mindfulness in education - the buddha · pdf filecombines meditation and hatha yoga, ......
TRANSCRIPT
Synopsis
bull Mindfulness [Vipassana] in East
ndash various traditions
bull Applications
ndash Education
ndash Prisons
ndash Business
ndash Governance
ndash Healthcare
Synopsis bull Mindfulness in West hellip [MBSR]
bull Mindfulness in ndash Healthcare - MBCT ACT DBT MB-EAT
ndash Education Stress in Teaching learning process
ndash Prisons
ndash Business
ndash Sports
ndash Governance
ndash Law [dispute resolution]
ndash Police
ndash Military [ MMFT]
Synopsis
bull Concluding Remarks
bull Mindfulness and Attention
bull Is Mindfulness Revolution shortchanging the Buddha
Mindfulness in the East
Mindfulness in East bull Vipassana Meditation ndash Deeply embedded in the teachings of the
Buddha [ STP] ndash Theravada tradition bull Four dimensions of mindfulness [ sati ]
ndash Kāyānupassanā Vedanānupassanā Cittānupassanā Dhammānupassanā
bull AIM sattānaṃ visuddhiyā sokaparidevānaṃ samatikkamāya
dukkhadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamāya ntildeāyassa adhigamāya nibbānassa sacchikiriyāya-- avijjāyatveva asesavirāganirodhā
bull Various traditions
ndash Burmese Masters ndash Thai forest monastic tradition
bull Meditation Centers and Monasteries ndash spread across the world
Mindfulness in the East
bull Applications
ndash Education
ndash Prisons
ndash Police
ndash Business
ndash Governance
ndash Healthcare - addictions
Research Studies
bull Prisons bull There is a considerable reduction in the neurotic
predisposition and in the feelings of hostility helplessness and anomie while the sense of hope and well being are enhanced
bull level of Criminal Propensity came down and that of Subjective Well-being went up after practicing Vipassana among female inmates
bull Long duration course enhances these effects
Research Studies- Governance Study Variable Conclusion Remark
I Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 987 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
I Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB of meditators Higher than that of non-meditators Statistically
Significant at 001
level
I Occupational Stress (OS) OS of meditators Lower
than that of non-meditators
Statistically
Significant at 001
IIA Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 993 meditators report Vipassana as Beneficial in
their personal and professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIA Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after one month of the course Significant at 001
level
IIA Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after one month of the course Significant at 005
level
IIB Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI scores) 983 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIB Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after six months of the course Significant at 001
level
IIB Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after six months of the course 7833
meditators report improvements in physical mental
health
7662 report improvements in dealing with other people
and solving problems
Significant at 005
level
Research Studies
bull Business
ndash Anand Engineers
bull Increased harmony reduced labour trouble increased productivity
bull Police
ndash Job anxiety reduced Subjective well being improved
Research Studies
bull Education
ndash Social isolation reduced calmer more focussed on their studies
ndash the effect of meditation was individualized and influenced by the subjectsrsquo personality characteristics
following hypotheses could not be accepted
1 There will be a significant improvement in the level of concentration of
adolescents after meditation
2 There will be a significant reduction in expressed anger after meditation
3 There will be a significant improvement in adolescentsrsquo relation with
teachers
and parents after meditation
Feedback from a school in NCR [Video ]
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Synopsis bull Mindfulness in West hellip [MBSR]
bull Mindfulness in ndash Healthcare - MBCT ACT DBT MB-EAT
ndash Education Stress in Teaching learning process
ndash Prisons
ndash Business
ndash Sports
ndash Governance
ndash Law [dispute resolution]
ndash Police
ndash Military [ MMFT]
Synopsis
bull Concluding Remarks
bull Mindfulness and Attention
bull Is Mindfulness Revolution shortchanging the Buddha
Mindfulness in the East
Mindfulness in East bull Vipassana Meditation ndash Deeply embedded in the teachings of the
Buddha [ STP] ndash Theravada tradition bull Four dimensions of mindfulness [ sati ]
ndash Kāyānupassanā Vedanānupassanā Cittānupassanā Dhammānupassanā
bull AIM sattānaṃ visuddhiyā sokaparidevānaṃ samatikkamāya
dukkhadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamāya ntildeāyassa adhigamāya nibbānassa sacchikiriyāya-- avijjāyatveva asesavirāganirodhā
bull Various traditions
ndash Burmese Masters ndash Thai forest monastic tradition
bull Meditation Centers and Monasteries ndash spread across the world
Mindfulness in the East
bull Applications
ndash Education
ndash Prisons
ndash Police
ndash Business
ndash Governance
ndash Healthcare - addictions
Research Studies
bull Prisons bull There is a considerable reduction in the neurotic
predisposition and in the feelings of hostility helplessness and anomie while the sense of hope and well being are enhanced
bull level of Criminal Propensity came down and that of Subjective Well-being went up after practicing Vipassana among female inmates
bull Long duration course enhances these effects
Research Studies- Governance Study Variable Conclusion Remark
I Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 987 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
I Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB of meditators Higher than that of non-meditators Statistically
Significant at 001
level
I Occupational Stress (OS) OS of meditators Lower
than that of non-meditators
Statistically
Significant at 001
IIA Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 993 meditators report Vipassana as Beneficial in
their personal and professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIA Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after one month of the course Significant at 001
level
IIA Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after one month of the course Significant at 005
level
IIB Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI scores) 983 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIB Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after six months of the course Significant at 001
level
IIB Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after six months of the course 7833
meditators report improvements in physical mental
health
7662 report improvements in dealing with other people
and solving problems
Significant at 005
level
Research Studies
bull Business
ndash Anand Engineers
bull Increased harmony reduced labour trouble increased productivity
bull Police
ndash Job anxiety reduced Subjective well being improved
Research Studies
bull Education
ndash Social isolation reduced calmer more focussed on their studies
ndash the effect of meditation was individualized and influenced by the subjectsrsquo personality characteristics
following hypotheses could not be accepted
