miracls paving way for technological

8/14/2019 Miracls Paving Way for Technological

1/14

MIRACLS PAVING WAY FOR TECHNOLOGICAL Authors:Veena jhawar

Neha sharma

CONTENTS ABSTRACT

INDRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY

GROWTH OF NANOTECHNOLOGY MEMS

UTILITY FOG

FUN WITH UTILITY FOG

IMPACT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ON MEDICINE

ADVANCES IN MEDICINE

SUPER MEDICINE

LIFE EXTENSION

CYRONICS RAISING THE DEAD

APPLCATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

MINUTE COMPUTERS

NANOROBOTS

UPS AND DOWNS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

CONCLUSION


2/14

REFERENCES

ABSTRACTStone age, Bronze age, Iron age, Silicon age, and what next? Nevertheless to say,

we are very well into the Nanotech age, where materials are just getting smarter

day by day. These smart materials will bring the near-perfect future that we now

all envision in our dreams.

In the not-so- distant future, machines would work

at clockwork precision and deliver the desired results with least human

intervention.

From converting sunlight into power to cleaning

oceans and beaches from oil slicks, to monitoring thermal environment, and to

sensors in the form of biochips built into the human body performing as lifesavers

by self-monitoring and guarding, life extending by cell repair etc, nanotechnology

assures us a lot more.

This paper focuses on how nanotechnology isdeveloping, how the idea took shape, growth and also some applications of

nanotechnology such as:

Minute computers

Sensor implants to monitor health

Smart furniture

Biochips for healthcare Nanorobots


3/14

INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY:

Nanotechnology is defined as fabrication of devices

with atomic or molecular scale precision devices with minimum feature size less

than 100 nanometers are consider to be products of nanotechnology a nanometer

is one billionth of a meter (10^-9m)and is the unit of length that is generally most

appropriate for describing the size of single molecule. The nanoscale marks the

nebulous boundary between the classical and quantum mechanical worlds; thus,realization of nanotechnology promises to bring revolutionary capabilities.

Fabrication of nanomachines, nanoelectronics and other nanodevices will

undoubtedly solve an enormous amount of the problems faced by mankind today.

Nanotechnology is currently in a very infantile stage.

However, we have the ability to organize matter on the atomic scale and there are

already numerous products available as a direct result of our rapidly increasing

ability to fabricate and characterize feature sizes less than 100nm. Mirrors that

dont fog, biomimetic paint with a contact angle near 180 degrees, gene chips and

fat-soluble vitamins in aqueous beverages are some of the first manifestations of

nanotechnology. However, immanent breakthroughs in computer science and

medicine will be where the real potential of nanotechnology will first be achieved.

Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to

bring about mature nanotechnology. Focusing on the nanoscale intersection of

fields such as physics, biology, engineering, chemistry, computer science and

more, nanoscience is rapidly expanding. Nanotechnology centers are popping up

around the world as more funding is provided and nanotechnology market share

increases. The rapid progress is apparent by the increasing appearance of prefix

nano in scientific journals and the news. Thus, as we increase our ability to

fabricate computer chips with smaller features and improve our ability to cure

disease at the molecular level, nanotechnology is here.


4/14

GROWTH OF NANOTECHNOLOGY : Groups at Bell Laboratories and IBM fabricated the

first two-dimensional quantum wells in the early 1970s. They were made by thin-

film (epitaxial) growth techniques that build a semiconductor layer one atom at a

time. The work the beginning of the development of zero-dimensional quantum

dot, which is now one of the more mature nanotechnologies with commercial

applications.

Although the concept of photonic crystal possessing acomplete bangap was fabricated by Yablonovitch in 1991. The detailed

recommendations led to a commitment by the government to provide major

funding and establish a national nanotechnology initiative. Figure.1 shows the

growth of U.S. government funding for nanotechnology and projected increase

due to the national nanotechnology initiative. Two general findings emerged form

the study.

The observation was that materials have been and can

be nanostructured for new properties and novel performance. Every property of a

material has a characteristic or critical length associated with it? For example, the


5/14

resistance of a material that results from the conduction electrons being scattered

out of the direction of flow by collisions with vibrating atoms and impurities, can

be characterized by a length called the scattering length. This length is the

average distance an electron travels before being deflected. The fundamental

physics and chemistry changes when the dimensions of a solid becomecomparable to one or more of these characteristic lengths, many of which are in

the nanometer range.

