying lengths related to important issues in the social sciences.Learner outcomes include academic vocabulary development, improvement in reading and comprehension of university textbook materials, magazine articles, and on-line/library and other authentic reading materials.Emphasis will be placed on developing a deep understanding of sentence and text structure, and on developing micro- and macro-reading skills, so that relevant information can be found quickly and effectively, without the need for translation into the native language. In particular, students will be urged to start understanding written English in English. They will also be encouraged to read beyond the target texts to gain a deeper understanding of the topics covered and to express their reaction to readings both in oral and in written reports.

Course Goals•Develop knowledge of academic words and the target language of social issues.•Recognize and comprehend common linguistic features of academic texts.•Read and comprehend the gist of both short and long academic texts.•Develop strategies and higher-level cognitive skills related to academic reading.•Manage academic references sufficiently.•Be familiar with a variety of recent topics within the scope of the social sciences.

Textbook and other materials•Notes on Academic Reading. Module I & II•Suggested reading materials from different websites. Dictionaries.Monolingual and English Spanish..Supplementary class materials.

Learning Activities. Classroom activities will include textbook-based activities, extensive reading reports and discussion, and quizzes. During each lesson, students will sometimes work alone, sometimes in pairs, and sometimes in groups. . Extensive reading and homework assignments. These assignments will be submitted to class.

Grading The final grade is based on:.In-class assignments and a final test.To pass the course, the student musta)meet attendance requirement of the course (attendance of 2/3 of classes) and (b) meet the pass criteria (60%) in at least four of the six course goals.

ContentsModule I

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Academic ReadingÁrea de Idiomas- FHyCS

1. Grammar study1.1 Word classes (Parts of speech) Verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns,

determinersprepositions, conjunctions.1.2 The sentence: word order. Subject, verb, object, complement, and adverbial.1.3 The simple sentence. The compound sentence. The complex sentence. Adjective clauses: relative clauses, adverbial clauses: time, reason and contrast, purpose, result and comparison. Conditional clauses. Present participle conjunctions.1.4 Word formation. Prefixes.Suffixes.Compounding.1.5 Academic word list.1.6 Glossary.

Module II2. Reading skills2.1 Inference. Deducing the meaning and use of unfamiliar words: through the context, through word formation.2.2 Previewing and Predicting. Making predictions and guesses when reading a text.

- Using titles, table of contents, back cover, pictures, graphs, charts, tables-2.3 Skimming. To identify the main point or important information.2.4 Scanning. To locate specifically required information.2.5 Intensive reading. Distinguishing the main idea from supporting details. Chronological

sequence. Descriptions. Classification. 2.6 Summarizing. Extracting salient points to summarize a text.

Interesting websites:http://www.uefap.com/vocab/select/awl.htmhttp://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/www.worldbank.org/

www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-spanishwww2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/society.htm

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Academic ReadingÁrea de Idiomas- FHyCS

MODULE I

Definition of English for Academic Purposes noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary

 English for Academic Purposes Noun BrE; N AmE  (abbreviation EAP)[uncountable] The teaching of English for people who are using English for study, but whose first language is not English

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Academic ReadingÁrea de Idiomas- FHyCS

Vocabulary building

Affixes and rootsAdding affixes to existing words (the base or root) to form new words is common in academic English. Prefixes are added to the front of the base (like dislike), whereas suffixes are added to the end of the base (active activate). Prefixes usually do not change the class of the base word, but suffixes usually do change the class of the word.The most common prefixes used to form new verbs in academic English are:re-, dis-, over-, un-, mis-, out-. The most common suffixes are: -ise, -en, -ate, -(i)fy. By far the most common affix in academic English is -ise.

Verbs

e.g. prefix + verb verbPrefix Meaning Examples

re- again or back restructure, revisit, reappear, rebuild, refinance

dis- reverses the meaning of the verb disappear, disallow, disarm, disconnect, discontinue

over- too much overbook, oversleep, overwork

un- reverses the meaning of the verb unbend, uncouple, unfasten

mis- badly or wrongly mislead, misinform, misidentify

out- more or better than others outperform, outbid

be- make or cause befriend, belittle

co- together co-exist, co-operate, co-own

de- do the opposite of devalue, deselect

fore- earlier, before foreclose, foresee

inter- between interact, intermix, interface

pre- before pre-expose, prejudge, pretest

sub- under/below subcontract, subdivide

trans- across, over transform, transcribe, transplant

under- not enough underfund, undersell, undervalue, underdevelop

e.g. Suffix used to form verbs with the meaning "cause to be".

Suffix Example

-ise stabilise, characterise, symbolise, visualise, specialise

-ate differentiate, liquidate, pollinate, duplicate, fabricate

-fy classify, exemplify, simplify, justify

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Academic ReadingÁrea de Idiomas- FHyCS

-en awaken, fasten, shorten, moisten

Nouns

The most common prefixes used to form new nouns in academic English are: co-and sub-. The most common suffixes are: -tion, -ity, -er, -ness, -ism, -ment, -ant, -ship, -age, -ery. By far the most common noun affix in academic English is -tion.

e.g. prefix + noun noun

Prefix Meaning Examples

anti- against anticlimax, antidote, antithesis

auto- self autobiography, automobile

bi- two bilingualism, biculturalism, bi-metalism

co- joint co-founder, co-owner, co-descendant

counter- against counter-argument, counter-example, counter-proposal

dis- the converse of discomfort, dislike

ex- former ex-chairman, ex-hunter

hyper- extreme hyperinflation, hypersurface

in- the converse of inattention, incoherence, incompatibility

in- inside inpatient,

inter- between interaction, inter-change, interference

kilo- thousand kilobyte

mal- bad malfunction, maltreatment, malnutrition

mega- million megabyte

mis- wrong misconduct, misdeed, mismanagement

mini- small mini-publication, mini-theory

mono- one monosyllable, monograph, monogamy

neo- new neo-colonialism, neo-impressionism

out- separate outbuilding,

poly- many polysyllable

pseudo- false pseudo-expert

re- again re-organisation, re-assessment, re-examination

semi- half semicircle, semi-darkness

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sub- below subset, subdivision

super- more than, above superset, superimposition, superpowers

sur- over and above surtax

tele- distant telecommunications,

tri- three tripartism

ultra- beyond ultrasound

under- below, too little underpayment, under-development, undergraduate

vice- deputy vice-president

e.g. Suffix added to a verb (V), noun (N) or adjective (A) noun

Suffix Meaning Examples

-tion-sion

action/instance of V-ingalteration, demonstrationexpansion, inclusion, admission

-erperson who V-ssomething used for V-ing

advertiser, drivercomputer, silencer

-ment action/instance of V-ing development, punishment, unemployment

-ant-ent

person who V-sassistant, consultantstudent

-age action/result of V breakage, wastage, package

-al action/result of Vdenial, proposal, refusal, dismissal

-ence-ance action/result of V

preference, dependence, interferenceattendance, acceptance, endurance

-ery/-ryaction/instance of V-ingplace of V-ing

bribery, robbery, miseryrefinery, bakery

Suffix Meaning Examples

-er person concerned with N astronomer, geographer

-ism doctrine of N Marxism, Maoism, Thatcherism

-ship state of being N friendship, citizenship, leadership

-age collection of N baggage, plumage

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Suffix Meaning Examples

-ity state or quality of being A ability, similarity, responsibility, curiosity

-ness state or quality of being A darkness, preparedness, consciousness

-cy state or quality of being A urgency, efficiency, frequency

AdjectivesMany adjectives are formed from a base of a different class with a suffix (e.g. -less, -ous). Adjectives can also be formed from other adjectives, especially by the negative prefixes (un-, in- and non-).The most common suffixes are -al, -ent, -ive, -ous, -ful, -less.

e.g. Suffix added to verbs or nouns adjective

Suffix Example

-al central, political, national, optional, professional

-ent different, dependent, excellent

-ive attractive, effective, imaginative, repetitive

-ous continuous, dangerous, famous

-ful beautiful, peaceful, careful

-less endless, homeless, careless, thoughtless

-able drinkable, countable, avoidable,

e.g. negative + adjective adjective

Prefix Examples

un- unfortunate, uncomfortable, unjust

im-/in-/ir-/il- immature, impatient, improbable, inconvenient, irreplaceable, illegal

non- non-fiction, non-political, non-neutral

dis- disloyal, dissimilar, dishonest

Mixede.g. base with both prefix and suffixAdjectives: uncomfortable, unavoidable, unimaginative, inactive, semi-circularNouns: disappointment, misinformation, reformulation

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Word formationFormal written English uses nouns more than verbs. For example, judgement rather than judge, development rather than develop, admiration rather than admire.There appeared to be evidence of differential treatment of children. This is reflected in our admiration for people who have made something of their lives, sometimes against great odds, and in our somewhat disappointed judgment of those who merely drift through life. All airfields in the country would be nationalised, and the government would continue with the development of new aircraft as recommended by the Brabazon Committee.

-tion is the most common suffix used in this way. For example:alteration, resignation.

