military family housing in hawaii history

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A Study funded by the Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program, Project No. 115

Historic Context Studyof Historic Military Family Housing in Hawaii

August 2003


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A Study funded by the Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program, Project No. 115

Historic Context Studyof Historic Military Family Housing in Hawaii

August 2003

Prepared for:

Commander, Pacific DivisionNaval Facilities Engineering Command

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Prepared by:

Mason Architects, Inc.Belt Collins Hawaii

This report was produced with funding from theDepartment of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program,

through Pacific Division, Naval Facilities Engineering Command.


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Chapter 1

This report on the historic context of Depart-ment of Defense historic housing in Hawaiiwas produced with funding from the Departmentof Defense Legacy Resource Management Program,through the U.S. Navy, Pacific Division Naval Fa-

cilities Engineering Command. A companionmanual covers recommended procedures for repair

and maintenance of this housing.

All historic housing at Army, Air Force, Navy,and Marine Corps installations in Hawaii are lo-

cated on the island of Oahu. Historic neighborhoodsdescribed in this document were selected by Pacific

Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command.These neighborhoods include 928 residential build-

ings containing many more units, since there arenumerous duplex and multi-unit family housing

facilities. Landscape features are also addressed, butnon-residential buildings (such as carports) have not

been included in the report.

A brief overview history of military housingin Hawaii is presented in Chapter 2. Army and Navy

housing developments in Hawaii are summarizedand contrasted, with some references to national

trends in military housing. Air Force and Marine

Corps housing was built originally by the Army and

Chapter 1

Introduction

Scale in Miles

0 2 4 6 8

North

HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS:ARMY

4. Schofield Barracks5. Wheeler Army Airfield6. Tripler Army Medical Center7. Fort Shafter

HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS:OUTLYING NAVY INSTALLATIONS

1. Radio Transmitting Facility Lualualei2. Naval Magazine Lualualei3. Naval Computer and Telecommunications

Area Master Station, Pacific

HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS:MARINE CORPS

8. Marine Corps Base Hawaii

HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS:PEARL HARBOR NAVAL COMPLEX11. Hale Alii12. Marine Barracks13. Hospital Point14. Ford Island-Chief Petty Officers

(CPO) Quarters15. Ford Island-North End16. Ford Island-Luke Field17. Pearl City Peninsula18. Makalapa19. Little Makalapa

HISTORIC NEIGHBORHOODS:AIR FORCE

9. Hickam Air Force Base10. Fort Kamehameha

9

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

10

11-19

Historic military housing neighborhoods


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H I S T O R I C C O N T E X T S T U D Y O F H I S T O R I C M I L I T A R Y F A M I L Y H O U S I N G I N H A W A I I

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Navy, respectively. The history of ownership changes

between military branches in Hawaii is included inthis chapter.

Chapters 3 through 7 are organized first by

branch of service, and then by installation or neigh-borhood. A statement of significance, a history, and

a landscape features description are provided for eachinstallation or neighborhood. For each neighbor-

hood, houses are grouped by design. A design may

be a unique house or may include several types ofhouses that have different floor plans but are other-wise similar in materials and details. Exterior and

interior character-defining features, as well as de-tracting elements, are listed for each design group.

Floor plan(s) plus photographs, including historicphotographs, illustrate each house type.


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Chapter 2 Overview of Historic Military Housing in Hawaii

