minerals & vitamins
DESCRIPTION
Minerals & Vitamins. Chris Ellason. Minerals. Macro minerals Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K and S Trace or micro minerals Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn. Calcium. Milk fever poorly mineralized bones osteoporosis weak egg shells. Calcium. 99% is stored in bones in a 2:1 ratio with P - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Minerals & Vitamins
Chris Ellason
Minerals
• Macro minerals– Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K and S
• Trace or micro minerals– Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn
Calcium
• Milk fever
• poorly mineralized bones
• osteoporosis
• weak egg shells
Calcium
• 99% is stored in bones in a 2:1 ratio with P
• Controls nerve and muscle excitability
• Aids in blood coagulation
• Skeletal and heart muscular contraction and relaxation
Calcium
• Ca absorption is accomplished by active transport• CaBP (Calcium Binding Protein) controls
absorption and in most species is Vitamin D dependent
• Typically as dietary Ca increases, percent absorbed decreases
• Vitamin D deficiency can result in depressed Ca uptake due to CaBP
Phosphorus
• Poorly mineralized bones– osteoporosis
• impaired fertility
• Rickets– Stiffness of joints and muscles, dramatic weight
loss, and bone degeneration
Phosphorus
• Approximately 80% of total body P is contained in skeletal system
• Serum P occurs in both organic and inorganic forms
• Organic form is primarily lipid
• Inorganic is in a variety of forms, ionized, bound to proteins, etc.
Phytic Acid
• P is bound as an ester of inositol
• Renders it basically unavailable to nonruminants
• Phytate is high in many plant seeds
• Some inorganic sources may contain more or less phytate
• Can be available for ruminants
Toxicity
• Can occur in extreme cases
• Results in excessive bone resorption
• High levels can depress absorption of Ca– Ca:P ratio should be 1:1 to 2:1 in male
ruminants– Excess P may cause urinary calculi
Magnesium
• Grass Tetany
• Can replace Ca, and P in bones
• Staggering
Magnesium
• 3rd most prevalent mineral in the body
• ½ total MG is contained in bone
• Mg in soft tissue is concentrated mainly in liver and skeletal muscle
Magnesium functions
• Required for normal bone formation
• Enzyme activation
• ATP enzymes and P transfer
Toxicity
• Mg toxicity is manifested through– Depressed intakes– Cardiorespiratory depression– Even heart stoppage
• Chronic high levels can result in P depletion in bones
Potassium
• Weakness
• emaciation, loss of weight
• Dehydration
• distended abdomen
Function
• Major cation of intracellular fluid– Involved in osmotic pressure and acid-base
balance
• Muscle activity
Salt
• NaCl
• Weight loss
• dehydration
• reduced performance
• delayed puberty
Functions
• K works with Na to maintain osmotic pressure
• K primary function is to maintain acid/base balance in the body
• Also involved in processes such as protein synthesis and glucose absorption
Functions
• Na as the extracellular component of an energy dependent Na “pump”
• Maintenance of osmotic pressure
• Acid/base balance by its separation from K
• Cl is involved in osmotic pressure and maintenance of acid/base balance
Sulfur
• Growth rate reduction– S containing amino acids
• reduced wool and feather growth
Iron
• Anemia
• Common in baby pigs
Copper
• Faded hair coat
• joint swelling
• no loss of winter coat
• anemia
Zinc
• Hoof softness• wool slipping• thickened skin• parakeratosis in swine
– Pigs 6 to 16 wks old– Deficiency of ZN or inadequate absorption of
Zn due to excess Ca– Causes lesions on the skin
Manganese
• Skeletal abnormalities
• slipped tendons in poultry
• impaired reproduction
• testicular degeneration
• defective ovulation
• Excess Ca & P decreases absorption