However others are: -ity ability, similarity, complexity; -ness blindness, darkness, preparedness; -ment development, encouragement; -ship friendship; -age mileage; -ery robbery, bribery; -al arrival; -ance assistance, resemblance.

http://www.uefap.com/vocab/build/building.htmRetrieved April, 15th

Academic word listAcademic Word List Coxhead (2000)..*Definitions linked to: Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (Used with permission)

Headwords Other words in the family. Definition*

abandon abandoned, abandoning, abandonment, abandons, e.g. abandon

abstract abstraction, abstractions, abstractly, abstracts, e.g. abstract

academy academia, academic, academically, academics, academies, e.g. academy

accessaccessed, accesses, accessibility, accessible, accessing, inaccessible

access

accommodateaccommodated, accommodates, accommodating, accommodation

accommodate

accompanyaccompanied, accompanies, accompaniment, accompanying, unaccompanied

accompany

accumulate accumulated, accumulating, accumulation, accumulates accumulate

accurate accuracy, accurately, inaccuracy, inaccuracies, inaccurate accurate

achieveachievable, achieved, achievement, achievements, achieves, achieving

achieve

acknowledgeacknowledged, acknowledges, acknowledging, acknowledgement, acknowledgements

acknowledge

acquire acquired, acquires, acquiring, acquisition, acquisitions acquire

adaptadaptability, adaptable, adaptation, adaptations, adapted, adapting, adaptive, adapts

adapt

adequateadequacy, adequately, inadequacies, inadequacy, inadequate, inadequately

adequate

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adjacent   adjacent

adjustadjusted, adjusting, adjustment, adjustments, adjusts, readjust, readjusted, readjusting, readjustment, readjustments, readjusts

adjust

administrateadministrates, administration, administrations, administrative, administratively, administrator, administrators

administrate

adult adulthood, adults adult

advocate advocacy, advocated, advocates, advocating advocate

affect affected, affecting, affective, affectively, affects, unaffected affect

aggregate aggregated, aggregates, aggregating, aggregation aggregate

aid aided, aiding, aids, unaided aid

albeit   albeit

allocate allocated, allocates, allocating, allocation, allocations allocate

alteralterable, alteration, alterations, altered, altering, alternate, alternating, alters, unalterable, unaltered

alter

alternative alternatively, alternatives alternative

ambiguous ambiguities, ambiguity, unambiguous, unambiguously ambiguous

amend amended, amending, amendment, amendments, amends amend

analogy analogies, analogous analogy

analyseanalysed, analyser, analysers, analyses, analysing, analysis, analyst, analysts, analytic, analytical, analytically

analyse

annual annually annual

anticipateanticipated, anticipates, anticipating, anticipation, unanticipated

anticipate

apparent apparently apparent

appendappendix, appended, appends, appending, appendices, appendixes

append

appreciateappreciable, appreciably, appreciated, appreciates, appreciating, appreciation, unappreciated

appreciate

approachapproachable, approached, approaches, approaching, unapproachable

approach

appropriateappropriacy, appropriately, appropriateness, inappropriacy, inappropriate, inappropriately

appropriate

approximateapproximated, approximately, approximates, approximating, approximation, approximations

approximate

arbitrary arbitrariness, arbitrarily arbitrary

area areas area

aspect aspects aspect

assemble assembled, assembles, assemblies, assembling, assembly assemble

assess assessable, assessed, assesses, assessing, assessment, assessments, reassess, reassessed, reassessing, reassessment,

assess

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unassessed

assignassigned, assigning, assignment, assignments, assigns, reassign, reassigned, reassigning, reassigns, unassigned

assign

assistassistance, assistant, assistants, assisted, assisting, assists, unassisted

assist

assume assumed, assumes, assuming, assumption, assumptions assume

assure assurance, assurances, assured, assuredly, assures, assuring assure

attachattached, attaches, attaching, attachment, attachments, unattached

attach

attainattainable, attained, attaining, attainment, attainments, attains, unattainable

attain

attitude attitudes attitude

attribute attributable, attributed, attributes, attributing, attribution attribute

author authored, authoring, authors, authorship author

authority authoritative, authorities authority

automateautomatic, automated, automates, automating, automatically, automation

automate

available availability, unavailable available

aware awareness, unaware aware

behalf   behalf

benefitbeneficial, beneficiary, beneficiaries, benefited, benefiting, benefits

benefit

bias biased, biases, biasing, unbiased bias

bond bonded, bonding, bonds bond

brief brevity, briefed, briefing, briefly, briefs brief

bulk bulky bulk

capable capabilities, capability, incapable capable

capacity capacities, incapacitate, incapacitated capacity

categorycategories, categorisation, categorise, categorised, categorises, categorising, categorizing

category

cease ceased, ceaseless, ceases, ceasing cease

challenge challenged, challenger, challengers, challenges, challenging challenge

channel channelled, channelling, channels channel

chapter chapters chapter

chart charted, charting, charts, uncharted chart

chemical chemically, chemicals chemical

circumstance circumstances circumstance

cite citation, citations, cited, citing, cites cite

civil   civil

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clarify clarification, clarified, clarifies, clarifying, clarity clarify

classic classical, classics classic

clause clauses clause

code coded, codes, coding code

coherent coherence, coherently, incoherent, incoherently coherent

coincidecoincided, coincides, coinciding, coincidence, coincidences, coincident, coincidental

coincide

collapse collapsed, collapses, collapsible, collapsing collapse

colleague colleagues colleague

commencecommenced, commences, commencement, commencing, recommences, recommenced, recommencing

commence

commentcommentaries, commentary, commentator, commentators, commented, commenting, comments

comment

commissioncommissioned, commissioner, commissioners, commissioning, commissions

commission

commit commitment, commitments, commits, committed, committing commit

commodity commodities commodity

communicatecommunicable, communicated, communicates, communicating, communication, communications, communicative, communicatively, uncommunicative

communicate

community communities community

compatible compatibility, incompatibility, incompatible compatible

compensatecompensated, compensates, compensating, compensation, compensations, compensatory

compensate

compile compilation, compilations, compiled, compiles, compiling compile

complement complementary, complemented, complementing, complements complement

complex complexities, complexity complex

component componentry, components component

compound compounded, compounding, compounds compound

comprehensive comprehensively comprehensive

comprise comprised, comprises, comprising comprise

computecomputation, computational, computations, computable, computer, computed, computerised, computers, computing

compute

conceiveconceivable, conceivably, conceived, conceives, conceiving, inconceivable, inconceivably

conceive

concentrate concentrated, concentrates, concentrating, concentration concentrate

conceptconception, concepts, conceptual, conceptualisation, conceptualise, conceptualised, conceptualises, conceptualising, conceptually

concept

conclude concluded, concludes, concluding, conclusion, conclusions, conclude

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conclusive, conclusively, inconclusive, inconclusively

concurrent concurrently concurrent

conduct conducted, conducting, conducts conduct

confer conference, conferences, conferred, conferring, confers confer

confine confined, confines, confining, unconfined confine

confirm confirmation, confirmed, confirming, confirms confirm

conflict conflicted, conflicting, conflicts conflict

conform

conformable, conformability, conformance, conformation, conformed, conforming, conformist, conformists, conformity, conforms, nonconformist, nonconformists, nonconformity, non-conformist, non-conformists, non-conformity

conform

consent consensus, consented, consenting, consents consent

consequent consequence, consequences, consequently consequent

considerable considerably considerable

consistconsisted, consistency, consistent, consistently, consisting, consists, inconsistencies, inconsistency, inconsistent

consist

constant constancy, constantly, constants, inconstancy, inconstantly constant

constitute

constituencies, constituency, constituent, constituents, constituted, constitutes, constituting, constitution, constitutions, constitutional, constitutionally, constitutive, unconstitutional

constitute

constrainconstrained, constraining, constrains, constraint, constraints, unconstrained

constrain

constructconstructed, constructing, construction, constructions, constructive, constructs, reconstruct, reconstructed, reconstructing, reconstruction, reconstructs

construct

consultconsultancy, consultant, consultants, consultation, consultations, consultative, consulted, consults, consulting

consult

consumeconsumed, consumer, consumers, consumes, consuming, consumption

consume

contact contactable, contacted, contacting, contacts contact

contemporary contemporaries contemporary

contextcontexts, contextual, contextualise, contextualised, contextualising, uncontextualised

context

contract contracted, contracting, contractor, contractors, contracts contract

contradictcontradicted, contradicting, contradiction, contradictions, contradictory, contradicts

contradict

contrary contrarily contrary

contrast contrasted, contrasting, contrastive, contrasts contrast

contributecontributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributions, contributor, contributors

contribute

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Academic ReadingÁrea de Idiomas- FHyCS

controversy controversies, controversial, controversially, uncontroversial controversy

conveneconvention, convenes, convened, convening, conventional, conventionally, conventions, unconventional

convene

converse conversely converse

convertconversion, conversions, converted, convertible, converting, converts

convert

convince convinced, convinces, convincing, convincingly, unconvinced convince

cooperatecooperated, cooperates, cooperating, cooperation, cooperative, cooperatively, co-operate, co-operated, co-operates, co-operation, co-operative, co-operatively

