minerals & vitamins

43
Minerals & Vitamins Chris Ellason

Upload: dympna

Post on 23-Jan-2016

69 views

Category:

Documents


4 download

DESCRIPTION

Minerals & Vitamins. Chris Ellason. Minerals. Macro minerals Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K and S Trace or micro minerals Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn. Calcium. Milk fever poorly mineralized bones osteoporosis weak egg shells. Calcium. 99% is stored in bones in a 2:1 ratio with P - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Minerals & Vitamins

Minerals & Vitamins

Chris Ellason

Page 2: Minerals & Vitamins

Minerals

• Macro minerals– Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K and S

• Trace or micro minerals– Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn

Page 3: Minerals & Vitamins

Calcium

• Milk fever

• poorly mineralized bones

• osteoporosis

• weak egg shells

Page 4: Minerals & Vitamins

Calcium

• 99% is stored in bones in a 2:1 ratio with P

• Controls nerve and muscle excitability

• Aids in blood coagulation

• Skeletal and heart muscular contraction and relaxation

Page 5: Minerals & Vitamins

Calcium

• Ca absorption is accomplished by active transport• CaBP (Calcium Binding Protein) controls

absorption and in most species is Vitamin D dependent

• Typically as dietary Ca increases, percent absorbed decreases

• Vitamin D deficiency can result in depressed Ca uptake due to CaBP

Page 6: Minerals & Vitamins

Phosphorus

• Poorly mineralized bones– osteoporosis

• impaired fertility

• Rickets– Stiffness of joints and muscles, dramatic weight

loss, and bone degeneration

Page 7: Minerals & Vitamins

Phosphorus

• Approximately 80% of total body P is contained in skeletal system

• Serum P occurs in both organic and inorganic forms

• Organic form is primarily lipid

• Inorganic is in a variety of forms, ionized, bound to proteins, etc.

Page 8: Minerals & Vitamins

Phytic Acid

• P is bound as an ester of inositol

• Renders it basically unavailable to nonruminants

• Phytate is high in many plant seeds

• Some inorganic sources may contain more or less phytate

• Can be available for ruminants

Page 9: Minerals & Vitamins

Toxicity

• Can occur in extreme cases

• Results in excessive bone resorption

• High levels can depress absorption of Ca– Ca:P ratio should be 1:1 to 2:1 in male

ruminants– Excess P may cause urinary calculi

Page 10: Minerals & Vitamins

Magnesium

• Grass Tetany

• Can replace Ca, and P in bones

• Staggering

Page 11: Minerals & Vitamins

Magnesium

• 3rd most prevalent mineral in the body

• ½ total MG is contained in bone

• Mg in soft tissue is concentrated mainly in liver and skeletal muscle

Page 12: Minerals & Vitamins

Magnesium functions

• Required for normal bone formation

• Enzyme activation

• ATP enzymes and P transfer

Page 13: Minerals & Vitamins

Toxicity

• Mg toxicity is manifested through– Depressed intakes– Cardiorespiratory depression– Even heart stoppage

• Chronic high levels can result in P depletion in bones

Page 14: Minerals & Vitamins

Potassium

• Weakness

• emaciation, loss of weight

• Dehydration

• distended abdomen

Page 15: Minerals & Vitamins

Function

• Major cation of intracellular fluid– Involved in osmotic pressure and acid-base

balance

• Muscle activity

Page 16: Minerals & Vitamins

Salt

• NaCl

• Weight loss

• dehydration

• reduced performance

• delayed puberty

Page 17: Minerals & Vitamins

Functions

• K works with Na to maintain osmotic pressure

• K primary function is to maintain acid/base balance in the body

• Also involved in processes such as protein synthesis and glucose absorption

Page 18: Minerals & Vitamins

Functions

• Na as the extracellular component of an energy dependent Na “pump”

• Maintenance of osmotic pressure

• Acid/base balance by its separation from K

• Cl is involved in osmotic pressure and maintenance of acid/base balance

Page 19: Minerals & Vitamins

Sulfur

• Growth rate reduction– S containing amino acids

• reduced wool and feather growth

Page 20: Minerals & Vitamins

Iron

• Anemia

• Common in baby pigs

Page 21: Minerals & Vitamins

Copper

• Faded hair coat

• joint swelling

• no loss of winter coat

• anemia

Page 22: Minerals & Vitamins

Zinc

• Hoof softness• wool slipping• thickened skin• parakeratosis in swine

– Pigs 6 to 16 wks old– Deficiency of ZN or inadequate absorption of

Zn due to excess Ca– Causes lesions on the skin

Page 23: Minerals & Vitamins

Manganese

• Skeletal abnormalities

• slipped tendons in poultry

• impaired reproduction

• testicular degeneration

• defective ovulation

• Excess Ca & P decreases absorption

Page 24: Minerals & Vitamins

Cobalt

• Anemia

• lowered growth rates

• reduced appetite

• Needed by rumen bacteria for growth & Vitamin B12 synthesis

Page 25: Minerals & Vitamins

Iodine

• Low metabolism

• Goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)