1 There will be a significant improvement in the level of concentration of
adolescents after meditation
2 There will be a significant reduction in expressed anger after meditation
3 There will be a significant improvement in adolescentsrsquo relation with
teachers
and parents after meditation
Feedback from a school in NCR [Video ]
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Synopsis
bull Concluding Remarks
bull Mindfulness and Attention
bull Is Mindfulness Revolution shortchanging the Buddha
Mindfulness in the East
Mindfulness in East bull Vipassana Meditation ndash Deeply embedded in the teachings of the
Buddha [ STP] ndash Theravada tradition bull Four dimensions of mindfulness [ sati ]
ndash Kāyānupassanā Vedanānupassanā Cittānupassanā Dhammānupassanā
bull AIM sattānaṃ visuddhiyā sokaparidevānaṃ samatikkamāya
dukkhadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamāya ntildeāyassa adhigamāya nibbānassa sacchikiriyāya-- avijjāyatveva asesavirāganirodhā
bull Various traditions
ndash Burmese Masters ndash Thai forest monastic tradition
bull Meditation Centers and Monasteries ndash spread across the world
Mindfulness in the East
bull Applications
ndash Education
ndash Prisons
ndash Police
ndash Business
ndash Governance
ndash Healthcare - addictions
Research Studies
bull Prisons bull There is a considerable reduction in the neurotic
predisposition and in the feelings of hostility helplessness and anomie while the sense of hope and well being are enhanced
bull level of Criminal Propensity came down and that of Subjective Well-being went up after practicing Vipassana among female inmates
bull Long duration course enhances these effects
Research Studies- Governance Study Variable Conclusion Remark
I Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 987 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
I Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB of meditators Higher than that of non-meditators Statistically
Significant at 001
level
I Occupational Stress (OS) OS of meditators Lower
than that of non-meditators
Statistically
Significant at 001
IIA Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 993 meditators report Vipassana as Beneficial in
their personal and professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIA Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after one month of the course Significant at 001
level
IIA Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after one month of the course Significant at 005
level
IIB Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI scores) 983 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIB Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after six months of the course Significant at 001
level
IIB Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after six months of the course 7833
meditators report improvements in physical mental
health
7662 report improvements in dealing with other people
and solving problems
Significant at 005
level
Research Studies
bull Business
ndash Anand Engineers
bull Increased harmony reduced labour trouble increased productivity
bull Police
ndash Job anxiety reduced Subjective well being improved
Research Studies
bull Education
ndash Social isolation reduced calmer more focussed on their studies
ndash the effect of meditation was individualized and influenced by the subjectsrsquo personality characteristics
following hypotheses could not be accepted
1 There will be a significant improvement in the level of concentration of
adolescents after meditation
2 There will be a significant reduction in expressed anger after meditation
3 There will be a significant improvement in adolescentsrsquo relation with
teachers
and parents after meditation
Feedback from a school in NCR [Video ]
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in the East
Mindfulness in East bull Vipassana Meditation ndash Deeply embedded in the teachings of the
Buddha [ STP] ndash Theravada tradition bull Four dimensions of mindfulness [ sati ]
ndash Kāyānupassanā Vedanānupassanā Cittānupassanā Dhammānupassanā
bull AIM sattānaṃ visuddhiyā sokaparidevānaṃ samatikkamāya
dukkhadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamāya ntildeāyassa adhigamāya nibbānassa sacchikiriyāya-- avijjāyatveva asesavirāganirodhā
bull Various traditions
ndash Burmese Masters ndash Thai forest monastic tradition
bull Meditation Centers and Monasteries ndash spread across the world
Mindfulness in the East
bull Applications
ndash Education
ndash Prisons
ndash Police
ndash Business
ndash Governance
ndash Healthcare - addictions
Research Studies
bull Prisons bull There is a considerable reduction in the neurotic
predisposition and in the feelings of hostility helplessness and anomie while the sense of hope and well being are enhanced
bull level of Criminal Propensity came down and that of Subjective Well-being went up after practicing Vipassana among female inmates
bull Long duration course enhances these effects
Research Studies- Governance Study Variable Conclusion Remark
I Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 987 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
I Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB of meditators Higher than that of non-meditators Statistically
Significant at 001
level
I Occupational Stress (OS) OS of meditators Lower
than that of non-meditators
Statistically
Significant at 001
IIA Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 993 meditators report Vipassana as Beneficial in
their personal and professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIA Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after one month of the course Significant at 001
level
IIA Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after one month of the course Significant at 005
level
IIB Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI scores) 983 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIB Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after six months of the course Significant at 001
level
IIB Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after six months of the course 7833
meditators report improvements in physical mental
health
7662 report improvements in dealing with other people
and solving problems
Significant at 005
level
Research Studies
bull Business
ndash Anand Engineers
bull Increased harmony reduced labour trouble increased productivity
bull Police
ndash Job anxiety reduced Subjective well being improved
Research Studies
bull Education
ndash Social isolation reduced calmer more focussed on their studies
ndash the effect of meditation was individualized and influenced by the subjectsrsquo personality characteristics
following hypotheses could not be accepted
1 There will be a significant improvement in the level of concentration of
adolescents after meditation
2 There will be a significant reduction in expressed anger after meditation
3 There will be a significant improvement in adolescentsrsquo relation with
teachers
and parents after meditation
Feedback from a school in NCR [Video ]
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in East bull Vipassana Meditation ndash Deeply embedded in the teachings of the
Buddha [ STP] ndash Theravada tradition bull Four dimensions of mindfulness [ sati ]
ndash Kāyānupassanā Vedanānupassanā Cittānupassanā Dhammānupassanā