A quick round up:-Nanotechnology is molecular manufacturing or more

simply, guiding things the size of one atom or molecular with programmed

precision. It involves working with matter at the scale of one billionth of meter (1nanometer).

Matter is composed of small atoms that are closely

bound together, making up the molecular structure, which, in turn, determines the

density of the concerned material. Since different factors such as molecular

density, malleability, ductility, and surface tension come in to play, nanosystems

have been designed in a cost effective manner that overrides these conditions and

help to create machines capable of withstanding the vagaries of the environment.

The trick is to manipulate atoms individually and

place them exactly where needed, to produce the desired structure. It is a

challenge for the scientists to understand the size, shape, strength, force, motion,

and other properties while designing nanomachines. The idea of nanotechnology

is therefore to master over the characteristics of matter in an intelligent to develop

highly efficient systems.

For an efficient Nanotechnology it should be let the fallowing things:

1. Get essential every atom in the right place.

2. Make almost any structure consistent with the laws of physics that we can

specify in molecular detail.

3. Have manufacturing costs not greatly exceeding the cost of the required raw

materials and energy.


6/14

There are two more concepts commonly associated with nanotechnology:-

a. Positional assembly

b. Self-replication.

Clearly, we would be happy with any method thatsimultaneously achieved the first there objectives. However, this seems difficult

without using some form of positional assembly (to get the molecular parts in

right places) and some of self-replication (to keep the costs down).

MEMS: Micro information seekers:Micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) combines

computer with tiny mechanical devices such as sensors, valves, gears, andactuators embedded in semiconductor chips. These elements are embedded in the

mainframe of the system for carrying out the bigger task. As the elements are

capable of carrying out the tasks, they are usually referred to as smart matter.

THE UTILITY FOG :Using nanotechnology we can design an intelligent

polymorphic (shape changing) material that, like our body, consists of trillions of microscopic machines. Like human cells, each machine will have a substantial

local program and information storage, but act in accordance with patterns of

global information. Unlike our cells, they will reprogram more quickly and more

widely, adapt a wider array of functions and look like spiders rather than jelly

fish.

The particular scheme for this intelligent material is

called utility fog. Utility fog consists of a mass of tiny robots. Unlike water fog,

they do not float in the air but form a lattice by holding hands in twelve

directions. Each robot has a fairly large body compared to its arm spread, and the

arms are relatively thin. Each arm is telescoping-an action driven by a relatively

powerful motor-and can be waved back and forth by relatively weak motors.


7/14

Of course, one could design a foglet with fewer arms,

say, six, corresponding to the easier to visualize cubic lattice. The main reason for

avoiding this is that the lattice is not isotropic: it responds quit differently to

forces applied along a diagonal. Also the octect truss structure remains rigid even

if all the arms are connected to the body by hings. Since a rectangular truss would

collapse, it needs powerful motors to control the angle each arm makes with the

body. A 6-arm design would need three big motors per arm, which is a total of 18

motors. The octet structure needs only one big motor per arm, which is a total of

12 motors. The arm-waving motors need power just enough to position the arm

itself, not to exert macroscopic forces through throughout the structure.Use of so many arms allows robots to let go briefly

to change neighbours, and still retain strength and connectivity in the structure.

The gripper at the end of each arm has one degree of freedom driven by a weak

motor. Its three fingers form an extension of the arm when closed and spread

apart at a slight angle when open. The grippers are used solely for gripping the

end of another arm in a straight line. These are designed such that two arms

approaching each other can be slightly off the line and angle, and the coupling

process is complaint. Once there coupled, however, the resulting joint is straight

and rigid. Coupling also makes power and communication connections between

the two foglets. The material properties of this mass depend on the programming

on the robots.


8/14

Fun with utility fog: Run a distributed program that changes a certain

volume from running water to running wood at a specific time. So solid object

would seem to appear in the midst of fluid. It can just as easily disappear. Fill our

entire house with the stuff, running air in the background. Have an operating

system that has a library of programs for simulating any object we may wish to.

By giving the proper command, we can cause any object to appear anywhere at

any time. Thus we can do an angels job carrying a remote control shaped like a

wand with a star on the end.

