mineral resources

76
A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON MINERAL RESOURCES BY T.Samhitha BRECW ECE-B

Upload: samhitha-tangutoori

Post on 07-May-2015

17.018 views

Category:

Education


2 download

DESCRIPTION

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES TOPIC

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Mineral resources

A POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

ON

MINERAL RESOURCES

BY T.Samhitha

BRECW ECE-B

Page 2: Mineral resources

Mineral Resource is defined as a occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic or fossilized organic material in or on the Earth’s crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction.

Mineral Resource

Page 3: Mineral resources

National Mineral Scenario

India produces as many as 87 minerals, which includes 4 fuel, 10 metallic, 47 non-metallic, 3 atomic and 23 minor minerals (including building and other materials).

• India possesses a large variety of mineral-ores in fairly huge quantities.• India is rich in coal, manganese, iron, chromites and mica. It is deficient in the gold, silver,

nickel etc.

Page 4: Mineral resources

Estimated life expiry of minerals depends on two things:

1. the size of the reserve 2. the rate at which we are using it up!

Resource                 Est. Life Exp. in Yrs.              Uses        • Coal                                      200-300                       (electricity)• Copper                                  36                                (electric wiring)• Iron                                        62                                (steel prod.)• Lead                                      25                                (batteries)• Natural Gas                         125                              (fuel; heat)• Oil                                          50                                (gasoline)• Silver                                     17                                (electric wiring)• Tin                                          31                               (cans; industry)• Uranium                               ???                              (electricity)

Page 5: Mineral resources

Distribution of Mineral Resources in India

Page 6: Mineral resources

Iron

Iron : Orissa, Bihar,

Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Goa .

Page 7: Mineral resources

Copper

Copper : Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim.

Page 8: Mineral resources

Coal

 Coal : Bihar-Bengal- Jharkhand coal belt, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh.

Page 9: Mineral resources

Graphitized Petroleum Coke

 Petroleum : Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra

Page 10: Mineral resources

Zinc & Lead

  Lead and Zinc: Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Gujarat, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim.

Page 11: Mineral resources

Nickel

 Nickel : Orissa, Jharkhand .

Page 12: Mineral resources

Manganese

Manganese : Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Orissa, Karnataka, Rajasthan.

Page 13: Mineral resources

Chromium

 Chromite : Orissa, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Manipur .

Page 14: Mineral resources

Tungsten

  Tungsten :

Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Haryana, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh.

Page 15: Mineral resources

Gold

Gold :Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.

Page 16: Mineral resources

Pictures of some other minerals

Page 17: Mineral resources

Mica

Page 18: Mineral resources

Aluminium

Page 19: Mineral resources

Platinum

Page 20: Mineral resources

Silver

Page 21: Mineral resources

Uranium

Page 22: Mineral resources

Tin

Page 23: Mineral resources

Sulphur

Page 24: Mineral resources

Phosphorus

Page 25: Mineral resources

Sodium

Page 26: Mineral resources

Potassium

Page 27: Mineral resources

Gypsum

Page 28: Mineral resources

Talc

Page 29: Mineral resources

Thorium

Page 30: Mineral resources

Diamond

Page 31: Mineral resources

Mining

Page 32: Mineral resources
Page 33: Mineral resources

Surface mines are mining operations that delve into rock

to extract deposits of mineral resources that are close to

the surface .

In most forms of surface mining, heavy equipment,

such as earthmovers, first remove the overburden (the soil

and rock above the deposit). Next, huge machines such as

drag line excavators extract the mineral.

Once the material has been removed, the land is

recovered for safe use on the surface through a process

called reclamation.

Surface Mining

Page 34: Mineral resources

1.Placer mining involves any type of mining where raw minerals are deposited in sand or gravel or on the surface and are picked up without having to drive, use dynamite or any other significant means. Ex:gold.

Page 35: Mineral resources

Placer mining

Page 36: Mineral resources

2.Strip mining is the practice of mining a seam of mineral ore by first removing all of the soil and rock that lies on top of it (the overburden). It is similar to open-pit mining in many regards.

Page 37: Mineral resources

Strip mining

Page 38: Mineral resources

3.Mountaintop removalMountaintop removal (MTR) is a relatively new form of coal mining that involves the mass restructuring of earth in order to reach sediment as deep as 1,000 feet below the surface. Mountaintop removal requires that the targeted land be first clear-cut and then leveled by explosives

Page 39: Mineral resources

Mountaintop

Page 40: Mineral resources

4.HydraulicHydraulic mining involves high pressure water. The water is sprayed at an area of rock and/or gravel and the water breaks the rock up, dislodging ore and placer deposits. The water/oremixture is then milled. This is a very destructive way to mine and has been outlawed in most areas.

