modern philosophy part one. historical & conceptual background of the modern era renaissance...
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Modern PhilosophyPART ONE
Historical & Conceptual Background of the Modern Era
Renaissance Humanism Renaissance
Humanism
Rebirth of Interest in Greek & Roman Literature
Technology
Other Trends
Protestant Reformation The Church
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Social & Political Changes Religion
Commerce
Background
The Rise of Modern Science Background
Copernican Revolution
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Galileo (1564-1642)
Implications of the New Science Galileo
Primary Qualities
Secondary Qualities
Mechanical Explanations Replace Teleological Explanations
Elimination of Final Causes & Good
background
A New Approach to Philosophy Sweeping Away the Past
The Search for a Perfect Philosophical Method
Rationalism
Empiricism
Argument Basics
Argument Concepts Defined
General Assessment: Reasoning
General Assessment: Are the Premises True?
Deductive Arguments
Introduction to Deductive Arguments Defined
Use
Assessment
Valid/Invalid, Sound/Unsound
Some Common Valid Deductive Arguments
Reductio Ad Adsurdum Defined
Form #1/Form #2
Example
Inductive Arguments
Introduction to Inductive Arguments Defined
Assessment
Strong & Weak Arguments
Analogical Argument
Introduction Definition
Uses
Form Informal
Strict Form
Premise 1: X has properties P, Q, and R.
Premise 2: Y has properties P, Q, and R.
Premise 3: X has property Z as well.
Conclusion: Y has property Z.
Analogical Argument
Assessment The strength of the argument depends on
The number of properties X & Y have in common.
The relevance of the shared properties to Z.
Whether X & Y have relevant dissimilarities.
Example
Argument from/by Example
Introduction Defined
Form Informal
Form
Premise 1: Example 1 is an example that supports claim P.
Premise 2: Example 2 is an example that supports claim P.
Premise n: Example n is an example that supports claim C.
Conclusion: Claim P is true.
Argument from/by Example
Standards of Assessment Standards
The more examples, the stronger the argument.
The examples must be relevant.
The examples must be specific & clearly identified.
Counter-examples must be considered.
Argument from Authority
Introduction Defined
Use
Form Premise 1: Person A is an authority on subject S.
Premises 2: Person A makes claim C about subject S.
Premises 3: Therefore, C is true.
Argument from Authority
Assessment Standards
The person has sufficient expertise in the subject.
The claim is within the expert’s area of expertise.
There is an adequate degree of agreement among experts.
The expert is not significantly biased.
The area of expertise is a legitimate area or discipline.
The authority must be properly cited.
Thomas hobbes (1588-1679)background
Background Personal Information
Influence: Galileo’s Works
Influence: Euclidean Geometry
Influence: English Civil War
The Leviathan (1651)
Physics & Philosophy Goal & Method
Empiricism
Metaphysical Materialism
God
Ontology
Thomas hobbesphysics & Philosophy
Types of Philosophy First Philosophy
Special Sciences
Political Science
Epistemology & Psychology Thoughts
Sensations
Imagination & Memory
Association
Language Humans
Nominalism & Reasoning
Thomas hobbes
Metaphysics Determinism
Human Behavior
Voluntary Motions
Hobbes account of Deliberation
Ethics Morality & Materialism
Thomas Hobbesphysics & politics
View of Politics Experience
Conclusions Drawn From Experience
Method
The State of Nature State of Nature
Egoism
Natural Laws Natural Laws
The Laws
The Sovereign
Thomas hobbesPhysics & politics
Social Contract The Contract
The Sovereign
Rights & Morality
Reaction
Thomas hobbesimpact & problems
Impact Impact
Problems Perception
Consciousness
Freedom, Purpose & Values
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)background
Life & Works Life
Works
Agenda Motivation
Travel
Inward Focus
Goals
Rene descartesmethod
Methodology Mathematics
Intuition
Deduction
The Meditations on First Philosophy
Rene descartesFirst Meditation
First Part Start & Goal
Method
Doubting the Senses Senses
Dream Problem
Painter Analogy
Math: Skeptical Pause
God & The Demon God
The Demon
Rene DescartesSecond Meditation
Skepticism & Certainty Method
Skepticism
The Foundation of Certainty: I am, I exist
The Self Goal
Rejected: The Body as Self
A Thing That Thinks
Rejected Human Body
Air, Wind, Fire, Vapor, or Breath
Rene DescartesSecond Meditation
Knowledge of His Existence is not via the Imagination
Certainty
The Wax Example The Wax
How the Wax is Known
Language & Errors
Perception & Inference
The Wax Proves He Exists
Conclusion
Rene Descartesthird meditation
Truth & God Standard of Truth: Clear & Distinct
External Things
God & Deception Does God Exist?
Is God a Deceiver?
Ideas Division of Thoughts
Ideas& Truth
Source of Ideas
Ideas of External Objects
Rene Descartesthird meditation
External Objects: Instructed by Nature
External Objects: Ideas do not Depend on His Will
External Objects: Resemblance
Ideas, Reality & Causes Ideas & Reality
Objective Reality
Principle: The cause must contain at least as much reality as the effect.
Formal Reality
Eminent Containment
Causes of Ideas
Regress Argument for Archetypes
Rene Descartesthird meditation
Method: Trying to find an idea he cannot be the cause of.
He could be the cause of his ideas of secondary qualities.
He could be the cause of his ideas of primary qualities.
God God
Substance & Infinity Argument
Infinity, God and Comprehension
Descartes considers he might be the cause.
Why Descartes cannot be the cause.
Rene Descartesthird meditation
More on God Goal
He is lacking, so he cannot be the author of his own being.
Infinite Parts Argument
Regress Argument
Several Causes
Parents
Idea of God
God is not a deceiver/
Rene DescartesFourth meditation
God & Reason God is not a deceiver.
Reason
The Cartesian Circle
The Possibility of Error
Points of Certainty
Rene DescartesFifth meditation
Third Proof of God The Proof
Unique to God
Rene DescartesSixth meditation
The External World The Problem
Descartes as the cause.
God as the cause.
External objects cause the ideas.
Illusions
Nature of Objects
Rene DescartesCartesian dualism
Dualism Substance
Two Substances: Mental & Physical
Meditations: Doubt
Meditations: Different
Humans & Animals
Dualism
The Cartesian Compromise Reconciliation
The Dualist Solution: The Body
The Dualist Solution: The Mind
Rene DescartesCartesian dualism
Interactionism Mind-Body Problem
Ship & Pilot Analogy
The Pineal Gland
Rene DescartesProblems & Impact
Problems Natural Light
Principle & Doubt
Infinity
Contamination Problem
Interactionism: Arnold Geulincx (1624-1669)
Parallelism
Interactionism: Nicolas Malebranche (1623-1662)
Occasionalism
Blaise Pascal
Rene DescartesProblems & Impact
Impact Certainty
Universal Science
Reconciling Science & Religion
Artificial Intelligence