Since we are embedded in the fog , it can sense every

detail our body position. It forms a whole body data glove, which we can control

with extremely subtle gestures. The foglets can carry various special sensorsranging from simple electrodes with voltmeters to superconducting quantum

interface devices (SQIDs) and form an extremely high bandwidth polygraph.

With proper programming, the fog would almost be read our mind. This

combination extreme reactivity to control and virtually limitless creative and

operational ability reminds us of the krell machine in the movie Forbidden

planet.

IMPACT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY ON

MEDICINE:Nanotechnology may have its biggest impact on

the medical industry. For instance, consider patients drinking medical fluids

containing nano-robots programming to attack and reconstruct the molecular

structure of cancer cells and viruses to make them harmless.

Diseases are caused largely by damage at the

molecular and cellular level. Todays surgical tools are, at this scale, large and

crude. Modern surgery works only because cells have a remarkable ability to

regroup, bury their dead and heal over the injury. Nano-robots could also be

programmed to perform delicate surgeries. Nano-surgeons could work at a level a


9/14

thousand times more precise than the sharpest scalpel available today. By working

on such a small scale, a nano-robot could operate seamlessly without leaving the

scars that conventional surgery does.

.

Advances in medical technology:- Advances in medical technology depend on our

understanding of living systems. With nano-devices, we would be able to explore

and analyze living systems in greater detail than ever before. Autonomousmolecular machines, operating in the human body, could monitor levels of

different compounds and store that information in internal memory. They could

determine both their time and location. Thus, information could be gathered about

changing conditions inside the body, and that information could be tied to both

the location and the time of collection.

These molecular machines could then be filtered out

of the blood supply and the stored information could be analyzed. This would

provide a picture of activities within healthy or injured tissue. This new

information would, in turn, provide us with deeper insights and new approaches to

curing the sick and healing the injured. Nano-robots could help us to change our

physical appearance. They could be programmed to perform cosmetic surgery,

rearranging our atoms to change our ear/nose shape, eye colors or any other

physical feature we wish. These are all the possibilities with nanotechnology.


10/14

Super medicine:- If we combine microscopic motors, gears, levers,

bearing, plates, sensors, power and communication cables, etc with powerful

microscopic computers, we will have a new class of materials. Programmable and

microscopic, these smart materials could be used in medicine.

For example, medical nanite could patrol the body,

armed with the complete knowledge of a persons DNA, and dispatch any foreign

invader; such cell sentinels would form immunity to not only the common cold

but also AIDS and any future viral or bacterial mutation. These nanites would do

what the plastic surgeon does, but in a better way. No pain, no bruising and resultsover night. People would be able to sculpt their own bodies. These who feel they

were born the wrong sex could take on the full reproductive attributes of an

opposite sex. So men could bear children.

How about painless childbirth? With mature

nanotechnology capable of cellular manipulation, there is no reason a women

should experience torturous hours of labour for that miraculous moment of birth.

Trauma is not a great way for the newborn to enter the world either. Birth will not

be traumatic with nanotechnology. Dilation can be controlled by the mother

without pain.

Life extension:-A finch lives two years, a parrot ninety, a gecko

one year and a Galapagos Island turtle two hundred. The difference is the genetic

programming. The geneticists are quickly unraveling human genetic code. Life is

molecular machinery, with atoms arranged in dynamic complex relationships,

controlled by DNA. If we have tools small enough to work on a machine and

understand its controlling software, machines and their behavior can be modified.

Even without nanotechnology, genetic therapies for stopping aging and even

reversal will be developed soon.


11/14

Cryonics-raising the dead:- When a patients heart stops beating, but before the

structure of his brain starts to degenerate, the patient is attached to heart-lung

machine and progressively infused with anti-freeze and other cellular stabilizers

and then his body temperature is lowered until the patient is at liquid nitrogen

temperatures. At this point, all molecular stops indefinitely and the patient is put

in storage. Later, when nanotechnology cell repair devices become available, the

fatal disease that caused death is reversed, the anti-freeze toxicity is removed;

the patient is warmed back up alive and well.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENT : Nanotechnology has the potential to substantially

benefit the environment through pollution prevention, treatment and remediation.

This would include improved detection and sensing, removal of the finest

contaminant from air, water and soil, and creation of new industrial processes that

reduce waste products and are green.

.

Clean energy : - our dependence on nonrenewable resources would diminish with

nanotechnology. Many resources could infact be constructed by nano-machines.Cutting down trees, mining coal or drilling for oil may no longer be necessary.