Page 41: Mineral resources

Hydraulic Mining

Page 42: Mineral resources

5.Open pit mines involve digging large open holes in the ground as opposed to a small shaft in hard rock mining. This method of mining is most often used with minerals like copper and molybdenum

Page 43: Mineral resources

Open pit mines

Page 44: Mineral resources

6.DredgingDredging is a method often used to bring up underwater mineral deposits. Although dredging is usually employed to clear or enlarge waterways for boats, it can also recover significant amounts of underwater minerals relatively efficiently and cheaply.

Page 45: Mineral resources

Dredging

Page 46: Mineral resources

Underground mining refers to a group of techniques used for the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth. In contrast to the other main type of excavation, surface mining, sub-surface mining requires equipment and people to operate under the surface of the earth.

Underground mining

Page 47: Mineral resources

1.Drift mining is a method of accessing valuable geological material, such as coal, by cutting into the side of the earth, rather than tunneling straight downwards. Drift mines have horizontal entries into the coal seam from a hillside. Drift mines are distinct from slope mines, which have an inclined entrance from the surface to the coal seam

Page 48: Mineral resources

Drift mining

Page 49: Mineral resources

2.Slope miningSlope mining is a method of accessing valuable geological material, such as coal. A sloping access shaft travels downwards towards the coal seam. Slope mines differ from shaft and drift mines, which access resources by tunneling straight down or horizontally, respectively

Page 50: Mineral resources

Slope mining

Page 51: Mineral resources

3.Shaft mining is a type of underground mining done by use of a mine shaft. A mine shaft is a vertical passageway used for access to an underground mine. On the surface above the shaft stands a building known as the head frame, which in previous years contained a winding engine and in modern times contains an electric hoist controller. This raises and lowers the cage within the shaft. The cage serves as a lift for the transportation of minerals, equipment, and workers.

Page 52: Mineral resources

Shaft mining

Page 53: Mineral resources

4.Hard Rock mining refers to various techniques used to mine ore bodies by creating underground "rooms" supported by surrounding pillars of standing rock

Page 54: Mineral resources

Hard Rock mining

Page 55: Mineral resources

5.Borehole MiningBorehole Mining (BHM) is a remote operated method of mining mineral resources through boreholes by means of high pressure water jets. This process can be carried out from the land surface, open pit floor, underground mine, floating platform, or vessel through pre-drilled boreholes.

Page 56: Mineral resources

Borehole Mining

Page 57: Mineral resources
Page 58: Mineral resources

Contour Mining

Page 59: Mineral resources
Page 60: Mineral resources

The Sulphur Mines in Indonesia

Page 61: Mineral resources

The Radioactive Mines

Page 62: Mineral resources

Artisanal gold mining in western Tanzania

Page 63: Mineral resources

Kalgold is an open pit gold mine

Page 64: Mineral resources

The Tata open cast coal mine at West Bokaro

Page 65: Mineral resources

Sygun Copper Mine

Page 66: Mineral resources

Large iron mine in the Serra dos Carajás, Pará state, Brazil.

Page 67: Mineral resources
Page 68: Mineral resources

Some effects of mining on the environment

•Deforestation and loss of biodiversity are major effects of mining.(It destroys forest and wetlands. It may mean that you have to cut down lots of trees just to get to the spot that has all the gold or iron ore).

•Many mine require tailings dams to prevent waste being washed into the rivers. Unethical miners can dispense with the dams, to save costs, resulting in massive pollution downstream. In other cases, the tailings dam can overflow, and even breach, during periods of heavy rain.

Page 69: Mineral resources
Page 70: Mineral resources

•Underground coal mining can require the removal of almost an entire layer of material deep under the surface. When the timber supports collapse, this can lead to subsidence. The subsidence can mean economic loss to people above or damage to natural areas. It can even cause cracks in river beds, leading to loss of river flow.

Page 71: Mineral resources
Page 72: Mineral resources

•Some mining involves the inadvertent dispersal of heavy metals, such as lead, into the atmosphere. This can have serious health effects, including mental retardation in children.

•Asbestos mining causes the dispersal of asbestos into the environment. This will cause deaths among local residents and workers, often several decades later. Fortunately, the mining and use of asbestos are banned in most parts of the world.

Page 73: Mineral resources
Page 74: Mineral resources

Because these mineral resources are nonrenewable, we must plan for a day when they will disappear. -What can we do? 1. find alternative resources 2. develop efficient and reliable renewable resources 3. reduce our use and avoid waste 4. reuse what we can 5. recycle (collect and reuse materials from waste) what we can Examples:  hybrid/electric cars, carpool, walk/ride a bike, turn off unneeded lights/electrical appliances, don’t let H20 run, place recyclables in marked containers

Page 75: Mineral resources
Page 76: Mineral resources

THANK

YOU...!!!