cooperate

coordinate

coordinated, coordinates, coordinating, coordination, coordinator, coordinators, co-ordinate, co-ordinated, co-ordinates, co-ordinating, co-ordination, co-ordinator, co-ordinators

coordinate

core cores, coring, cored core

corporate corporates, corporation, corporations corporate

correspondcorresponded, correspondence, corresponding, correspondingly, corresponds

correspond

couple coupled, coupling, couples couple

createcreated, creates, creating, creation, creations, creative, creatively, creativity, creator, creators, recreate, recreated, recreates, recreating

create

credit credited, crediting, creditor, creditors, credits credit

criteria criterion criteria

crucial crucially crucial

culture cultural, culturally, cultured, cultures, uncultured culture

currency currencies currency

cycle cycled, cycles, cyclic, cyclical, cycling cycle

data   data

debate debatable, debated, debates, debating debate

decade decades decade

decline declined, declines, declining decline

deduce deduced, deduces, deducing, deduction, deductions deduce

definedefinable, defined, defines, defining, definition, definitions, redefine, redefined, redefines, redefining, undefined

define

definite definitely, definitive, indefinite, indefinitely definite

demonstratedemonstrable, demonstrably, demonstrated, demonstrates, demonstrating, demonstration, demonstrations, demonstrative, demonstratively, demonstrator, demonstrators

demonstrate

denote denotation, denotations, denoted, denotes, denoting denote

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Academic ReadingÁrea de Idiomas- FHyCS

deny deniable, denial, denials, denied, denies, denying, undeniable deny

depress depressed, depresses, depressing, depression depress

derivederivation, derivations, derivative, derivatives, derived, derives, deriving

derive

design designed, designer, designers, designing, designs design

despite   despite

detectdetectable, detected, detecting, detection, detective, detectives, detector, detectors, detects

detect

deviate deviated, deviates, deviating, deviation, deviations deviate

device devices device

devote devoted, devotedly, devotes, devoting, devotion, devotions devote

differentiate differentiated, differentiates, differentiating, differentiation differentiate

dimension dimensional, dimensions, multidimensional dimension

diminish diminished, diminishes, diminishing, diminution, undiminished diminish

discrete discretely, discretion, discretionary, indiscrete, indiscretion discrete

discriminate discriminated, discriminates, discriminating, discrimination discriminate

displace displaced, displacement, displaces, displacing displace

display displayed, displaying, displays display

dispose disposable, disposal, disposed, disposes, disposing dispose

distinctdistinction, distinctions, distinctive, distinctively, distinctly, indistinct, indistinctly

distinct

distort distorted, distorting, distortion, distortions, distorts distort

distributedistributed, distributing, distribution, distributional, distributions, distributive, distributor, distributors, redistribute, redistributed, redistributes, redistributing, redistribution

distribute

diversediversely, diversification, diversified, diversifies, diversify, diversifying, diversity

diverse

document documentation, documented, documenting, documents document

domain domains domain

domesticdomestically, domesticate, domesticated, domesticating, domestics

domestic

dominatedominance, dominant, dominated, dominates, dominating, domination

dominate

draft drafted, drafting, drafts, redraft, redrafted, redrafting, redrafts draft

drama

dramas, dramatic, dramatically, dramatise, dramatised, dramatising, dramatises, dramatisation, dramatisations, dramatist, dramatists, dramatization, dramatizations, dramatizing

drama

duration   duration

dynamic dynamically, dynamics dynamic

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economyeconomic, economical, economically, economics, economies, economist, economists, uneconomical

economy

editedited, editing, edition, editions, editor, editorial, editorials, editors, edits

edit

element elements element

eliminate eliminated, eliminates, eliminating, elimination eliminate

emerge emerged, emergence, emergent, emerges, emerging emerge

emphasis emphasise, emphasised, emphasising, emphatic, emphatically emphasis

empirical empirically, empiricism empirical

enable enabled, enables, enabling enable

encounter encountered, encountering, encounters encounter

energy energetic, energetically, energies energy

enforce enforced, enforcement, enforces, enforcing enforce

enhance enhanced, enhancement, enhances, enhancing enhance

enormous enormity, enormously enormous

ensure ensured, ensures, ensuring ensure

entity entities entity

environmentenvironmental, environmentalist, environmentalists, environmentally, environments

environment

equate equated, equates, equating, equation, equations equate

equip equipment, equipped, equipping, equips equip

equivalent equivalence equivalent

erode eroded, erodes, eroding, erosion erode

error erroneous, erroneously, errors error

establishdisestablish, disestablished, disestablishes, disestablishing, disestablishment, established, establishes, establishing, establishment, establishments

establish

estate estates estate

estimate

estimated, estimates, estimating, estimation, estimations, over-estimate, overestimate, overestimated, overestimates, overestimating, underestimate, underestimated, underestimates, underestimating

estimate

ethic ethical, ethically, ethics, unethical ethic

ethnic ethnicity ethnic

evaluateevaluated, evaluates, evaluating, evaluation, evaluations, evaluative, re-evaluate, re-evaluated, re-evaluates, re-evaluating, re-evaluation

evaluate

eventual eventuality, eventually eventual

evident evidenced, evidence, evidential, evidently evident

evolve evolution, evolved, evolving, evolves, evolutionary, evolve

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Academic ReadingÁrea de Idiomas- FHyCS

evolutionist, evolutionists

exceed exceeded, exceeding, exceeds exceed

excludeexcluded, excludes, excluding, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusionist, exclusions, exclusive, exclusively

exclude

exhibit exhibited, exhibiting, exhibition, exhibitions, exhibits exhibit

expandexpanded, expanding, expands, expansion, expansionism, expansive

expand

expert expertise, expertly, experts expert

explicit explicitly explicit

exploit exploitation, exploited, exploiting, exploits exploit

export exported, exporter, exporters, exporting, exports export

expose exposed, exposes, exposing, exposure, exposures expose

externalexternalisation, externalise, externalised, externalises, externalising, externality

external

extract extracted, extracting, extraction, extracts extract

facilitatefacilitated, facilitates, facilities, facilitating, facilitation, facilitator, facilitators, facility

facilitate

factor factored, factoring, factors factor

feature featured, features, featuring feature

federal federation, federations federal

fee fees fee

file filed, files, filing file

final finalise, finalised, finalises, finalising, finality, finally, finals final

financefinanced, finances, financial, financially, financier, financiers, financing

finance

finite infinite, infinitely finite

flexible flexibility, inflexible, inflexibility flexible

fluctuate fluctuated, fluctuates, fluctuating, fluctuation, fluctuations fluctuate

focusfocused, focuses, focusing, refocus, refocused, refocuses, refocusing

focus

format formatted, formatting, formats format

formulaformulae, formulas, formulate, formulated, formulating, formulation, formulations, reformulate, reformulated, reformulating, reformulation, reformulations

formula

forthcoming   forthcoming

found founded, founder, founders, founding, unfounded found

foundation foundations foundation

framework frameworks framework

function functional, functionally, functioned, functioning, functions function

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Academic ReadingÁrea de Idiomas- FHyCS

fund funded, funder, funders, funding, funds fund

fundamental fundamentally fundamental

furthermore   furthermore

gender genders gender

generate generated, generates, generating generate

generation generations generation

globe global, globally, globalisation, globalization globe

goal goals goal

grade graded, grades, grading grade

grant granted, granting, grants grant

guarantee guaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees guarantee

guideline guidelines guideline

hence   hence

hierarchy hierarchical, hierarchies hierarchy

highlight highlighted, highlighting, highlights highlight

hypothesishypotheses, hypothesise, hypothesised, hypothesises, hypothesising, hypothetical, hypothetically

hypothesis

identical identically identical

identifyidentifiable, identification, identified, identifies, identifying, identities, identity, unidentifiable

identify

ideology ideological, ideologically, ideologies ideology

ignorant ignorance, ignore, ignored, ignores, ignoring ignorant

illustrateillustrated, illustrates, illustrating, illustration, illustrations, illustrative

illustrate

image imagery, images image

immigrateimmigrant, immigrants, immigrated, immigrates, immigrating, immigration

immigrate

impact impacted, impacting, impacts impact

implement implementation, implemented, implementing, implements implement

implicate implicated, implicates, implicating, implication, implications implicate

implicit implicitly implicit

imply implied, implies, implying imply

impose imposed, imposes, imposing, imposition impose

incentive incentives incentive

incidence incident, incidentally, incidents incidence

incline inclination, inclinations,inclined, inclines, inclining incline

income incomes income

incorporate incorporated, incorporates, incorporating, incorporation incorporate

index indexed, indexes, indexing index

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Academic ReadingÁrea de Idiomas- FHyCS

indicateindicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indications, indicative, indicator, indicators

indicate

individualindividualised, individuality, individualism, individualist, individualists, individualistic, individually, individuals

individual

induce induced, induces, inducing, induction induce

inevitable inevitability, inevitably inevitable

infer inference, inferences, inferred, inferring, infers infer

infrastructure infrastructures infrastructure

inherent inherently inherent

inhibit inhibited, inhibiting, inhibition, inhibitions, inhibits inhibit

initial initially initial

initiateinitiated, initiates, initiating, initiation, initiations, initiative, initiatives, initiator, initiators