bull AIM sattānaṃ visuddhiyā sokaparidevānaṃ samatikkamāya
dukkhadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamāya ntildeāyassa adhigamāya nibbānassa sacchikiriyāya-- avijjāyatveva asesavirāganirodhā
bull Various traditions
ndash Burmese Masters ndash Thai forest monastic tradition
bull Meditation Centers and Monasteries ndash spread across the world
Mindfulness in the East
bull Applications
ndash Education
ndash Prisons
ndash Police
ndash Business
ndash Governance
ndash Healthcare - addictions
Research Studies
bull Prisons bull There is a considerable reduction in the neurotic
predisposition and in the feelings of hostility helplessness and anomie while the sense of hope and well being are enhanced
bull level of Criminal Propensity came down and that of Subjective Well-being went up after practicing Vipassana among female inmates
bull Long duration course enhances these effects
Research Studies- Governance Study Variable Conclusion Remark
I Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 987 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
I Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB of meditators Higher than that of non-meditators Statistically
Significant at 001
level
I Occupational Stress (OS) OS of meditators Lower
than that of non-meditators
Statistically
Significant at 001
IIA Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 993 meditators report Vipassana as Beneficial in
their personal and professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIA Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after one month of the course Significant at 001
level
IIA Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after one month of the course Significant at 005
level
IIB Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI scores) 983 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIB Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after six months of the course Significant at 001
level
IIB Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after six months of the course 7833
meditators report improvements in physical mental
health
7662 report improvements in dealing with other people
and solving problems
Significant at 005
level
Research Studies
bull Business
ndash Anand Engineers
bull Increased harmony reduced labour trouble increased productivity
bull Police
ndash Job anxiety reduced Subjective well being improved
Research Studies
bull Education
ndash Social isolation reduced calmer more focussed on their studies
ndash the effect of meditation was individualized and influenced by the subjectsrsquo personality characteristics
following hypotheses could not be accepted
1 There will be a significant improvement in the level of concentration of
adolescents after meditation
2 There will be a significant reduction in expressed anger after meditation
3 There will be a significant improvement in adolescentsrsquo relation with
teachers
and parents after meditation
Feedback from a school in NCR [Video ]
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in the East
bull Applications
ndash Education
ndash Prisons
ndash Police
ndash Business
ndash Governance
ndash Healthcare - addictions
Research Studies
bull Prisons bull There is a considerable reduction in the neurotic
predisposition and in the feelings of hostility helplessness and anomie while the sense of hope and well being are enhanced
bull level of Criminal Propensity came down and that of Subjective Well-being went up after practicing Vipassana among female inmates
bull Long duration course enhances these effects
Research Studies- Governance Study Variable Conclusion Remark
I Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 987 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
I Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB of meditators Higher than that of non-meditators Statistically
Significant at 001
level
I Occupational Stress (OS) OS of meditators Lower
than that of non-meditators
Statistically
Significant at 001
IIA Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 993 meditators report Vipassana as Beneficial in
their personal and professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIA Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after one month of the course Significant at 001
level
IIA Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after one month of the course Significant at 005
level
IIB Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI scores) 983 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIB Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after six months of the course Significant at 001
level
IIB Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after six months of the course 7833
meditators report improvements in physical mental
health
7662 report improvements in dealing with other people
and solving problems
Significant at 005
level
Research Studies
bull Business
ndash Anand Engineers
bull Increased harmony reduced labour trouble increased productivity
bull Police
ndash Job anxiety reduced Subjective well being improved
Research Studies
bull Education
ndash Social isolation reduced calmer more focussed on their studies
ndash the effect of meditation was individualized and influenced by the subjectsrsquo personality characteristics
following hypotheses could not be accepted
1 There will be a significant improvement in the level of concentration of
adolescents after meditation
2 There will be a significant reduction in expressed anger after meditation
3 There will be a significant improvement in adolescentsrsquo relation with
teachers
and parents after meditation
Feedback from a school in NCR [Video ]
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Research Studies
bull Prisons bull There is a considerable reduction in the neurotic
predisposition and in the feelings of hostility helplessness and anomie while the sense of hope and well being are enhanced
bull level of Criminal Propensity came down and that of Subjective Well-being went up after practicing Vipassana among female inmates
bull Long duration course enhances these effects
Research Studies- Governance Study Variable Conclusion Remark
I Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 987 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
I Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB of meditators Higher than that of non-meditators Statistically
Significant at 001
level
I Occupational Stress (OS) OS of meditators Lower
than that of non-meditators
Statistically
Significant at 001
IIA Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 993 meditators report Vipassana as Beneficial in
their personal and professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIA Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after one month of the course Significant at 001
level
IIA Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after one month of the course Significant at 005
level
IIB Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI scores) 983 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIB Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after six months of the course Significant at 001
level
IIB Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after six months of the course 7833
meditators report improvements in physical mental
health