Chapter 2

Overview ofHistoric Military Housing in Hawaii

Early U.S. Military Historyin Hawaii

In the 1840s, the first sugar mill was establishedin Hawaii, and sugar became increasingly impor-tant as the main money crop and export item of theKingdom of Hawaii. U.S. military and commercialinterest in the Hawaiian Islands increased as the Pa-cific area gained importance in world politics andtrade. In early 1873, Major General John M.Schofield visited Oahu to inspect its defensive ca-pabilities. Upon his return to the mainland, he andhis subordinate, Lieutenant Colonel Burton S.Alexander, reported to the Secretary of War that PearlHarbor was the only harbor large and deep enoughto serve as a refuge for a fleet of war vessels. Theynoted that the coral bar at its mouth would requireremoval before Pearl Harbor could serve this pur-pose, Schofield and Alexander recommended thatthe United States obtain a cession of Pearl Harbor.They suggested that this might be deeded free ofcost in return for a reciprocity treaty that wouldallow Hawaiian sugar to enter the U.S. duty free. Apparently, this report made a great impressionupon many leaders in Washington, D.C. The idea Schematic map of Pearl Harbor in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Source: Bishop Museum


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Cavalry arrived at the new post, soon followed bytheir families. To the cavalrymen and their wives,the post looked like a raw hick town, a frontiervillage deep in red dust and mud (Honolulu StarBulletin Jan. 30 1937: sec. 3, p. 1). The men sleptin traditional Army style tents with beaver board-ing (made of compressed wood pulp) around them,while the officers quarters were not much better.According to one officers wife, our houses were of

boards, with wide-strips of screening, some tentdrops, two small windows in front, one in the bed-room. The houses were built rather high off theground, with rough, built-in dining and kitchentables that cracked when the boards shrank (Alvarez1982: 26). In 1914, Major General William Carter,Department Commander, told the officers at thepost that the conditions at Schofield Barracks not

only were a great injustice but a rotten wrong, andhe would make recommendations to the War De-partment at once to improve conditions for thetroops and for the officers and their families

(Addleman n.d.: 13). That same year, officersquarters and the first permanent barracks buildingswere completed.

Conditions at Bellows Field began similarly,even though it was developed much later than other

Army posts in Hawaii. Prior to expansion of thefacilities during WWII, the commanding officerlived in a small stone building, the only permanentstructure on the installation. The other assignedpersonnel lived in tents set on wood frames. Therewere two rows of about 30 tents, facing each other

Sgt. W.S. Sankey (5th Calvary), his wife Lettie, and daughterAudrey, 1909Source: Schofield Early Housing, U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii

Postcard of 5th Calvalry Officers Row Quarters at Schofield, c.19101913

Source: Schofield Early Housing, U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii

Schofield Barracks exterior

Source: Tropic Lightning Museum

barracks, officers quarters, and then an administra-tion building, mess halls, and other support build-ings. Most structures were wood-frame buildingselevated on concrete piers. A month after construc-tion started, 473 officers and men from the 5th

Schofield Barracks interiorSource: Tropic Lightning Museum

Tents at Bellows Field, 1940

Source: 7 December 1941, The Air Force Story book


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and set about 100 feet apart. A wood building servedas both the mess hall and dayroom. When newtroops were sent to the post in 1941, they hated theirnew duty station. The tents were old and rotten, soequipment and personal belongings sometimes suf-fered considerable damage during heavy rainfall.Hordes of mosquitoes that bred in cane field ditchesaround the camp made life miserable (Arakaki 1991:53). Temporary wood structures built in 1941 werea welcome relief.

Army Housing at Fort ShafterConditions for arriving personnel were not

always so difficult. Fort Shafter had a typical Armypost layout, with enlisted mens barracks, adminis-tration, and officers quarters surrounding the pa-rade ground at Palm Circle. Construction of thefirst phase was completed in 1907, and the second

phase in 1909. Troops moved to the post uponcompletion of the buildings. Designed in the Colo-nial Revival style, the buildings were typical of mili-tary construction during that period. The buildingforms are similar to other standardized plans usedby the Quartermaster between 1901 and 1908, butmodifications were made, particularly more venti-lation, to adapt them to Hawaiis climate.

Cantonment Areasat Hawaii Army Bases

Cantonment areas, or temporary billets, atmany of the Army bases were of wood construc-tion. Facilities usually included barracks for enlistedmen, housing for officers and sometimes NCOs,and support facilities. Due to their temporary nature,

most of these buildings have since been demolished.