initiate

injure injured, injures, injuries, injuring, injury, uninjured injure

innovateinnovation, innovated, innovates, innovating, innovations, innovative, innovator, innovators

innovate

input inputs input

insert inserted, inserting, insertion, inserts insert

insight insightful, insights insight

inspectinspected, inspecting, inspection, inspections, inspector, inspectors, inspects

inspect

instance instances instance

instituteinstituted, institutes, instituting, institution, institutional, institutionalise, institutionalised, institutionalises, institutionalising, institutionally, institutions

institute

instructinstruction, instructed, instructing, instructions, instructive, instructor, instructors, instructs

instruct

integral   integral

integrate integrated, integrates, integrating, integration integrate

integrity   integrity

intelligent intelligence, intelligently, unintelligent intelligent

intenseintensely, intenseness, intensification, intensified, intensifies, intensify, intensifying, intension, intensity, intensive, intensively

intense

interactinteracted, interacting, interaction, interactions, interactive, interactively, interacts

interact

intermediate   intermediate

internal internalise, internalised, internalises, internalising, internally internal

interpret interpretation, interpretations, interpretative, interpreted, interpreting, interpretive, interprets, misinterpret,

interpret

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misinterpretation, misinterpretations, misinterpreted, misinterpreting, misinterprets, reinterpret, reinterpreted, reinterprets, reinterpreting, reinterpretation, reinterpretations

interval intervals interval

intervene intervened, intervenes, intervening, intervention, interventions intervene

intrinsic intrinsically intrinsic

investinvested, investing, investment, investments, investor, investors, invests, reinvest, reinvested, reinvesting, reinvestment, reinvests

invest

investigateinvestigated, investigates, investigating, investigation, investigations, investigative, investigator, investigators

investigate

invoke invoked, invokes, invoking invoke

involve involved, involvement, involves, involving, uninvolved involve

isolate isolated, isolates, isolating, isolation, isolationism isolate

issue issued, issues, issuing issue

item itemisation, itemise, itemised, itemises, itemising, items item

job jobs job

journal journals journal

justifyjustifiable, justifiably, justification, justifications, justified, justifies, justifying, unjustified

justify

label labelled, labelling, labels label

labour laboured, labouring, labours labour

layer layered, layering, layers layer

lecture lectured, lecturer, lecturers, lectures, lecturing lecture

legal illegal, illegality, illegally, legality, legally legal

legislatelegislated, legislates, legislating, legislation, legislative, legislator, legislators, legislature

legislate

levy levies levy

liberal

liberalise, liberalism, liberalisation, liberalised, liberalises, liberalising, liberalization, liberate, liberated, liberates, liberation, liberations, liberating, liberator, liberators, liberally, liberals

liberal

licence licences, license, licensed, licensing, licenses, unlicensed licence

likewise   likewise

link linkage, linkages, linked, linking, links link

locatelocated, locating, location, locations, relocate, relocated, relocates, relocating, relocation

locate

logic illogical, illogically, logical, logically, logician, logicians logic

maintain maintained, maintaining, maintains, maintenance maintain

major majorities, majority major

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manipulatemanipulated, manipulates, manipulating, manipulation, manipulations, manipulative

manipulate

manual manually, manuals manual

margin marginal, marginally, margins margin

matureimmature, immaturity, maturation, maturational, matured, matures, maturing, maturity

mature

maximisemax, maximised, maximises, maximising, maximisation, maximum

maximise

mechanism mechanisms mechanism

media   media

mediate mediated, mediates, mediating, mediation mediate

medical medically medical

medium   medium

mental mentality, mentally mental

methodmethodical, methodological, methodologies, methodology, methods

method

migratemigrant, migrants, migrated, migrates, migrating, migration, migrations, migratory

migrate

military   military

minimalminimalisation, minimalise, minimalises, minimalised, minimalising, minimalist, minimalists, minimalistic, minimally

minimal

minimise minimised, minimises, minimising minimise

minimum   minimum

ministry ministered, ministering, ministerial, ministries ministry

minor minorities, minority, minors minor

mode modes mode

modifymodification, modifications, modified, modifies, modifying, unmodified

modify

monitor monitored, monitoring, monitors, unmonitored monitor

motivemotivate, motivated, motivates, motivating, motivation, motivations, motives, unmotivated

motive

mutual mutually mutual

negate negative, negated, negates, negating, negatively, negatives negate

network networked, networking, networks network

neutralneutralisation, neutralise, neutralised, neutralises, neutralising, neutrality

neutral

nevertheless   nevertheless

nonetheless   nonetheless

norm norms norm

normal abnormal, abnormally, normalisation, normalise, normalised, normal

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normalises, normalising, normality, normally

notion notions notion

notwithstanding   notwithstanding

nuclear   nuclear

objective objectively, objectivity objective

obtain obtainable, obtained, obtaining, obtains, unobtainable obtain

obvious obviously obvious

occupyoccupancy, occupant, occupants, occupation,occupational, occupations, occupied, occupier, occupiers, occupies, occupying

occupy

occuroccurred, occurrence, occurrences, occurring, occurs, reoccur, reoccurred, reoccurring, reoccurs

occur

odd odds odd

offset offsets, offsetting offset

ongoing   ongoing

option optional, options option

orientorientate, orientated, orientates, orientation, orientating, oriented, orienting, orients, reorient, reorientation

orient

outcome outcomes outcome

output outputs output

overall   overall

overlap overlapped, overlapping, overlaps overlap

overseas   overseas

panel panelled, panelling, panels panel

paradigm paradigms paradigm

paragraph paragraphing, paragraphs paragraph

parallel paralleled, parallels, unparalleled parallel

parameter parameters parameter

participateparticipant, participants, participated, participates, participating, participation, participatory

participate

partner partners, partnership, partnerships partner

passive passively, passivity passive

perceive perceived, perceives, perceiving, perception, perceptions perceive

percent percentage, percentages percent

period periodic, periodical, periodically, periodicals, periods period

persistpersisted, persistence, persistent, persistently, persisting, persists

persist

perspective perspectives perspective

phase phased, phases, phasing phase

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phenomenon phenomena, phenomenal phenomenon

philosophyphilosopher, philosophers, philosophical, philosophically, philosophies, philosophise, philosophised, philosophises, philosophising

philosophy

physical physically physical

plus pluses plus

policy policies policy

portion portions portion

pose posed, poses, posing pose

positive positively positive

potential potentially potential

practitioner practitioners practitioner

precedepreceded, precedence, precedent, precedes, preceding, unprecedented

precede

precise imprecise, precisely, precision precise

predictpredictability, predictable, predictably, predicted, predicting, prediction, predictions, predicts, unpredictability, unpredictable

predict

predominantpredominance, predominantly, predominate, predominated, predominates, predominating

predominant

preliminary preliminaries preliminary

presumepresumably, presumed, presumes, presuming, presumption, presumptions, presumptuous

presume

previous previously previous

primary primarily primary

prime primacy prime

principal principally principal

principle principled, principles, unprincipled principle

prior   prior

prioritypriorities, prioritisation, prioritise, prioritised, prioritises, prioritising

priority

proceedprocedural, procedure, procedures, proceeded, proceeding, proceedings, proceeds

proceed

process processed, processes, processing process

professional professionally, professionals, professionalism professional

prohibitprohibited, prohibiting, prohibition, prohibitions, prohibitive, prohibits

prohibit

project projected, projecting, projection, projections, projects project

promotepromoted, promoter, promoters, promotes, promoting, promotion, promotions

promote

proportion disproportion, disproportionate, disproportionately, proportion

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proportional, proportionally, proportionate, proportionately, proportions

prospect prospective, prospects prospect

protocol protocols protocol

psychology psychological, psychologically, psychologist, psychologists psychology

publication publications publication

publishpublished, publisher, publishers, publishes, publishing, unpublished

publish

purchase purchased, purchaser, purchasers, purchases, purchasing purchase

pursue pursued, pursues, pursuing, pursuit, pursuits pursue

qualitative qualitatively qualitative

quote quotation, quotations, quoted, quotes, quoting quote

radical radically, radicals radical

random randomly, randomness random

range ranged, ranges, ranging range

ratio ratios ratio

rationalirrational, rationalisation, rationalisations, rationalise, rationalised, rationalises, rationalising, rationalism, rationality, rationally

rational

reactreacted, reacts, reacting, reaction, reactionaries, reactionary, reactions, reactive, reactivate, reactivation, reactor, reactors

react

recover recoverable, recovered, recovering, recovers, recovery recover

refine refined, refinement, refinements, refines, refining refine

regime regimes regime

region regional, regionally, regions region

registerderegister, deregistered, deregistering, deregisters, deregistration, registered, registering, registers, registration

register

regulatederegulated, deregulates, deregulating, deregulation, regulated, regulates, regulating, regulation,regulations, regulator, regulators, regulatory, unregulated