7662 report improvements in dealing with other people
and solving problems
Significant at 005
level
Research Studies
bull Business
ndash Anand Engineers
bull Increased harmony reduced labour trouble increased productivity
bull Police
ndash Job anxiety reduced Subjective well being improved
Research Studies
bull Education
ndash Social isolation reduced calmer more focussed on their studies
ndash the effect of meditation was individualized and influenced by the subjectsrsquo personality characteristics
following hypotheses could not be accepted
1 There will be a significant improvement in the level of concentration of
adolescents after meditation
2 There will be a significant reduction in expressed anger after meditation
3 There will be a significant improvement in adolescentsrsquo relation with
teachers
and parents after meditation
Feedback from a school in NCR [Video ]
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Research Studies- Governance Study Variable Conclusion Remark
I Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 987 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
I Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB of meditators Higher than that of non-meditators Statistically
Significant at 001
level
I Occupational Stress (OS) OS of meditators Lower
than that of non-meditators
Statistically
Significant at 001
IIA Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI score) 993 meditators report Vipassana as Beneficial in
their personal and professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIA Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after one month of the course Significant at 001
level
IIA Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after one month of the course Significant at 005
level
IIB Impact of Vipassana
Meditation (IVMI scores) 983 meditators report Vipassana as Highly
Beneficial or Beneficial in their personal and
professional lives
Impact is Highly
Significant
IIB Subjective Well Being
(SWB) SWB Increased after six months of the course Significant at 001
level
IIB Occupational Stress (OS) OS Reduced after six months of the course 7833
meditators report improvements in physical mental
health
7662 report improvements in dealing with other people
and solving problems
Significant at 005
level
Research Studies
bull Business
ndash Anand Engineers
bull Increased harmony reduced labour trouble increased productivity
bull Police
ndash Job anxiety reduced Subjective well being improved
Research Studies
bull Education
ndash Social isolation reduced calmer more focussed on their studies
ndash the effect of meditation was individualized and influenced by the subjectsrsquo personality characteristics
following hypotheses could not be accepted
1 There will be a significant improvement in the level of concentration of
adolescents after meditation
2 There will be a significant reduction in expressed anger after meditation
3 There will be a significant improvement in adolescentsrsquo relation with
teachers
and parents after meditation
Feedback from a school in NCR [Video ]
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Research Studies
bull Business
ndash Anand Engineers
bull Increased harmony reduced labour trouble increased productivity
bull Police
ndash Job anxiety reduced Subjective well being improved
Research Studies
bull Education
ndash Social isolation reduced calmer more focussed on their studies
ndash the effect of meditation was individualized and influenced by the subjectsrsquo personality characteristics
following hypotheses could not be accepted
1 There will be a significant improvement in the level of concentration of
adolescents after meditation
2 There will be a significant reduction in expressed anger after meditation
3 There will be a significant improvement in adolescentsrsquo relation with
teachers
and parents after meditation
Feedback from a school in NCR [Video ]
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Research Studies
bull Education
ndash Social isolation reduced calmer more focussed on their studies
ndash the effect of meditation was individualized and influenced by the subjectsrsquo personality characteristics
following hypotheses could not be accepted
1 There will be a significant improvement in the level of concentration of
adolescents after meditation
2 There will be a significant reduction in expressed anger after meditation
3 There will be a significant improvement in adolescentsrsquo relation with
teachers
and parents after meditation
Feedback from a school in NCR [Video ]
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in the West
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in the West bull Insight meditation society [MA] ndash 1975 bull Dhamma Dhara [MA] 1982 bull MBSR at Univ Massachusetts Medical school ndash
Jon Kabat Zinn - 1979 ndash He removed the Buddhist framework and eventually downplayed any
connection between mindfulness and Buddhism instead putting MBSR in a scientific contexthelliphellipHis secular technique which combines meditation and Hatha yoga has since spread worldwide The course claims to help patients cope with stress pain and illness by using what is called moment-to-moment awarenessldquo
bull Mindfulness has come to be seen as a mode of
being rather than a formal meditation practice which can be practiced and maintained outside a formal setting
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
What is Mindfulness
bull ldquoMindfulness means paying attention in a particular way on purpose in the present moment and non judgmentally
bull Mindfulness means maintaining a moment-by-moment awareness of our thoughts feelings bodily sensations and surrounding environment
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
MBSR Programme
bull The MBSR Program consists of eight weekly 25 hour sessions [ now taught in 200 hospitals]
bull Plus an all-day session on the Saturday of the 6th week
bull Weekly sessions are a balance of didactic teaching experiential practice
bull The all-day session is primarily an experiential session where we are practicing mindfulness together for a sustained period
bull There is approximately an hourrsquos worth of daily homework assignments which include guided relaxation amp meditation practices reading and written reflection exercises
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
MBSR Effectiveness bull Significant improvements in mood decreased
stress symptoms and normalisation of hormonal and immune function
bull Decreasing the high levels of sleep disturbance often found in cancer patients
bull Helps alleviate long-term emotional and physical adverse effects of medical treatments including endocrine treatments
bull Recommended to support survivors of breast cancer
bull Impact on Depression relapse insomnia heart disease psoriasis ADDADHD substance abuse
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
The neuroscience of mindfulness
bull Practicing mindfulness can bring about calmness stilling the brain chatter and help us shift towards right brain mode
bull By engaging our right brain we activate the parasympathetic nervous system (as opposed to the adrenaline releasing sympathetic system) More parasympathetic activity means less stress and therefore better health
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage25htm