Fort Shafter Cantonment, 1916Source: U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii

NCO Quarters, tents and stables at Fort Shafter, c. 1916Source: U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii

Two cantonments were constructed at FortShafter. A regimental post cantonment was built forarriving infantry troops in 1914 just east of PalmCircle. It included troop barracks, officer and NCOhouses, and support facilities. Prior to WWII, atemporary cantonment, Casual Camp, was builtin the upper triangle area between Macomb Roadand 7th Street (Meeken 1974: 16). All of these can-

tonment buildings have been demolished. FortKamehameha also had a large cantonment, includ-ing barracks, housing, and many support buildings,nearly all of which has been demolished.

Hawaiis Standardized Army HousingThe second standard housing design used by

the Army in Hawaii, and the most common, is the

Craftsman Bungalow style. Constructed at four


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reflected the ranked military society. The Art Decostyle, popular in the United States in the 1920s and1930s, is well expressed in other buildings on thebase with geometric and avian ornamentation.

World War II Temporary Constructionat Army Bases

During WWII and the massive military build-up, large numbers of troops passed through Hawaiion their way to or from the Pacific war front. Facili-ties had to be provided in a very short time period.Temporary wood barracks sprung up in open areason nearly every Army installation, and many men werehoused in tents. Although standard plans were used

for one- and two-story barracks, some modifications

and share common entries. The early 1940s apart-ment buildings are U-shaped, while the late 1940sones at Tripler have a linear plan. This is probablydue to the hilly Tripler site. Both apartment designshave minimal ornamentation.

Navy Housing HistoryComparison of Navy and

Army Housing Issues

In the early decades of the 20th century, theU.S. Navy had a smaller housing requirement thanthe Army. There were fewer Navy personnel andmost of lived aboard ships. Because the Navy builtfewer houses, it seemed to rely less on standardizedplans. This was the case with historic Navy housingin Hawaii. Drawings for housing at shore installa-tions appear to have been specifically developed for

each housing area, whether drawn by civilianarchitects or staff in the Navys Bureau of Yards andDocks or in the installations Public Works office.

Warrant Officers Quarters, U.S. Naval Station, (Honolulu)Hawaii, 1902

Source: National Archives Still Photo Collection, RG 71 CA, Box 155 D

were applied to make the structures more appropri-ate for the warm climate. Temporary single-familyhouses were also constructed. Nearly all of the WWII temporary construction has been demol-ished, following a national documentation processcompleted by the Army.

Apartment Housing at Army BasesThe Army first built apartment housing units

in Hawaii during the early 1940s at Hickam andWheeler Fields. After WWII, other apartment build-ings were erected at Tripler Army Medical Center.More like row houses than apartments, each abut-ting two-story unit has individual exterior entries,

unlike typical apartments that are usually one floor

Hickam Army Air Field, July 1941Source: National Archives Still Photo Collection, RG 71 CA, Box 171


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Like the Army, the Navy faced difficulties inobtaining funds for housing. The greatest problem was providing enough housing when personnelstrengths suddenly increased, as in times of war or

when new installations are being developed.

Coal Sheds andOther Early Housing in Hawaiifor Marine and Navy Personnel

After Hawaii became a territory of the UnitedStates, the first Naval Station in the islands was es-tablished in 1899 at Honolulu Harbor, as there were

no facilities and no navigable channel at Pearl

barracks plus three houses and a duplex for officersat the Marine area. In the following seven years,four more houses were erected at Hale Alii and aboutten other officers quarters were built for the NavalHospital and Radio Station at Pearl Harbor. Mostof the lower-level personnel for these two activitieswere housed in nearby tents until additional hous-ing was built in the 1920s.