regulate

reinforcereinforced, reinforcement, reinforcements, reinforces, reinforcing

reinforce

reject rejected, rejecting, rejection, rejects, rejections reject

relax relaxation, relaxed, relaxes, relaxing relax

release released, releases, releasing release

relevant irrelevance, irrelevant, relevance relevant

reluctance reluctant, reluctantly reluctance

relyreliability, reliable, reliably, reliance, reliant, relied, relies, relying, unreliable

rely

remove removable, removal, removals, removed, removes, removing remove

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require required, requirement, requirements, requires, requiring require

research researched, researcher, researchers, researches, researching research

resideresided, residence, resident, residential, residents, resides, residing

reside

resolve resolution, resolved, resolves, resolving, unresolved resolve

resourceresourced, resourceful, resources, resourcing, unresourceful, under-resourced

resource

respondresponded, respondent, respondents, responding, responds, response, responses, responsive, responsiveness, unresponsive

respond

restore restoration, restored, restores, restoring restore

restrainrestrained, restraining, restrains, restraint, restraints, unrestrained

restrain

restrictrestricted, restricting, restriction, restrictions, restrictive, restrictively, restricts, unrestricted, unrestrictive

restrict

retainretained, retaining, retainer, retainers, retains, retention, retentive

retain

reveal revealed, revealing, reveals, revelation, revelations reveal

revenue revenues revenue

reversereversal, reversed, reverses, reversible, reversing, reversals, irreversible

reverse

revise revised, revises, revising, revision, revisions revise

revolutionrevolutionary, revolutionaries, revolutionise, revolutionised, revolutionises, revolutionising, revolutionist, revolutionists, revolutions

revolution

rigid rigidities, rigidity, rigidly rigid

role roles role

route routed, routes, routing route

scenario scenarios scenario

schedulereschedule, rescheduled, reschedules, rescheduling, scheduled, schedules, scheduling, unscheduled

schedule

scheme schematic, schematically, schemed, schemes, scheming scheme

scope   scope

section sectioned, sectioning, sections section

sector sectors sector

secureinsecure, insecurities, insecurity, secured, securely, secures, securing, securities, security

secure

seek seeking, seeks, sought seek

selectselected, selecting, selection, selections, selective, selectively, selector, selectors, selects

select

sequence sequenced, sequences, sequencing, sequential, sequentially sequence

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series   series

sex sexes, sexism, sexual, sexuality, sexually sex

shift shifted, shifting, shifts shift

significantinsignificant, insignificantly, significance, significantly, signified, signifies, signify, signifying

significant

similar dissimilar, similarities, similarity, similarly similar

simulate simulated, simulates, simulating, simulation simulate

site sites site

so-called   so-called

sole solely sole

somewhat   somewhat

source sourced, sources, sourcing source

specific specifically, specification, specifications, specificity, specifics specific

specify specifiable, specified, specifies, specifying, unspecified specify

sphere spheres, spherical, spherically sphere

stableinstability, stabilisation, stabilise, stabilised, stabilises, stabilising, stability, unstable

stable

statistic statistician, statisticians, statistical, statistically, statistics statistic

status   status

straightforward   straightforward

strategy strategic, strategies, strategically, strategist, strategists strategy

stress stressed, stresses, stressful, stressing, unstressed stress

structurerestructure, restructured, restructures, restructuring, structural, structurally, structured, structures, structuring, unstructured

structure

style styled, styles, styling, stylish, stylise, stylised, stylises, stylising style

submit submission, submissions, submits, submitted, submitting submit

subordinate subordinates, subordination subordinate

subsequent subsequently subsequent

subsidysubsidiary, subsidies, subsidise, subsidised, subsidises, subsidising

subsidy

substitute substituted, substitutes, substituting, substitution substitute

successor succession, successions, successive, successively, successors successor

sufficient sufficiency, insufficient, insufficiently, sufficiently sufficient

sum summation, summed, summing, sums sum

summarysummaries, summarise, summarised, summarises, summarising, summarisation, summarisations

summary

supplement supplementary, supplemented, supplementing, supplements supplement

survey surveyed, surveying, surveys survey

survive survival, survived, survives, surviving, survivor, survivors survive

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suspend suspended, suspending, suspends, suspension suspend

sustainsustainable, sustainability, sustained, sustaining, sustains, sustenance, unsustainable

sustain

symbolsymbolic, symbolically, symbolise, symbolises, symbolised, symbolising, symbolism, symbols

symbol

tape taped, tapes, taping tape

target targeted, targeting, targets target

task tasks task

team teamed, teaming, teams team

technical technically technical

technique techniques technique

technology technological, technologically technology

temporary temporarily temporary

tense tension, tensely, tenser, tensest, tensions tense

terminateterminal, terminals, terminated, terminates, terminating, termination, terminations

terminate

text texts, textual text

theme themes, thematic, thematically theme

theory theoretical, theoretically, theories, theorist, theorists theory

thereby   thereby

thesis theses thesis

topic topical, topics topic

trace traceable, traced, traces, tracing trace

traditionnon-traditional, traditional, traditionalist, traditionally, traditions

tradition

transfer transferable, transference, transferred, transferring, transfers transfer

transformtransformation, transformations, transformed, transforming, transforms

transform

transittransited, transiting, transition, transitional, transitions, transitory, transits

transit

transmittransmission, transmissions, transmitted, transmitting, transmits

transmit

transporttransportation, transported, transporter, transporters, transporting, transports

transport

trend trends trend

trigger triggered, triggering, triggers trigger

ultimate ultimately ultimate

undergo undergoes, undergoing, undergone, underwent undergo

underlie underlay, underlies, underlying underlie

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undertake undertaken, undertakes, undertaking, undertook undertake

uniform uniformity, uniformly uniform

unify unification, unified, unifies, unifying unify

unique uniquely, uniqueness unique

utiliseutilisation, utilised, utilises, utilising, utiliser, utilisers, utility, utilities

utilise

validinvalidate, invalidity, validate, validated, validating, validation, validity, validly

valid

varyinvariable, invariably, variability, variable, variables, variably, variance, variant, variants, variation, variations, varied, varies, varying

vary

vehicle vehicles vehicle

version versions version

via   via

violate violated, violates, violating, violation, violations violate

virtual virtually virtual

visible visibility, visibly, invisible, invisibility visible

vision visions vision

visualvisualise, visualised, visualised, visualising, visualisation, visually

visual

volume volumes, vol volume

voluntary voluntarily, volunteer, volunteering, volunteered, volunteers voluntary

welfare   welfare

whereas   whereas

whereby   whereby

widespread   widespread

http://www.uefap.com/vocab/select/awl.htm. Retrieved April, 15th

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The field of Social examines the , pattern and range

of social problems in contemporary society and the various

to them. It explores the of the state in relation to the

welfare and management of its citizens and the of state intervention

in determining the conditions under which people live. Social ,

therefore, attempts to understand the reasons for , the ways in

which are , of

implementation, and the effects have on people and society. In

many respects, social workers can be seen as agents of social , which is why this discipline is particularly relevant to the profession of social

work. is fundamental to the practice of social work, where it is constantly in demand to justify decisions that affect people's lives in far reaching ways.

The following words will fill the gaps:

definition evidence formulated policies policies policies policy policy

policy policy policy processes responses role role

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Empires

In this copy of the article, general academic words, from the Academic Word List, are highlighted in bold. It is important that you understand these words and can use them. Study the words in bold carefully. Learn them.

The empires of the ancient world were each composed of people from diverse cultures and ethnic backgrounds, brought together by coercion and held together by the threat of military action. A centralized power structure was imposed on the existing range of political systems with a resulting absence of effective representation for the regions. Although military strength was a primary force in the establishment and maintenance of empires, there are many examples of peaceful, successful empires which provided stable government over vast territories. Empires such as Egypt and Persia also developed bureaucracies and legal structures; constructed irrigation and road systems; and provided the foundations for the growth of high civilisations. The European colonies differed from these ancient empires. Colonies were populated either by immigrants from the mother country who established familiar political structures and often held a measure of independence, or by native people, ruled over by colonial bureaucracies. The latter tended to be more coercive in protecting the colonial power's interests. These modern empires quickly disintegrated, however, after the second world war. This was because the colonial powers then had diminished military resources and little taste for opposing the colonies' desires for self-determination and equality.

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Parts of Speech"Parts of speech" are the basic types of words that English has. Most grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. We will add one more type: articles.

NounA noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action. Examples:cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival

VerbA verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something). Examples:walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want

AdjectiveAn adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun. Examples:big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important

Adverb

An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when or where something happened. Examples:slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere

PronounA pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. Examples:I, you, he, she, it, we, they

ConjunctionA conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together. Examples:but, so, and, because, or

Preposition

A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence. Examples:on, in, by, with, under, through, at

Interjection An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or

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surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks. Examples:Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!

ArticleAn article is used to introduce a noun. Examples:the, a, an

NounsWhat is a noun?A noun is any word which names a person, place, thing, idea, animal, quality, or activity. Examples: person - Jennifer place - downtown thing - table idea – equality, animal - elephant quality - height activity - navigationNouns can have different functions in a sentence. Some nouns function as subjects while others function as objects or complements. For example, a noun like "Jennifer" might function in the following ways: Subject - Jennifer likes English courses. Object of a Preposition - He gave the book to Jennifer. Subject complement - The best student is Jennifer.The term nominal refers to any word or group of words used as a noun.