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Elizabeth Blackburn Nobel Laureate in Biology [2009]
How the chromosomes can be copied in a complete way during cell divisions and how they are protected against degradation The Nobel Laureates have shown that the solution is to be found in the ends of the chromosomes ndash the telomeres ndash and in an enzyme that forms them ndash telomerase
Meditation is associated with increase in enzyme Telomerase that maintains and repairs cells ndash Relationship to cancer and aging
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)
Kathryn Birnie1 Michael Speca12and Linda E Carlson12 Article first published online 15 MAR 2010 Issue Stress and Health
Volume 26 Issue 5 pages 359ndash371 December 201
bull Significant reductions in symptoms of stress and mood disturbance as well as increases in mindfulness spirituality and self-compassion were observed after programme participation With regards to empathy a significant increase was seen in perspective taking and a significant decrease in personal distress no significant change was observed
for empathic concern
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Healthcare
bull Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
bull Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
bull Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
bull Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Therapy
bull Mindful Eating hellip Video
bull MSc Mindfulness Neuroscience and Clinical Applications ndash Kingrsquos College London
bull Masters Degree in MBCT Univ of Oxford [ Oxford Mindfulness Centre]
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Ellen Langers- Mindfulness bull Why there is lack of cognitive processing of stimuli leading to
emotions determining our behaviour bull Mindlessness vs Mindfulness [ Video]
bull Mindlessness
ndash Key attributes over reliance on categories and distinctions drawn in the past and in which the individual is context-dependent and as such is oblivious to novel (or simply alternative) aspects of the situation
bull Mindfulness as the process of drawing novel distinctions ndash Key attributes creation of new categories openness to new
information awareness of more than one perspective
bull The goal of the mindful perspective to increase
ndash cognitive flexibility ndash behavioural flexibility ndash the ability to adapt to onersquos current environment in a meaningful
manner
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness Applications
bull MBI [ Mindfulness based Interventions] ndash Healthcare ndash Counselling ndash Education
bull Cultivation of Compassion and Empathy
ndash Business ndash Prisons ndash Law ndash Police and Military [PTSD] [Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness
Training (MMFT)]
ndash Leadership and Governance ndash Elder care ndash Childbirth and parenting ndash Sports
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Education
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Education
bull Mindful Schools USA bull Mindfulness Teacher training Programme- 3 level
courses [ participants from 60 countries ]
bull Association for Mindfulness in education
bull Mindfulness in Schools project UK
ndash Europe USA Africa South East Asia
ndash UK Network for Mindfulness-Based Teacher Training Organisations
bull Mindfulness in Education Network - Conference
bull Centrum voor Mindfulness - NL
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction - Mindful Living Programs Umass
bull University of Minnesota Mindfulness club
bull Oxford Mindfulness Centre
bull Center for Mindfulness - the University of Massachusetts Medical
bull UCLA Mindful Awareness Research Center
bull Mindfulness Meditation Course - Stanford Hospital amp Clinics
bull Mindfulness Programs - University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
bull Center for Mindfulness at UC San Diego Health System
bull Guided Mindfulness Practices - University of Missouri System
bull UVA Mindfulness Center - School of Medicine - University of Virginia
bull Mindfulness Research and Practice Initiative - University of Miami
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Antioch University Mindfulness programme Antioch University
New England
bull Mindfulness at UEA UK The University of East Anglia UK
bull Manchester University Introduction to Mindfulness Meditation
bull Mindfulness Programs - Monash University
bull Centre for Mindfulness Research and Practice
Bangor University
bull 2014 Mindfulness Workshop Series - Psychology -
University of Exeter
bull Mindfulness | Brown University Health Education
bull Applied Mindfulness Meditation - Factor-Inwentash Faculty of
Social
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Colleges and Universities
bull Mindfulness Meditation Exercises - Counselling -
The University of Sydney
bull Mindfulness - University of Surrey
bull Mindfulness Meditation - University of Strathclyde
bull First International Conference on Mindfulness
bull May 8-12 2013 Sapienza ndash Universita di Roma in Rome Italy
bull Applied Mindfulness Conference - West Chester University
bull Mindfulness in Education Conference 2009 - Association for
bull Institute for Mindfulness based approaches
bull European Associations of Mindfulness based Approaches
httpwwwmindfulnetorgpage7htm
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Stanford University Center for Compassion
and Altruism Research and Education
bull Developed a Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT)
protocol and subsequently tested it A centerpiece in the
protocol is meditation and the study found that ldquothe
amount of formal meditation practiced during CCT was
associated with increased compassion for othersrdquo
bull CCT Teacher training
bull Deepen your ability to share the science philosophy and
pedagogy of compassion and get certified as a Compassion
Cultivation Training (CCT) Teacher
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Stress in Teaching learning process
bull Studies on students and teachers
bull Students Bullying Indiscipline Cut-throat competition cheating Inability to handle temptations
bull Teachers Inability to handle Indiscipline parentsrsquo expectations time pressure balance work with home schoolcollege management pressure
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Four Pillars of Education
bull UNESCO Report of the International Commission on Education for the Twenty first Century
Learning The Treasure Within
Education throughout Life
based on four pillars
ndash Learning to Know
ndash Learning to do
ndash Learning to live together
ndash Learning to be
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Research results on Mindfulness in Education
bullBeauchemin J Hutchins T L amp Patterson F (2008) Mindfulness meditation may lessen anxiety promote social skills and improve academic performance among adolescents with learning
disabilities Complementary Health Practice Review 13 34ndash45
bullAll outcome measures showed significant improvement with participants who completed the program demonstrating decreased state and trait anxiety enhanced social skills and improved academic performance
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
ANICE HOULIHAN MED HELPING STUDENTS USE MINDFULNESS TO REDUCE BULLYING