At the Submarine Base at Quarry Point, barracks

were constructed for enlisted men (1929) and thenfor officers (1934). Housing conditions were spartanin these early decades. Twenty-four temporarywooden buildings, left over from WWI service inFrance, arrived at Quarry Point in January 1920.Some of these may have served as housing butphotos show that tents were also being used. Therewas another temporary solution to the housing short-

age at Submarine Base. In 1923, a decommissionedsubmarine tender, the USS Chicago (later renamedAlton), was converted to a barracks ship and a cause-way constructed to its location in Quarry Loch.

Barracks ship moored at Quarry Loch for Submarine Basehousing, February 1930

Source: USS Bowfin Museum

Permanent and tent housing at Naval Hospital, and Radio Station Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, June 1921Source: U.S. Army, Bishop Museum

Harbor. Housing was built on the waterfront neardowntown Honolulu. The first permanent Marinegarrison arrived in Hawaii in 1904 and lived forfour years in an empty coal shed at the Honolulu

Naval Station. From 1908 until about 1913, theylived in tents at nearby Camp Very (named in honoror Captain Samuel W. Very, Commandant of theNaval Station) a site which was later known as FortArmstrong (Marine Barracks n.d. a: 2).

By 1914, the earliest permanent housing hadbeen built at Pearl Harbor, including the first eighthouses for top Navy officers at Hale Alii and a large


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Chapter 3

Historic Neighborhoods:Army

Map of Army installations

There are currently four Army installations on

Oahu with historic housing. These militaryposts were developed in different periods and forvarying purposes, and the differences are reflectedin the variety of housing.

Historically, the principal mission of theUnited States Army in Hawaii was the defense ofthe naval base at Pearl Harbor. The early Army bases

were developed in strategic locations to protect theharbor from land or sea attack, while later bases andstructures were oriented to air defense. The firstHawaii Army post, Fort Shafter, was established in1907 on the south-central coast of Oahu to defendPearl Harbor from land troops approaching fromthe east. Officers housing, along with enlisted mensbarracks, dining, and latrine facilities around the

Palm Circle parade ground was built in the Colo-nial Revival style. Additional housing in a much sim-pler style was built at Fort Shafter just prior toWWII.

The site for Schofield Barracks, the base forOahus mobile defense troops, was selected becauseof its strategic location in the central valley of Oahu,north of Pearl Harbor. Permanent construction be-

gan in 1913. Craftsman-style Officers housing was

WheelerArmy Airfield

SchofieldBarracks

FortShafter

TriplerArmy MedicalCenter

Pearl

Harbor

Pacific

Ocean

Scale in Miles

0 1 2 3 4

North


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built between 1918 and 1929 to accompany En-listed Mens barracks. Mission-style officer and NCO

houses built in 1932 at Schofield were of the samedesign as those being built concurrently at the adja-cent Wheeler Field. Additional houses, duplexes, andapartment buildings of a much simpler style werebuilt just prior to WWII.

The original Tripler General Hospital was lo-cated at Fort Shafter and replaced by the current

facility in 1948. Two apartment-style buildings forhospital staff were constructed on the hillside be-hind the hospital in 1951.


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Chapter 3 Historic Neighborhoods: Army

F O R T S H A F T E R

Fort Shafter Neighborhood

SignificanceFort Shafter is significant as Hawaiis first U.S.military post and as U.S. Army headquarters in Ha-waii. The post was established just after Hawaii be-came a territory of the United States in 1900. In1921, Fort Shafter became the headquarters of theHawaiian Department, and since then it has servedas the Senior Army Headquarters in Hawaii.

The Palm Circle neighborhood was con-structed between 1907 and 1924 as officers hous-ing at Fort Shafter. Sited around the Palm Circleparade ground, this housing area is one of the old-est and most intact grouping of military buildingsin Hawaii. The officers housing is on one side ofthe somewhat-circular parade ground, and the origi-nal barracks, dining hall, and latrine structures are

on the opposite side. The original buildings, nearlyall of which remain, are of this same architecturalstyle, even the latrine structures. The buildings havea refined style, reserved but moderately decorative,befitting a headquarters and signifying the impor-tance of its residents. The buildings are comple-mented by stately rows of royal palms which wereplanted around the parade ground just after the firstbuildings were completed in 1909.