Types of Nouns:Proper nouns are the names of specific things, people, or places, such as New York and Christine. They usually begin with a capital letter. Common nouns are general names such as citizen, village, and book. They can be either concrete or abstract. Concrete nouns refer to things which you can sense such as clock and telephone. Abstract nouns refer to ideas or qualities such as liberty and truth.

Count, Mass, and Collective NounsCount Nouns

Count nouns refer to anything which can be counted. They have a singular form and a plural form. The plural usually ends in -s: singular car plan dollar piece apple dotplural cars plans dollars pieces apples dots

Most nouns ending in s, sh, o, or ch require an -es suffix to be plural: singular bus latch wish potato hero echoplural buses latches wishes potatoes heroes echoes

Nouns ending in a consonant followed by y become plural by changing the y to i and adding -es: singular worry story apology spy mystery

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plural worries stories apologies spies mysteries

Irregular count nouns do not form their plurals using the rules stated above: singular man goose mouse crisis child oxplural men geese mice crises children oxenMass NounsMass nouns refer to entities which cannot be counted. They do not usually have a plural form. Examples: wine, money, justice, time, povertyNote that when we are talking about kinds of wine, we do use a plural. Example: He certainly knows his wines!Collective NounsCollective nouns refer to groups of people or things. Collective nouns can usually be counted; therefore, they have plural forms. Examples: herd gang staff bunch state herds gangs staffs bunches states

Plural and Possessive NounsPlural NounsPlural nouns are nouns which have been changed into their plural form by adding an -s or -es. Remember, there are also irregular plural forms such as geese and mice. Possessive NounsNouns can also be possessive. The possessive expresses ownership, usually of the following noun, and often corresponds to a structure with of. Example: Khan's wrath = the wrath of Khan

Most singular possessives are formed by adding an apostrophe + s. CommonPossessivesingular bird bird'splural birds birds'Most plural possessives are formed by adding an apostrophe following the s-ending of the plural.the bird's territory = the territory of the birdthe birds' territory = the territory of the birds

If a noun is plural but does not end in s, the possessive is formed by adding apostrophe + s. CommonPossessivesingular woman woman'splural women women's

PronounsWhat is a pronoun?A pronoun is a word which takes the place of a noun or stands in for an unknown noun. The noun which the pronoun replaces is called its antecedent. Examples: Mary wondered whether she should go to the party. "Mary" is the antecedent of the pronoun "she". The test was difficult for Dave, who had not studied "Dave" is the antecedent of the pronoun "who".

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There are nine different types of pronouns which you will learn about in the following lessons: personal, possessive, indefinite, reflexive, reciprocal, intensive, interrogative, relative, and demonstrative.

General Rule:The case of some pronouns depends on their function in sentences or clauses. The Different Pronoun Cases:Nominative Case: (I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who)

The nominative (also called subjective) case pronoun functions as the subject of sentence, or as the subject complement (predicate noun). Examples: She came to the house.

Who has seen the wind? I am she. (In response to an inquiry.) This is she.

Objective Case: (me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom) The objective case pronoun functions as a direct or indirect object, or as an object of a preposition. Examples: I gave her a nickel. I sold it to them. I don't know to whom I speak. The book is beside him.

Possessive Case: (my, mine, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, theirs, your, yours, whose) The possessive case pronoun indicates possession. Example: That is my baseball. That baseball is mine.Her pleasure at receiving the award was apparent. The pleasure was all hers.

Personal, Possessive&Indefinite PronounsPersonal PronounsA personal pronoun can refer to the person or people speaking ("first person"), spoken to ("second person") or spoken about ("third person"). Personal pronouns have distinct forms for each of these three "persons", as well as for singular and plural:

Singular Plural

first person(the person speaking)

subject: I We

object: me Us

second person(the person spoken to)

subject: you You

object: you You

third person subject: he, she, it They

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(the person spoken about)

object: him, her, it Them

Example: I wanted to give it to him, but you wouldn't let me.I = first person singularhim = third person singularyou = second person singular or pluralme = first person singularPossessive Pronouns

Like nouns, personal pronouns can be possessive. Possessive determiners are possessive forms of personal pronouns which must have a following noun. Possessive pronouns function independently.

Singular Plural

first person determiner: my (book) our (book)

pronoun: mine ours

second person determiner: your (book) your (book)

pronoun: yours yours

third person determiner: is, her, its (book) their (book)

pronoun: his, hers, its theirs

Example: You can borrow my book as long as you remember that it's not yours.The possessive "my" is a determiner which depends on the noun "book."The possessive "yours" is a pronoun which stands in the place of "your book". When you drive to Manitoba, will you take your car or theirs?The possessive determiner "your" depends on the noun "car."The possessive pronoun, "theirs," stands in the place of the noun phrase, "their car."Indefinite PronounsIndefinite pronouns have no specific antecedents. Although an indefinite pronoun may refer to someone or something identifiable, it refers to them in general with the notion of all, some, any, or none. Some common indefinite pronouns are: Singular: another both everything nothing any each neither one anybody either nobody somebody anyone everybody none someone anything everyone no one somethingPlural: all few more much several both many most plenty someExamples:singular – Somebody was cleaning the library.plural - Many were saying that they liked the book.

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Indefinite pronouns can only be classified as pronouns if they are used alone. If they are used with a noun, then they become indefinite adjectives. Examples:pronoun: Both agreed that surgery was the only solution.adjective: Both doctors agreed that surgery was the only solution.

"Both" becomes an indefinite adjective in the second sentence because it modifies the noun "doctors."pronoun: Several have marvelled at the Eiffel Tower.adjective: Several tourists have marvelled at the Eiffel Tower."Several" becomes an indefinite adjective in the second sentence because it modifies the noun "tourists."

Reflexive, Intensive&Reciprocal PronounsReflexive PronounsReflexive pronouns indicate that the subject performs actions to or for itself; therefore, the action in the sentence passes back to the subject. Reflexive pronouns distinguish person and number. FORMS: SingularPluralfirst person myself ourselvessecond person yourself yourselvesthird person himself, herself, themselves itselfExamples: We tortured ourselves with the thought of the upcoming exam.The reflexive pronoun ourselves indicates that the action of "torturing" is being reflected back to the subject: the subject "we" is both the doer and the receiver of the action. I told myself this would happen if I listened to Jane.Intensive Pronouns

The reflexive forms can also be used as intensive pronouns. Intensive pronouns point one back to a noun or a pronoun (not necessarily the subject) to add emphasis to it; however, intensive pronouns do not indicate a passing back of action. Examples: I myself did the research. The Prime Minister herself opposed the bill.

An intensive pronoun does not need to follow right after the noun or pronoun that it emphasizes (although in most cases it does). Example: I prefer sushi myself.

Note that neither a reflexive nor intensive pronoun should be used as the subject of a sentence. Reciprocal PronounsReciprocal pronouns express an interchangeable or mutual action or relationship. There are two forms and each has a possessive case: each other one another each other's one another'sExamples: Mark and Dave greeted each other OR Mark and Dave greeted one another. Mark and Dan were embarrassed that they had forgotten each other's names OR

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Mark and Dan were embarrassed that they had forgotten one another's names.

Interrogative, Relative&Demonstrative PronounsInterrogative PpronounsWe use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. These pronouns can be personal or non-personal. FORMS:Subject Object Possessive personal who whom whose whoever whomever

non-personal what whichExamples:Who has been sitting in my chair?Which chair are you talking about?What do you want?Whose car did you drive here? For whom will you vote?Relative PronounsRelative pronouns introduce one type of subordinate clause called a relative clause (which "relates" to the primary clause). These pronouns have various forms which depend on their role within the clause or according to their case. FORMS:subject object possessivepersonal who whom whosenon-personal which which whose that thatExamples: I went to see the singer who was in town. "Who" is a relative pronoun which is the subject of the relative clause "who was in town." I read the book which the professor recommended to me. "Which" is a non-personal relative pronoun which is the object of the relative clause "which the professor recommended to me." ("The professor" is the subject.)

The relative pronoun that can sometimes be left out of a sentence. Example: I'm almost finished the book that I'm reading. I'm almost finished the book I'm reading.Demonstrative PronounsDemonstrative pronouns can function by themselves as substitutes for specific nouns. The speaker usually uses such an independent demonstrative pronoun when he or she physically or verbally gestures towards something. The demonstrative pronoun does not replace an entire preceding idea. We classify demonstrative pronouns according to number only. FORMS: Singular Plural this these that thoseExample:

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This needs to be repaired. The demonstrative pronoun this is referring to some object (a washing machine?) that the speaker is talking about.Example:The Renaissance looked to the past, especially classical times, for ideas that would enliven art and political thought. This is important to the student of the early modern period.

Verb s What is a verb?The verb is a part of speech, a word or compound of words, that performs one of three kinds of tasks: it expresses action; it expresses a state of being; or it expresses the relationship between two things. In its most powerful and normal position, it follows a noun (the agent of the verb). The forms and functions of verbsThe verb is also the most complicated part of speech in that its forms and functions are several; verbs in special forms take on the properties of other parts of speech: we call these forms verbals, and they can become nouns (subjects and/or objects), adjectives, and adverbs. They lose their function as pure verbs--but they still insinuate actions, states of being, and relationships.