bull Early results of a randomized controlled trial of kindergarten through fifth-grade classrooms that implemented Inner Explorerrsquos mindfulness programs showed
bull ~ 50 percent reduction in reactive behaviour and bullying incidents during the 2012ndash2013 school year
bull Quarterly grade point averages (GPAs) improved by 7ndash15 percent
bull Currently there are 111 preschool and elementary classrooms in 12 schools in California Illinois Ohio Massachusetts and New York taking part in the program
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
The Effects of Mindfulness Techniques on Empathy and Emotional Control Courtney Dameron
An EdS Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITY
bull Common characteristics of students who engage in bullying lack of empathy and emotional control
bull A group of five fifth graders in Cleveland County Schools were referred by teachers counsellors and administrators to participate in a small group using a modified version of the MindUP curriculum
bull After the intervention group students indicated more awareness of their own behaviour an increase in empathy and in increase in emotional control
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Flook L Goldberg S B Pinger L amp Davidson R J (2015) Promoting prosocial behavior and self-regulatory skills in preschool children through a mindfulness-based kindness
curriculum Developmental Psychology 51(1) 44-51
bull The KC [ kindness curriculum] intervention group showed greater improvements in social competence and earned higher report card grades in domains of learning health and social-emotional development whereas the control group exhibited more selfish behavior over time
bull These findings observed over a relatively short intervention period [12 weeks] support the promise of this program for promoting self-regulation and prosocial behaviour in young children
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Schonert-Reichl K A Oberle E Lawlor M S Abbott D Thomson K Oberlander T F amp Diamond A (2015) Enhancing cognitive and socialndash
emotional development through a simple-to-administer mindfulness-based
school program for elementary school children A randomized controlled trial Developmental Psychology 51(1) 52-66
bull Relative control program children who received the SEL [ social emotional learning] program with mindfulness
bull (a) improved more in their cognitive control and stress physiology
bull (b) reported greater empathy perspective-taking emotional control optimism school self-concept and mindfulness
bull (c) showed greater decreases in self-reported symptoms of depression and peer-rated aggression
bull (d) were rated by peers as more prosocial
bull (e) increased in peer acceptance (or sociometric popularity)
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Van der Oord S Bogels S M amp Peijnenburg D (2012) The effectiveness of mindfulness training for children with ADHD and mindful parenting for their parents Journal of Child and Family Studies 21(1) 139-147 This study evaluated the effectiveness of an 8-week mindfulness training for children aged 8ndash12 with ADHD and parallel mindful parenting training for their parents bull Parents (N = 22) completed questionnaires on their childrsquos ADHD and ODD
symptoms their own ADHD symptoms parenting stress parental over-reactivity permissiveness and mindful awareness before immediately after the 8-week training and at 8-week follow-up
bull Teachers reported on ADHD and ODD behaviour of the child bull A within-group waitlist was used to control for the effects of time and
repeated measurement Training was delivered in group format bull There were no significant changes between wait-list and pre-test except
on the increase of teacher-rated ODD behaviour bull There was a significant reduction of parent-rated ADHD behaviour of
themselves and their child from pre-to post test and from pre- to follow-up test
bull Further there was a significant increase of mindful awareness from pre-to post test and a significant reduction of parental stress and over-reactivity from pre-to follow-up test
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Roeser R W Schonert-Reichl K A Jha A Cullen M Wallace L Wilensky R Oberle E Thomson K Taylor C amp Harrison J (2013 April 29)
Mindfulness Training and Reductions in Teacher Stress and Burnout Results From Two Randomized Waitlist-Control Field Trials Journal of Educational
Psychology Advance online publication doi 101037a0032093
bull Teachers randomized to MT showed
greater mindfulness
focused attention and working memory capacity
and occupational self-compassion
as well as lower levels of occupational stress
and burnout
at post-program and follow-up than did those in the control condition
bull Mediational analyses showed that group differences in mindfulness and self- compassion at post-program mediated reductions in stress and burnout as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression at follow-up
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Business
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Business
bull Apple bull Google [ Search Inside Yourself institute ] bull McKinsey amp Company bull Deutsche Bank bull Procter amp Gamble bull Astra Zeneca bull General Mills [ begun research into its efficacy] bull Aetna bull Sony bull Ikea bull Ebay bull Twitter bull Facebook
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Research results on Mindfulness in Business
bull Bringing Mindfulness to the Workplace ndash UNC Kenan Flagler Business School White Paper 2014
bull Quoting studies by the NIH UK UMass MindBody Institute at Harvard University ndash Reduces employee absenteeism and turnover
ndash Improves cognitive functions (ie concentration memory and learning ability)
ndash Increases employee productivity
ndash Enhances employeremployee and client relationships and
ndash Improves job satisfaction
ndash Nurtures imagination and improves mental health
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
How to increase Mindfulness at Work bull Be aware Encourage employees to spend 15 minutes before work each day to sit and be aware of the sensations of their breath and body When their minds wander teach them to bring their attention back bull Take five Teach employees to use the STOP sign technique whenever they feel stressed ndash Stop what you are doing ndash Take five conscious breaths ndash Observe the sensation of the body and notice what you are thinking about ndash Proceed bull Do one thing at a time Teach employees that when their minds wander away to bring them back to the here and now bull Take time outs Encourage employees to take short breaks (1-5 minutes) every 90 to 120 minutes Remind them to mindfully stretch breathe or walk during those breaks bull Eat lunch somewhere else Encourage employees to eat their lunches away from their computer Teach them to take a couple of breaths and really notice their hunger levels and the food they are about to eat bull Listen Encourage employees to practice mindful listening during meetings by being fully present for whoever is speaking bull Note accomplishments Encourage employees to make a mindful note of what they accomplished at the end of every day