The officers houses constructed in 1943 arelocated on the east side of the base, just south of thegolf course. These houses were built as defense hous-ing from standard plans used at other Army instal-lations on Oahu. Set along tree-lined windingstreets, the houses are relatively unaltered and appear

much as they did when first completed. They serve as

Fort Shafter vicinity

PALM CIRCLE

DESIGNS

WORLD WAR IIDESIGNS

Scale in Feet

0 1000 2000

North

MoanaluaFreeway

FORT SHAFTERBOUNDARIES

excellent examples of the WWII-era Army Officershousing designs.

Neighborhood HistoryMost of the structures around Palm Circle were

built between 1905 and 1909, all using the samearchitectural style. The original construction in-

cluded 14 houses, an administrative building

(formerly T-14, now demolished), four barracksbuildings, four latrine buildings, two mess halls(now T-115 and T-123), a post exchange building(now T-118), and a guard house (now T-126). Ex-cept for the administration building and the postexchange building, all of the buildings directly onthe parade ground circle were originally used for


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Scale in Feet

0 500

North

Palm CircleDesigns

World War IIDesigns

Rice Loop

A Street

T-3

T-4

T-5

T-6

T-7

T-8

T-12

T-129

T-14

T-15

T-16T-17

T-11

T-10

T-9

T-128 T-122

121T-123

127

T-118

T-117

T-115

108

109

116T

-104

111

T-112

T-101

T-100

131

T-18

T-126

T-1

02

T-1

03

(UG)

MoanaluaHighway

800

802

803

820

821

822823

824

825

826827

828

846845

844

Herian Place

842841

840804

Parks

Road

Macomb

RoadWisserRoad

Funs

tonRd

.

Rice Street

Buckner Gate

PattonGate

Main Entrance

Palm CircleDrive

Palm CircleDrive

Palm Circle and World War II neighborhoods at Fort Shafter


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housing, with the officers houses on the northwestside and the enlisted mens barracks on the south-

east side. The supporting buildings for the barracks,including the two mess halls and four lavatories,were located behind the barracks buildings. Thenortheast and southwest sections of the circle wereundeveloped.

Construction occurred in two phases, the firstphase including all but four of the present quarters(5, 15, 17, 18) and buildings 119 (the pool, nowdemolished), 121, 122, 123, 127, and 128. Bidsranging from $2000,000 to $300,000 opened onJune 12, 1905; the contract was awarded to BurrellConstruction Company of New York. Captain E.H. Humphrey, QMC, was the Construction Quar-termaster. The houses were specially designed by theQuartermaster Corps for Hawaii and are marked

by a special number in the index of standard draw-ings. The building forms are similar to other stan-dardized plans used by the Quartermaster between1901 and 1908, but modifications (particularly toincrease ventilation) were made to adapt them toHawaiis climate.

Construction on the first phase began in August1905 and would have been completed by October

1906, except for material shortages caused prima-rily by reconstruction following the 1906 San Fran-cisco earthquake. Construction at Fort Shafter wascompleted on April 15, 1907, and the post was oc-cupied in June. The second construction phase be-gan in 1908 and was completed on August 30, 1909.Quarters 8, 9, and 10 were built as Captains quar-ters, Quarters 3, 4, 7, 11, and 12 as Lieutenants

quarters, and Quarters 14, 15, 16, and 17 as NCO

Quarters. Building 13 (at that time numbered 14, nowdemolished) served as Post Headquarters.

