Uses of modals to Uses of modals to express express DeductionDeduction

Generally, deductions are based on the Generally, deductions are based on the evidence, experience or information we evidence, experience or information we

have.have.

Deductions about the PRESENT: Deductions about the PRESENT: Must / Can’t + infinitiveMust / Can’t + infinitive

We use:We use:► MUST + infinitive without “TO”MUST + infinitive without “TO”

to make a logical deduction.to make a logical deduction.

►Ex.:Ex.:

Carol Carol must get must get very bored in her job. very bored in her job. She does the same thing every day.She does the same thing every day.

Deductions about the PRESENT: Deductions about the PRESENT: Must / Can’t + infinitiveMust / Can’t + infinitive

To express a Negative deduction we use:To express a Negative deduction we use:► CAN’T + infinitive without “TO” (not CAN’T + infinitive without “TO” (not

MUSTN’T)MUSTN’T)

You can’t be serious. You are exagerating!

► It is possible to use It is possible to use have (got) to have (got) to be be for emphatic logical deduction (in for emphatic logical deduction (in AmE).AmE).

Ex:Ex:This has

(got) to be

the most

stupid film I

have ever

seen

Continuous form Continuous form in the in the Present TensePresent Tense

►Must be / Can’t be + ing.Must be / Can’t be + ing.

Ex: The disco is not loud. You Ex: The disco is not loud. You can’t be can’t be damagingdamaging your ears when you go your ears when you go there.there.

You must be feeling observed.

Deductions about the Deductions about the PASTPAST: :

We use:We use:► MUST HAVE + past participleMUST HAVE + past participle

I didn’t hear the phone.

I must have been asleep.

*Ex:

Negative Deductions about the Negative Deductions about the PASTPAST: :

We use:We use:

CAN’T HAVE + past participle (not CAN’T HAVE + past participle (not MUSTN’T)MUSTN’T)

*Ex: Sue hasn’t contacted me. She *Ex: Sue hasn’t contacted me. She can’t can’t have got have got my message.my message.

►You can use You can use COULDN’T HAVE COULDN’T HAVE instead instead of of CAN’T HAVE.CAN’T HAVE.

*Ex:*Ex:Sue couldn’t have fixed

the computer,

it’s still working properly.

Continuous form Continuous form in the in the Past TensePast Tense

►Must / Can’t have been + ing.Must / Can’t have been + ing.

Ex: Ex:

*Tom walked into a wall. He *Tom walked into a wall. He can’t can’t have been lookinghave been looking where he was where he was going.going.

I couldn’t wake you this

morning. You must have

been sleeping

really soundly.

*Ex:

MODALSPROHIBITION:

►MUST NOT / MUSTN´TMUST NOT / MUSTN´T

► IT CAN BE:IT CAN BE:

OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

SUBJECTIVESUBJECTIVE

YOU MUST NOT SMOKE HERE

MMMMMM….. You mustnt

watch so much TV

WE CAN USE “MUST NOT” TO TALK ABOUT :

►THE FUTURETHE FUTURE

You mustn´t be late tomorrow.You mustn´t be late tomorrow.

►Other way:Other way:

We won´t be allowed to park here for We won´t be allowed to park here for long.long.

MUST NOT / MUSTN´T:

PAST

► Examples:Examples:

We were not allowed to enter.We were not allowed to enter.

I couldn´t park outside the shop.I couldn´t park outside the shop.

INADVISABILITY:

PRESENT

►WE USE:WE USE:

SHOULDN´T + verb infinitive + ing.SHOULDN´T + verb infinitive + ing.

OUGHTN´T TO+ verb infinitive +ing.OUGHTN´T TO+ verb infinitive +ing.

YOU SHOULDN´T BE LATE FOR MEETINGS

INADVISABILITY:

FUTURE

►EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:

It It WON´T BEWON´T BE advisable (for her) to play advisable (for her) to play games for the next month.games for the next month.

INADVISABILITY:

PAST

►WE USE:WE USE:

SHOULDN´T HAVE + past participle + SHOULDN´T HAVE + past participle + INGING

OUGHTN´T TO HAVE + past participle OUGHTN´T TO HAVE + past participle +ING+ING

YOU SHOULDN´T

HAVE STARTED SMOKING

INADVISABILITY:

PERFECT

►WE USE:WE USE:

SHOULDN´T HAVE + Past participleSHOULDN´T HAVE + Past participle

OUGHTN´T TO HAVE + past participleOUGHTN´T TO HAVE + past participle

YOU SHOULDN´T HAVE PARKED THERE

LACK OF NECESSITY:

PRESENT

►WE USE:WE USE:

NEEDN´T / DON´T NEED TO / DON´T NEEDN´T / DON´T NEED TO / DON´T HAVE TO/ HAVEN´T GOT TOHAVE TO/ HAVEN´T GOT TO

PENSAR EJEMPLO

I don´t have to be stress

when I have ALL this BEER !

e.g: You don´t need / needn´t drink like that , when you have a glass in which you can drink your beer.

LACK OF NECESSITY:

PAST►WE USE:WE USE:

DIDN´T HAVE TO + infinitiveDIDN´T HAVE TO + infinitive

DIDN´T NEED TO + infinitiveDIDN´T NEED TO + infinitive

I didn´t need to pay at once. (I didn´t payI didn´t need to pay at once. (I didn´t pay))

NEEDN´T HAVE +past participleNEEDN´T HAVE +past participle

I needen´t have to paid at once( but I paid)I needen´t have to paid at once( but I paid)

LACK OF NECESSITY

FUTURE► EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:

I I needn´t needn´t

don´t have todon´t have to

We also can express the future with We also can express the future with WON´T WON´T

e.g: I WON´T need to have to

Be LeaveBe leaving

At the office (until 9 tomorrow)Until 9 ( tomorrow)Until 9 (tomorrow)

Be ast office before 9 tomorrow

MODALS TO EXPRESS HABITS

*It can be expresed by: used to, will and would

*Examples:

-She used to travell a lot.

-She used to play saxo.

I used to smoke,

but I don´t anymore….

I I used to played played

football…football…

I never used to eat a large

breakfast, but I do now!

*I used to live in a country for three years.

*I lived in a country for three years

I used to be a housewife , But I`m a model now

“Every lesson is the same: he will sit down, get His books out and them he will start giving us instructions. He won`t greet us or show any interest in us.”

“The dominant male of the group will not tolerate the presence of other males.We enjoy going out with Frank and Carol, but they will argue in public!”

Every lesson was the same: he would sit down, get his books out and them he would start giving us instructions. He wouldn`t greet us or show any interest in us.

I miss Dad eventhough he would always tell me how to run my life!The car would never start on winter mornings when we were in Sweden.