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Five Steps to More Mindful Meetings 1 Encourage meeting participants to conduct a self-check before the meeting Instruct all participants to ask themselves ldquoWhat mental state am I inrdquo By becoming more aware of their mental state they can choose the state they want to be in during the meeting
2 Encourage meeting leaders to conduct a group check-in Meeting leaders can take five minutes at the start of every meeting and ask each participant to answer the question ldquoOn a scale of 1 to 10 how present are you right nowrdquo This will help participants reflect on where their attention is and prompt them to be in the present moment
3 Encourage meeting leaders to always state their intentions This goes beyond stating
the usual discussion topics For example one intention of a meeting may be to give
team members a chance to connect with each other
4 Encourage meeting leaders to distinguish the meeting parts Meetings have multiple parts and it is helpful for participants to know which part they are in
5 Teach meeting leaders to always wrap the meeting up Encourage them to take five
minutes at the end of each meeting to intentionally create clear agreements about
what is going to happen in the future
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindful acceptance dampens neuro-affective reactions to external and rewarding performance feedback Teper
R1 Inzlicht M1 Emotion 2014 Feb14(1)105-14
Abstract Using electroencephalography we recorded participants neuro-affective reactions to rewarding aversive and neutral feedback as indexed by the feedback-related negativity (FRN) The FRN is a brain response that peaks approximately 250 ms after feedback presentation and it is thought to differentiate feedback indicating favourable versus unfavourable outcomes Our findings suggest trait mindfulness predicts less differentiation of rewarding from neutral feedback but does not predict brain differentiation of aversive from neutral feedback This was the case particularly for individuals who scored highly on the acceptance facet of mindfulness a facet that assesses the non-judgmental acceptance of thoughts and emotions We discuss the implications of these findings for current theory on mindfulness and emotion regulation
bull In other words mindfully accepting onersquos thoughts and feelings can protect against getting drunk with successhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipThose feelings sometimes even extending to feelings of invincibility distort subsequent decisions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
J Occup Health Psychol 2012 Apr17(2)246-58 Effective and viable mind-body stress reduction in the workplace a randomized controlled trial Wolever RQ1 Bobinet KJ McCabe K Mackenzie ER Fekete E Kusnick CA Baime M
bull Improvements on perceived stress sleep quality and the heart rhythm coherence ratio of heart rate variability
bull The two delivery venues for the mindfulness program produced basically equivalent results
bull Both the mindfulness-based and therapeutic yoga programs may provide viable and effective interventions to target high stress levels sleep quality and autonomic balance in employees
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Prisons
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Some organizations promoting Mindfulness in prisons in USA
bull Prison Mindfulness Institute
bull Prison Mindfulness Initiative (PMI)
bull Center for Mindfulness in Corrections
bull The Prison Yoga Project
bull CNVC Freedom Project (Prisons)
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Meditation Research The State of the Art in Correctional Settings Samuel Himelstein Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto California Int J Offender Therapy amp Comp Criminol June 2011
bull Transcendental Meditation mindfulness-based stress reduction and 10-day Vipassana retreats
bull Overall research suggests three areas in which meditation-based programs provide sufficient treatment to criminal offenders
ndash enhancement of psychological well-being
ndash decrease in substance use
ndash decrease in recidivism
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Yoga and Mindfulness Meditation in Prison Effects on Psychological Well-Being and Behavioural
Functioning Katherine M Auty Aiden Cope Alison Liebling University of
Cambridge UK Int J Offender Therapy Comp Criminol 2015
bull Participants who completed yoga or meditation program in prison experienced a small increase in their psychological well-being (Cohenrsquos d = 046 95 confidence interval [CI] = [039 054]) and a small improvement in their behavioural functioning (Cohenrsquos d = 030 95 CI = [020 040])
bull A significant difference in effect sizes for programs of longer duration and less intensity compared with those that were shorter and more intensive for psychological well-being
bull Programs of longer duration had a slightly larger positive effect on behavioural functioning (d = 0424) compared with more intensive programs (d = 0418)
bull Overall the evidence suggests that yoga and meditation have favourable effects on prisoners
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Freedom Project Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison
Alejandra Suarez Dug Y Lee Christopher Rowe Alex Anthony Gomez Elise Murowchick Patricia L Linn 2014
bull The first study is correlational
ndash found decreased recidivism rates among prisoners trained by Freedom Project compared with recidivism rates in Washington state
bull The second study compared trained prisoners with a matched-pair control group
ndash found improvement in self-reported anger self-compassion and certain forms of mindfulness among the trained group
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Law
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Law Schools offering Mindfulness
classes bull Berkeley Law School
Florida International University Law School Georgetown Law School Phoenix School of Law Roger Williams University School of Law University at Buffalo Law School University of Miami School of Law 1998 University of Missouri School of Law University of Florida Levin College of Law University of San Francisco Law School Vanderbilt University Law School Washburn University School of Law Harvard Law Schoolrsquos Program on Negotiation hosted a workshop on ldquoMindfulness in the Law amp Alternative Dispute Resolution
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Leonard L Riskin The Contemplative Lawyer On the Potential Contributions of Mindfulness Meditation to Law Students
Lawyers and Their Clients 7 Harv Negotiation L Rev 1 (2002)
bull improves a law student or lawyers performance on virtually any task from learning and manipulating rules to drafting documents and litigating cases
bull improve their ability to listen deeply-to themselves and others-and to respond appropriately rather than react automatically based on established mind-sets and habitshelliphellip Simply by listening carefully deeply and openly a lawyer can relieve some clients suffering and establish a connection that would be satisfying to both helliphelliphelliphelliphelps him connect with his feelings of compassion for his clients
bull Having a systematic way of handling ones intrusive thoughts and feelings and reactions might be particularly useful professionally for a judge in addition to being an aid in reducing his or her own stress levels