Resources could simply be constructed by nano-machines. Global

industrialization requires the rapid development of clean energy in order to

preserve the clean air we all breathe. And global energy catalyst markets are huge.

For instance, consider a nanostellar, a US-based company that is currently tapping

nanotechnology to develop highly efficient platinum nano-composite catalyst

solutions to increase the efficiency of automobile catalytic converters and

dramatically reduce their cost. This, according to them, is the first in series of

nano-composite catalyst products to address the energy catalyst, hydrogen fuel

cell, and solar power and battery markets.

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY:


12/14

Minute computers: - smart dust is the brainchild of assistant professor Kris

pister. Mr. Pister termed it as motes. Motes are wireless computers small enough

to be integrated into anything to create robust wireless network. Motes act as

information seekers and report almost everything on to which they are embedded.

Essentially, smart dust is made up of thousandsof very minute sensors that can measure ambient light, heat, movement, and

sound. These would cost peanuts if mass-produced, could be plastered all over

office buildings and homes. Each room in an office building might have a

hundred or even thousand light-and temperature-sensing motes, all of which

would tie into a central computer that regulates energy usage in the building.

.

Nanorobots: - The tiny robots could be the factory workers of the future. They

would be extremely efficient and there would be much less need for extra

resources. There would be no waste materials; the nanites could break it down and

reuse it to create even more product. Every aspect of the product would be

precisely designed and created, and any flaws in the final product could be hunted

down and fixed by these machines without much extra effort. There would be no

more concerns about fuel shortages, as oil and gasoline could easily be

synthesized from parts of molecules floating in the air.

Others: - Ability to synthesize medicines at the atomic level would mean thatmedicines could be created so that they only affect the needed cells, thus another

highly researched application of nanotechnology is in the area of medicine. They

dramatically reduce any side effects. If and when nanotechnology reaches the

point where we are able to build tiny machines that can manipulate atoms, they

can be used to cure many disease; by releasing a few of them into a patient, they

can hunt down any virus or cancer or anything and rearranging the atomic

makeup into something ordinary and harmless.

Ups and downs of Nanotechnology : Nanotechnology would be beyond the control of any

single or small group of countries. Wars of the future could easily these tiny,

nearly invisible robots running around trying to dismantle any enemy forces.


13/14

They could be used to destroy only the enemys

weaponry while leaving the people alive, or they could be used to kill of the

enemy themselves while leaving the technology intact. Also, nanorobot would

have a great opportunity for of course, there is a downside to nanotechnology.

First of all, by its very nature, careless mistakes to do serious damage. For example, if a nanorobot was built and programmed to create a certain number of

copies of itself, but there was a bug in the program which prevented it from

stopping, it would continue to the program which prevented it from stopping, it

would continue to reproduce, and the entire earth could be destroyed in a manner

of days or weeks! For these reasons, nanotechnology, while having enormous

potential, can also be the most dangerous technology known to humankind.

Of course, nanotechnology is a wonderful tool, but

what would happen if this technology fell into the wrong hands? One might ask

about the legal implications of self replicating nanotechnology or even the

harmful effects of bioterrorism. The US congress is worked on it, and it has

recently passed a bill that would authorize spending of $ 2.36 billion over three

claim that nanotechnology programmes. Some people claim that nanotechnology

has severe implications: smart dust would invade our privacy and be as lethal,

disruptive, and dangerous as nuclear weapons!

The truth is that we simply dont know where newtechnologies would lead, and we can never be fully secure against scientific error

or scientific terror. Remember how a small and simple idea has revolutionized our

lives, be it the telephone or washing machine. Initially people were skeptical

about mans landing on the moon, but today we see the useful of this wonderful

technology in the form of satellite communications.

CONCLUSION:

Nanotechnology has brought up a revolution in many fields of modern

technology such as communications, medicine, computer science, etc. and has

made things very easy for humans. Nanotechnology is growing up day-by-day,

exploring new things, which were unimaginable.

No doubt, in the coming years, nanotechnology gets developed much more,

creeping into almost every field of technology and makes wonders.


14/14

REFERENCES:

1. Introduction to nanotechnology by Charles P.Poole Jr & Frank J.Owens

2. Electronics For You

miracls paving way for technological

Documents