Cobalt
• Anemia
• lowered growth rates
• reduced appetite
• Needed by rumen bacteria for growth & Vitamin B12 synthesis
Iodine
• Low metabolism
• Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)
• hairless pigs at birth
• wool-less lambs at birth
Selenium
• White muscle disease cattle - muscular dystrophy– Muscle weakness or loss of muscle tissue
• stiff lamb disease– Vitamin E & Selenium deficiency
– Become stiff, cannot walk or nurse properly and die or starvation
• liver necrosis– Destroying of the liver cells
Significant Mineral Interactions
• Cu, Mo and Zn– Excess Mo and Zn reduce Cu metabolism
• Ca and Zn– High Ca and phytate P can inhibit Zn
absorption by tying up
• Ca, P and Mn– High Ca, P can inhibit Mn absorption
Significant Mineral Interactions
• Mg and K– Excess K reduces Mg absorption– Mg deficiency reduces K retention and can
result in K deficiency as well
• Cu and Fe– Cu required for proper Fe metabolism
Significant Mineral Interactions
• Mg and Ca, P– Excess Mg can inhibit Ca, P absorption will
replace these in bones
• P and Mg, Ca– Excesses in Mg and Ca can affect absorption– Ca:P ratio at 1.5 to 2:1
Significant Mineral Interactions
• Zn and Se– Used together improve immune response in
combination with Vitamin E
• Cu, Mo and Fe– In ruminants these interact and can affect
absorption of all three and S
Vitamins
• Organic compounds in foods distinct from proteins, CHO or fats
• Cannot be synthesized by animals and must be supplied by the diet
• If not supplied each results in a specific deficiency
Vitamins
• Fat Soluble – Vitamin A– Vitamin D2 and D3– Vitamin E– Vitamin K, natural and synthetic
Vitamins
• Water Soluble Vitamins– Thiamine– Riboflavin– Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)– Pyridoxine– Pantothenic Acid
Vitamins
• Water Soluble cont.– Biotin– Choline– Folic Acid– Cobalamin– Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)– Inositol– PABA
Vitamins
• Fat Soluble only contain C, H and O
• Water Soluble also contain N, S, or Co
Fat Soluble Vitamins
• Are generally responsible for the regulation of metabolism of structural units
• May occur in plant tissues as provitamins
• Absorbed in intestinal tract only in the presence of fat
• All can be stored when fat is deposited and rate depends on intake
Fat Soluble Vitamins
• Only K can be synthesized by rumen microbes
• Excreted only in feces with fat
Water Soluble Vitamins
• No provitamins
• Responsible primarily in energy transfer
• Absorbed more easily and readily from SI
• Water soluble vitamins are not stored to a great extent
• Excretion occurs both in feces and urine
• Rumen microbes can synthesize all
Vitamin Deficiencies
• Vitamin A - night blindness, mucosal degenteration
• Vitamin D - osteoporosis
• Vitamin E - muscular dystrophy, liver necrosis
• Vitamin K - blood clotting disorders
Vitamin Deficiencies
• Thiamin (B1) - edema, enlarged heart
• Riboflavin (B2) - cataracts, lesions around lips and mouth
• Niacin - Ulcers, diarrhea, dermatitis
• Pantothenic acid - dermatitis, graying of hair, fetal death, goose stepping in pigs
Vitamin Deficiencies
• Pyridoxine (B6) - Reduced immune function, increased fat deposition
• Cobalamin (B12) - anemia, kidney damage
• Folic Acid - anemia cannot tell difference between this and B12
• Biotin - soft hooves, loss of hair, birth defects
Vitamin Deficiencies
• Vitamin C - bone defects, bleeding gums, scurvy in humans
• Choline - fatty liver, bleeding kidneys, slipped tendon in poultry
Vitamin Functions in Rations
• Cobalamin given as intake stimulant
• A - mucosal lining degeneration can occur if not provided in large quantities
• E - immune system
• Biotin - hoof hardness
• Pantothenic Acid - reproduction
• Niacin - growth rates and milk production?