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness in Military
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mind Fitness Training Institute
bull Mindfulness-based Mind Fitness Training (MMFT)reg ndash pronounced ldquoM-fitrdquo ndash is a course specifically designed for individuals operating in extreme stress environments
bull Full eight-week MMFT course [ 20 hours] to prepare for or recover from combat deployment
bull prepare service members for the demands and challenges of military life combat and transitioning home hellip inner strength to face the environment with courage confidence and resilience
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
MMFT
bull the MMFT course teaches mindfulness (attention control and concentration) stress resilience skills (to recognize and cope with physiological and psychological stress) and applications to counterinsurgency environment exercises are to be practiced at least 30 minutes per day during training
bull Mind fitness training can also enhance warrior performance by cultivating competencies critical for todayrsquos security environment
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Stanley E A amp Jha A P (2009) Mind fitness Improving operational effectiveness and building warrior resilience
Joint Force Quarterly 55 144-151 bull Despite the real increase in stressors during the pre-
deployment period the Marines who engaged in more mind fitness training maintained the same perceived stress level and preserved or even improved their working memory capacity over their initial baseline
bull In contrast the Marines who engaged in less mind
fitness training experienced an increase in their perceived stress levels and the predicted decrease in their working memory capacity ndash This degradation in their WMC produced test scores of
working memory capacity on par with populations that have suffered psychological injuries such as PTSD and major depression
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Minds ldquoAt Attentionrdquo Mindfulness Training Curbs Attentional Lapses in Military Cohorts Amishi P Jha Alexandra B Morrison Justin Dainer-Best Suzanne Parker Nina Rostrup and Elizabeth A Stanley PLoS One 2015 10(2)
bull We investigated the impact of mindfulness training (MT) on attentional performance lapses associated with task-unrelated thought (ie mind wandering) Periods of persistent and intensive demands may compromise attention and increase off-task thinking
bull there were significantly fewer performance lapses in the military cohorts receiving MT relative to NTC
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness is Everywhere
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
VIDEO
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness ISSN 1868-8527
bull Description bull This journal publishes peer-reviewed papers that examine the latest
research findings and best practices in mindfulness It explores the nature and foundations of mindfulness its mechanisms of actions and its use across cultures In addition Mindfulness features papers that address issues involving the training of clinicians institutional staff teachers parents and industry personnel in mindful provision of services
bull 6Volumes bull 27 Issues bull 437Articles bull 19 Open Access bull 2010 - 2015
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Concluding Remarks
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Mindfulness and Attention
bull Ajahn Brahmrsquos Story of mindful gatekeeper ndash Role of discrimination
bull Wisdom 20 ndash promoted by Google for merging wisdom and technology
ndash disrupted by people asking What about Right-livelihood Compassion
ndash Should mindfulness be used as an antidote to suffering caused in the process of wealth accumulation rather than for redistribution of wealth
bull Can one be mindful but without ethical behaviour wisdom or compassion
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Abhidhamma
bull Sati can not exist in absence of alobha adosa passadhi [ vineyya loke abhijja domanassahellip ]
bull manasika ra
is always present
bull Mindfulness or Attention
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 phassa 2 vedana 3 sanna 4 catana 5 ekaggata 6 jivitindriya 7 manasikara
Universal ethically variable mental factors
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Abhidhamma
bull These occasional beautiful factors are not always associated with Sati
bull These need to be cultivated
bull amoha doesnrsquot automatically associate with alobha and adosa
bull moha the delusion of
self-view is the root cause of lobha and dosa
1 saddha Faith
2 sati Mindfulness
3 hiri Moral shame 4 ottappa Moral dread 5 alobha Non greed 6 adosa non-aversion 7tatramajjhattata Balance 89 passadhi Tranquility 1011 lahuta lightness 1213 muduta Malleability 1415 kammannata wieldiness 1617 pagunnata Proficiency 1819 ujjukata straightness
Universal Beautiful mental factors
1 samma -vaca 2 samma -kammanto 3 samma-ajivo 4 karuna 5 mudita 6 amoha
Occasional Beautiful mental factors
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
What did the Buddha Teach - Noble Eight fold path
1samma-ditthi
2samma -sankappo
3samma-vaca
4samma -kammanto
5samma -ajivo
6samma -vayamo
7samma -sati
8 samma-samadhi
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Seven factors of Enlightenment
bull sati
bull dhammavicaya
bull viriya
bull piti
bull passaddhi
bull samādhi
bull upekkha
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Four Foundations of sati bull Involve right effort
ndash vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassaṃ ndash Sabbakayapatisaṃvedi assasissamirsquoti sikkhati
bull Comprehensive Understanding ndash sampajanakari hoti
bull Reflection ndash pūraṃ nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati
bull Discrimination ndash bhikkhu saragaṃ va cittaṃ lsquosaragaṃ cittarsquonti pajanati
bull Investigation [ recalling] ndash yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa saṃyojanassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaṅgassa uppado hoti tantildeca pajanati ndash lsquoayaṃ dukkhasamudayorsquoti yathabhūtaṃ pajanati
bull Analyzing experience in various frameworks ndash khandhapabbaṃ ndash chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu ndash saccapabbaṃ
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Critiques of Mindfulness Revolution bull ldquoIs it a means of helping employees adapt to a toxic culture rather than
calling into question the fundamental reasons why stress is being generated in that toxic culturerdquo
bull Mindfulness in Buddhist tradition is to transform onersquos sense of self itrsquos not about attaining personal goals attached to personal desires the goal is to liberate oneself from greed ill will and delusion not to achieve stress reductionrdquo
bull The mindfulness movement is good for adjusting certain types of dukkha but from the Buddhist perspective itrsquos not addressing the most deep-rooted and problematical forms of dukkha ndash the attachment to the false notion of lsquoIrsquo In fact it seems to be reinforcing the kind of self-centred individualism that seems to be our more basic problemrdquo
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Is Mindfulness revolution
shortchanging the Buddharsquos
Teachings
Thanks Any Questions
Thanks Any Questions