Verb Tenses and FormsVerb Tenses and Forms

The basic tenses of verbs are quite simple: past, present, and future. However, each tense can take one of four forms: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive. Tense determines time, and the form determines the relationship the verb has to contextual time. In other words, verbs can take one of twelve forms. See the chart and examples below and note the verbs required to determine form. Note that the auxiliary verb for most forms is that which determines the tense of the whole verb (is, was, will be; has, had, will have).

SIMPLE TENSE Simple present (action or situation exists now):

I dance. He dances. They dance.

Present progressive (action is in progress): I am dancing. He is dancing. We are dancing.

Present perfect (action begins in the past and leads up to and includes the present): I have danced. She has danced. You have danced.

Present perfect progressive (action begins in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future):

I have been dancing. He has been dancing. They have been dancing.

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PAST TENSESimple past (actions or situations are complete and completely in the past):

They danced. We danced. She danced.

Past progressive (actions in the past occurred over a period of time): She was dancing. They were dancing. I was dancing.

Past perfect (an action that has been completed before another action or situation): She had danced. We had danced. You had danced.

Past perfect progressive (an ongoing action in the past has ended): She had been dancing. We had been dancing. They had been dancing.

FUTURE TENSE Simple future (actions will occur in the future):

I will dance. She will dance. You will dance.

Future progressive (future actions will continue for some time). I will be dancing. She will be dancing. They will be dancing.

Future perfect (actions will be completed by or before a specific future time): I will have danced. She will have danced. They will have danced.

Future perfect progressive (actions are ongoing up to a specific future time): I will have been dancing. You will have been dancing. He will have been dancing.

Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs)

What are Auxiliary Verbs?Auxiliary verbs "help" other verbs show tense, mood, or voice.

In the section Verb Tenses and Forms, you can see how auxiliary or helping verbs determine the tense of verb forms and how the verb, as a whole, reveals the time or relative time of the action. Auxiliary verbs also work with verbs to show mood (indicative, imperative, or subjunctive) and to show voice (active or passive).

The Auxiliary Verb "DO"

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You have already seen some of the work that "to be" and "to have" auxiliary verbs can do. Another auxiliary verb is the verb "do"; this auxiliary "helps" the writer form questions or interrogatives, establish negative verbs, and create emphasis. Examples: I did complete the assignment on time. (Emphatic)Do you want to come to the theatre? (Interrogative) She does not understand the question. (Negative)

Modal AuxiliariesWe also include among the kinds of auxiliary verbs, those auxiliary verbs which we call modal auxiliaries. These helping verbs come before the main verb and express probability, obligation, ability, or necessity. Nine modal auxiliaries or "modals" are available: must, might, may, shall, should, can, could, will, and would. Examples: She shouldforgive his rude behaviour. (Obligation) They may be in trouble for saying such things. (Probability) Alexander can clean up after the guests. (Ability) We must not leave the cake out in the rain. (Necessity)

Verbs and Mood

Mood?Yes, verbs have moods, but these "moods" have nothing to do with human emotions such as anger, sadness, or excitement. The "mood" of a verb refers to how the writer presents an idea. The three moods are indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.

The indicative mood is the one most often used. In general, it is used for situations when facts and reality, as opposed to guesses, wishes, or imagined situations, are the content of a sentence or clause.

Melanie's mother takes in laundry four times a week. The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world.

The imperative forms direct commands. E.g.Study chapters 1-5 for the upcoming midterm exam. Call me tomorrow if you want to go rollerblading.

The subjunctive mood generally signals that the action or state specified by the verb is the object of a wish, a hope or fear, a request, a conjecture, belief or hypothesis, or is for some reason unreal.

If I were to study hard, I would probably ace the exam. (hypothetical) Margaret insists that he take the dog for a walk. (request) We had hoped to spend more time sight-seeing in Italy. (a hope

Adjectives (modifiers) What are modifiers?Modifiers limit, qualify, or make more exact other words or word groups by describing them. Example: the brown cowBrown "modifies" the word "cow" by naming a quality of it, making its description more precise. Simply,

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the word "brown" is describing the cow.

Modifiers "depend on" the word they qualify; therefore, they are optional. Modifiers which are placed before a noun are called pre-modifiers and those placed after a noun are called post-modifiers.

What are adjectives?Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Two types of adjectives are

1. descriptive , describing a quality of the noun 2. limiting , limiting the noun being described

Examples: descriptive: tall tree, stellar performancelimiting: my dog, the second try

1. Desriptive adjectives can be attributive adjectives or predicate adjectives. o Attributive Adjectives:

Adjectives which appear directly beside the noun, most commonly before, are called attributive, because they attribute a quality to the noun they modify. More than one adjective can modify the same noun.

o Examples:o He washed the empty cup.

"Empty" is an attributive adjective, as it is placed directly beside the noun "cup." It is describing the cup.

o Predicate Adjectives:Adjectives which appear after a linking verb are called predicative, because they form part of the predicate. They modify the subject of the sentence or clause (a clause is a portion of a sentence which contains a subject and a predicate).

o Example: The painting was colourful. o Noun linking verb adjective

Limiting adjectives do as their name suggests, they limit the noun being described. There are nine types of limiting adjectives.

The Nine Types of Limiting Adjectives:

1. Definite & Indefinite Articles 2. Possessive Adjectives 3. Demonstrative Adjectives 4. Indefinite Adjectives 5. Interrogative Adjectives 6. Cardinal Adjectives 7. Ordinal Adjectives 8. Proper Adjectives 9. Nouns used as Adjectives

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Definite & Indefinite Articles: There is only one definite article, the. When used before a noun, it specifies a particular noun as opposed to any one.

Examples: the dog (a specific, identifiable dog)

the walls (specific, identifiable walls)

There are two indefinite articles, a andan. These are used with a noun when a specific noun is not being pointed at.

Examples: a dog (any dog an apple (any apple)

Possessive Adjectives: The possessive adjectives my, your, his, her, its, our, and their modify nouns by showing possession or ownership.

Examples: my sweatertheir party

Demonstrative Adjectives: A demonstrative adjective is a demonstrative pronoun that appears before a noun and emphasizes it.

Example: (note the difference)demonstrative pronoun: These are wonderful.demonstrative adjective: These apples are wonderful.

Indefinite Adjectives: Indefinite adjectives are indefinite pronouns used before a noun.

Example: (note the difference)pronoun: Several witnessed the event.

adjective: Several pedestrians witnessed the event.

Interrogative Adjectives: The interrogative adjectives what, which, and whose modify nouns and pronouns to indicate a question about them.

Example: (note the difference)pronoun: Which fell?

adjective: Which trapeze artist fell?

Cardinal Adjectives: Adjectives that modify the noun by numbering it (stating how many) are cardinal adjectives.

Examples: five books two fish

Ordinal Adjectives: An ordinal adjective indicates the position of a noun in a series.

Examples: the first date the fourth day

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Proper Adjectives: Adjectives derived from proper names are called proper adjectives. They are easily recognizable in that they are always capitalized. E

Examples French bread Shakespearean sonnet

Nouns used as Adjectives: Sometimes nouns can be used as adjectives to define or describe another noun.

Examples: the porch lighta house fly

AdverbsWhat are adverbs?

Modify, limit, qualify, or make more exact other words or word groups. Adverbs modify:

1. verbs 2. adjectives 3. other adverbs 4. whole sentences

They answer questions like: "how?" "when?" "where?" "why?" "in what order?" "how often?"Problem: Identifying adverbs can be tricky.Many adverbs end in -ly. For example: awkwardly happily sharply tightly cheerfully loudly swiftly viciouslyHowever, this is not an exact method of identifying adverbs. Some common adverbs do not end in -ly. For example: everywhere here never so fast much rather wellAnd some words that end in -ly are not necessarily adverbs. Such as: friendly lively rally folly lonely sicklyThe only way to be sure a word is an adverb is by looking at its function within the sentence. Examples:modifying verbs - Examples:Shesighedloudly. How did she sigh? Loudly."Loudly" is an adverb, modifying the verb, "sighed" and answering the question "how?".He went to Vancouver yesterday.When did he go to Vancouver? Yesterday."Yesterday" is an adverb answering the question "when?" and modifying the verb "went."modifying adjectives - Examples: The sky was veryblue."Very" answers the question, "How blue?" It is an adverb, modifying the adjective "blue."

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The day was completelyenjoyable."Completely" describes how enjoyable the day was and is an adverb which modifies an adjective.modifying other adverbs - Examples: He hit the ball excessivelyhard."Excessively" modifies the adverb "hard" and is also an adverb. The attic smelled, somewhatsuspiciously, of marijuana.The adverb "suspiciously" is modified by the adverb "somewhat."modifying a whole sentence -Probablyshe will leave me alone now.Here, "probably" is an adverb which is modifying the entire following sentence.