• hairless pigs at birth

• wool-less lambs at birth

Page 26: Minerals & Vitamins

Selenium

• White muscle disease cattle - muscular dystrophy– Muscle weakness or loss of muscle tissue

• stiff lamb disease– Vitamin E & Selenium deficiency

– Become stiff, cannot walk or nurse properly and die or starvation

• liver necrosis– Destroying of the liver cells

Page 27: Minerals & Vitamins

Significant Mineral Interactions

• Cu, Mo and Zn– Excess Mo and Zn reduce Cu metabolism

• Ca and Zn– High Ca and phytate P can inhibit Zn

absorption by tying up

• Ca, P and Mn– High Ca, P can inhibit Mn absorption

Page 28: Minerals & Vitamins

Significant Mineral Interactions

• Mg and K– Excess K reduces Mg absorption– Mg deficiency reduces K retention and can

result in K deficiency as well

• Cu and Fe– Cu required for proper Fe metabolism

Page 29: Minerals & Vitamins

Significant Mineral Interactions

• Mg and Ca, P– Excess Mg can inhibit Ca, P absorption will

replace these in bones

• P and Mg, Ca– Excesses in Mg and Ca can affect absorption– Ca:P ratio at 1.5 to 2:1

Page 30: Minerals & Vitamins

Significant Mineral Interactions

• Zn and Se– Used together improve immune response in

combination with Vitamin E

• Cu, Mo and Fe– In ruminants these interact and can affect

absorption of all three and S

Page 31: Minerals & Vitamins

Vitamins

• Organic compounds in foods distinct from proteins, CHO or fats

• Cannot be synthesized by animals and must be supplied by the diet

• If not supplied each results in a specific deficiency

Page 32: Minerals & Vitamins

Vitamins

• Fat Soluble – Vitamin A– Vitamin D2 and D3– Vitamin E– Vitamin K, natural and synthetic

Page 33: Minerals & Vitamins

Vitamins

• Water Soluble Vitamins– Thiamine– Riboflavin– Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)– Pyridoxine– Pantothenic Acid

Page 34: Minerals & Vitamins

Vitamins

• Water Soluble cont.– Biotin– Choline– Folic Acid– Cobalamin– Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)– Inositol– PABA

Page 35: Minerals & Vitamins

Vitamins

• Fat Soluble only contain C, H and O

• Water Soluble also contain N, S, or Co

Page 36: Minerals & Vitamins

Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Are generally responsible for the regulation of metabolism of structural units

• May occur in plant tissues as provitamins

• Absorbed in intestinal tract only in the presence of fat

• All can be stored when fat is deposited and rate depends on intake

Page 37: Minerals & Vitamins

Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Only K can be synthesized by rumen microbes

• Excreted only in feces with fat

Page 38: Minerals & Vitamins

Water Soluble Vitamins

• No provitamins

• Responsible primarily in energy transfer

• Absorbed more easily and readily from SI

• Water soluble vitamins are not stored to a great extent

• Excretion occurs both in feces and urine

• Rumen microbes can synthesize all

Page 39: Minerals & Vitamins

Vitamin Deficiencies

• Vitamin A - night blindness, mucosal degenteration

• Vitamin D - osteoporosis

• Vitamin E - muscular dystrophy, liver necrosis

• Vitamin K - blood clotting disorders

Page 40: Minerals & Vitamins

Vitamin Deficiencies

• Thiamin (B1) - edema, enlarged heart

• Riboflavin (B2) - cataracts, lesions around lips and mouth

• Niacin - Ulcers, diarrhea, dermatitis

• Pantothenic acid - dermatitis, graying of hair, fetal death, goose stepping in pigs

Page 41: Minerals & Vitamins

Vitamin Deficiencies

• Pyridoxine (B6) - Reduced immune function, increased fat deposition

• Cobalamin (B12) - anemia, kidney damage

• Folic Acid - anemia cannot tell difference between this and B12

• Biotin - soft hooves, loss of hair, birth defects

Page 42: Minerals & Vitamins

Vitamin Deficiencies

• Vitamin C - bone defects, bleeding gums, scurvy in humans

• Choline - fatty liver, bleeding kidneys, slipped tendon in poultry

Page 43: Minerals & Vitamins

Vitamin Functions in Rations

• Cobalamin given as intake stimulant

• A - mucosal lining degeneration can occur if not provided in large quantities

• E - immune system

• Biotin - hoof hardness

• Pantothenic Acid - reproduction

• Niacin - growth rates and milk production?