AdverbialsWhat are adverbials?An adverbial is a word group that is used as an adverb, or a word that isn't an adverb but is used as one. Nouns often become adverbials.Example: I went home.The noun "home" is used as an adverb to modify the verb "went". Thus, it is an adverbial.

Phrases and clauses can also be used as adverbials. (For information on phrases, see 2.5a. For clauses, see 2.4a.) Examples:phrase - I went to my house.clause - I went when I was done.More on adverbials...An adverbial complement is a sentence element which conveys the same information as an adverb but which is necessary to the sentence. Example: The old man was eating in the restaurant."In the restaurant" acts as an adverb since it describes where the old man was eating, but the sentence would be a complete sentence even without it. The old man was in the restaurant."In the restaurant" acts as an adverb here and it is an adverbial complement because without it the sentence would not be complete.

An adverbial conjunction, also known as a conjunctive adverb, is a word which functions both as an adverb and a conjunction.

Words such as however and besides are adverbials that connect independent clauses (or sentences). As an adverb, an adverbial conjunction modifies the second clause, and as a conjunction, it joins the two clauses, showing a relationship between them. Conjunctive adverbs can be placed in different positions within a clause without changing the meaning. Examples:We wanted to go on a picnic; however, the weather turned bad and we weren't able to go. We wanted to go on a picnic; the weather turned bad, however, and we weren't able to go. We wanted to go on a picnic. The weather turned bad and we weren't able to go, however.Note in the above examples that independent clauses connected by a conjunctive adverb must be separated by a semicolon or a period, not a comma.

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Some common conjunctive adverbs are: accordingly however nonetheless also incidentally now anyway indeed otherwise besides instead similarly certainly likewise still consequently meanwhile then finally moreover thereafter further namely therefore furthermore nevertheless thus hence next undoubtedlySome conjunctive adverbs with more than one word are: as a result on the contrary at the same time on the other hand

Comparative and SuperlativeGeneral Rule:Adverbs and adjectives often have forms which indicate degrees of comparison. The positive form, the type we have already looked at, does not express comparison. Examples: They chose a dark brown paint. (adjective) The dancer moved gracefully. (adverb)The Comparative Form

The comparative form, which is made be adding -er or a preceding more to the positive form, shows either a greater degree than the positive form or a makes a comparison between two persons or things. Examples: They chose a darker brown paint than their neighbours. The dancer moved more gracefully than the actor.The Superlative FormThe superlative form, which is made by adding -est or a preceding most to the positive form, shows the greatest degree of a quality or quantity among three or more persons or things. Examples: They chose the darkest brown they could find. The dancer moved the most gracefully of all the performers.

Forming the Comparative or SuperlativeChoosing between the suffix-er or -est and the preceding more/most depends on the number of syllables in the positive form of the adjective or adverb. Usually, adjectives and adverbs of one syllable take the suffix (-er/-est) and those of more than one syllable take the preceding more/most. Sometimes adjectives with a second syllable which is not very distinct, take the suffix. (e.g., pretty, prettier, prettiest)

PositiveComparative Superlative

big Bigger biggest

lousy Lousier lousiest

merciful more merciful most merciful

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quiet more quiet or quieter most quiet or quietest

astounding more astounding most astounding

Some comparatives and superlatives have irregular forms:

PositiveComparative Superlative

good better best

well better best

bad worse worst

far farther/further farthest/furthest

little less least

many more most

much more most

some more Most

Adverbs:

badly worse worst

ill worse worst

well better best

PrepositionsWhat is a preposition?A preposition links a noun or a pronoun (the object of the preposition) with some other word or expression in the sentence. Example: The cow jumped over the moon.The preposition "over" links its object, "the moon," to the verb "jump." The river below the bridge is rising.The object of the preposition, "the bridge," is linked to the noun "river" through the preposition "below."Some common prepositions are: about below in over until

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above beneath inside past up across beside into since upon after between near through with against by of throughout within among down off till without around during on to at except onto toward before for out under behind from outside underneathPrepositions can be more than one word. Some examples are: according to as well as in addition to across from because of with regard to

Sentence ElementsS-V-O-C-AWhat is a subject? The subject of a sentence is the person or thing about which an assertion is made or a question is asked. Subjects can either be "simple" (composed of a single pronoun, noun or noun phrase), "compound" or "complex" (see Lesson 2.1b). Examples: Christine looked in the mirror. In this example, "Christine" is the subject because the sentence asserts that she looked in the mirror.The scientist was correct in her prediction.In this example, "the scientist" is the subject because the sentence asserts that she made a correct prediction. Both of these sentences have simple subjects.

Complex and Compound Subjects What is a complex subject? A complex subject consists of a noun phrase and any words, phrases, or clauses that modify it. Examples: The man who had followed us inside walked over to the telephone.central noun - mancomplex subject - the man who had followed us inside The superior performance of La Traviata pleased the wealthy audience.central noun - performancecomplex subject - the superior performance of La TraviataWhat is a compound subject? A compound subject consists of two or more noun phrases (and their modifiers if any) joined together with a coordinating conjunction. Examples: The man and the woman walked over to the telephone.The compound subject here is the whole phrase, "the man and the woman."

Neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wine at intermission pleased the wealthy audience.Again, the whole phrase, "neither the superior performance of La Traviata nor the excellent wineat intermission," is the subject. The phrase answers the question, "What pleased the wealthyaudience?"

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What is a predicate? The predicate is the part of the sentence which makes a statement or asks a question. The predicate always contains a verb. Along with that verb it can also contain any auxiliary verbs, any modifiers of the verb, and any objects or complements and their modifiers. Examples: Mary paints.This is an example of a sentence with only a subject and a verb.The predicate of this sentence is "paints", since the subject is never part of the predicate, and "Mary" is the subject. Mary paints portraits of Sue.The predicate of this sentence is "paints portraits of Sue" since the predicate includes objects or complements and their modifiers.

Mary is painting a portrait of Sue.The predicate of this sentence is "is painting a portrait of Sue" since the predicate includes any auxiliary verbs or modifiers of the verb.Direct Objects (Simple and Complex)

What is a direct object? A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a transitive verb in an active sentence. It answers the questions what?orwhom?about the transitive verb. Again, a simple direct object is only the noun or pronoun, whereas a complex direct object consists of that noun and pronoun and any modifiers that accompany it. Examples: Terry burnt the toast.What did terry burn? - He burnt the toast.Serena visited Kara.Whom did Serena visit? - She visited Kara.The direct object may also be compound.Example: Terry burnt the toast and the eggs.What did Terry burn? - He burnt the toast and the eggs.How else can I identify a direct object?

Another useful method for determining whether a noun or noun phrase acts as the direct object is to attempt to rephrase the sentence in the passive voice. If you can turn the sentence into the passive form, then the direct object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. If the noun or noun phrase is not a direct object, then the sentence will not convert into a passive form. Examples:Active - Todd sang a song.Passive - A song was sung by Todd.The direct object, "a song," of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive one.

Simple ObjectsWhat is a simple object? A simple object is a word that "receives the action" of a transitive verb or a verbal. Examples:object of a verb: I mether this morning.

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"Her" is the simple object that receives the action of being met.object of a verbal:Meetingher was nice. "Her" is the simple object of the gerund "meeting." I always wanted to meether. Here, "her" is the simple object of an infinitive.Complex Objects

Complex Objects Like subjects, objects can be complex, consisting of the simple object and all the words which modify it. Examples: I finally bought the dress I had tried on at least thirty times.simple object - dressCompound Objects Objects can also be compound, that is, composed of two or more noun phrases joined with a coordinating conjunction. Example: Mary hated the heat and the flies.compound object - the heat and the flies

Simple Sentence

What is a simple sentence? A simple sentence is made up of one independent clause with no dependent clause attached. It consists of at least one subject and one predicate. Either the subject or the complement may be compound (consisting of more than one element joined with a coordinating conjunction), and modifiers and phrases may be added as well. Examples: He understood. S + Pred. He and I understood.S + S+ Pred. (compound subject) He understood my meaning and departed from the house.S + Pred. + Pred. (compound predicate)

Compound SentencesWhat is a compound sentence? A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. The clauses are joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, a comma and a correlative conjunction, or a semicolon with no conjunction. Examples:He finally read the book , or so I thought.The two independent clauses are joined by a comma and the coordinating conjunction "or." Either he goes, or I go.The compound sentence is held together by a comma and the correlative conjunction "either ... or."Mary understands math; she has studied it for years.Here, the two are joined by a semicolon, with no conjunction.

Complex Sentences

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What is a complex sentence? A complex sentence consists of one independent clause, and one or more dependent clauses. The clauses are connected through either a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun. The dependent clause may be the first or second clause in the sentence. If the first clause in the sentence is dependent, a comma usually separates the two clauses. Example:We had to go insidewhen it started raining.(independent clause)(dependent clause) The independent clause comes first, and is linked to the subordinate (dependent) clause with thesubordinating conjunction "when."Example: As long as it isn't cold, it doesn't matter if it rains.(dependent clause)(independent clause)The dependent clause is in first position, so there is a comma separating the two. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction "as long as."

http://www.ucalgary.ca/uofc/eduweb/grammar/course/sentence/2_4b.htm

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