Fort Shafters Post Hospital was established in1907, and was located south of Palm Circle, acrossKing Street. The original hospital buildings were

completed between 1907 and 1909. The remainder

of the main hospital facility was substantially com-pleted by 1919. The buildings included an admin-istration building, mess hall, kitchen, wards, clinic,dormitory, and quarters for nurses and hospital stew-ards. The hospital was enlarged during WWII to add

15 ward buildings, four officers or nurses quarters

Palm Circle at Fort Shafter, August 1909Source: L. E. Edgeworth, Bishop Museum


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although the base did not see the immense expansionthat occurred on other Hawaii Army bases. In ad-

dition to officers housing constructed just south ofthe golf course, underground bomb-proof structuresand anti-aircraft sites were constructed.

After World War II no regiment was stationedat Fort Shafter. The Ordnance and Signal Depotswere oriented to the support of Schofield Barracks.

A major reorganization in 1974 resulted in the elimi-nation of the theater-level Army headquarters (U.S.

Army Pacific) and the relocation of the Hawaiian-level Army Headquarters (U.S. Army Support Com-mand Hawaii) from Schofield Barracks to FortShafter. The houses have continued to serve in thesame capacity, as residences for the officers of FortShafter and their families.

Major Landscape Featuresof Neighborhood

The Palm Circle neighborhoods layout is alongone side of Palm Circle Drive, which encompassesthe parade ground. The original barracks and othersupport structures (now administrative offices) werelocated on the opposite side of the parade ground.The Officers Quarters are located on the north-west side of the Palm Circle Drive, which serves asthe formal public entry to the neighborhood. StreetA runs along the rear of the neighborhood andacts as the private utilitarian access.

The key landscape feature of the neighborhoodis the royal palm lined parade ground from whichthe neighborhood gets its name. These palms wereplanted between 1909 and 1911 at the insistence ofColonel Alfred Booth. Toward the north end of the

parade ground is the posts flagpole. Directly across

Fort Shafter, 1963

Source: Bishop Museum

Palm Circle neighborhood landscapeSource: Belt Collins

H C S


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Scale in Feet

0 500

North

Palm CircleDesigns

World War IIDesigns

Rice Loop

A Street

T-3

T-4

T-5

T-6

T-7

T-8

T-12

T-129

T-14

T-15

T-16T-17

T-11

T-10

T-9

T-128 T-122

121T-123

127

T-118

T-117

T-115

108

109

116T

-104

111

T-112

T-101

T-100

131

T-18

T-126

T-1

02

T-1

03

(UG)

MoanaluaHighway

800

802

803

820

821

822823

824

825

826827

828

846845

844

Herian Place

842841

840804

Parks

Road

MacombR

oadWisserRoad

Funs

tonRd.

Rice Street

Buckner Gate

PattonGate

Main Entrance

Palm CircleDrive

Palm CircleDrive

LEGEND:

Major Trees

Royal Palms

Kiawe

Open Space

Open Lawn

Palm CircleDrive

Landscape at Palm Circle and World War II neighborhoods


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the street and between quarters T-12 and T-14 is aformal garden area with a gazebo structure as the

focal point.

Each of the Officers Quarters is set back fromthe road creating a larger front yard space. This alsoadds to the formal entry to each of the units. Largecanopy monkeypods are located in the front yardsbetween the dwellings. Typical of other prominentOfficers Quarters neighborhoods, the foundationplantings in the front and side yards are more formalin nature, while the back yards are less formal. Allof the plant materials have a tropical plant palette.

The parade ground open space with its majes-tic royal palms is the focal point of the neighbor-hood. From the parade ground, there are views backtoward the Koolau Mountain Range. At the northend of Palm Circle Drive from the Officers Quar-

ters, there are views back toward the Fort ShafterGolf Course. A tennis court facility is centrally lo-cated within the neighborhood along Street A.

Major Trees/Palms

Monkeypod

Royal palm

Norfolk Island pine

Other Trees African tulip

Shower tree

Formosan koa

The WWII housing designs are part of the RiceManor neighborhood, the second historic neighbor-hood at Fort Shafter. These quarters are arranged

linearly and are oriented onto Rice Street and Herian

towards the Koolau Mountain Range. There is nonotable open space associated with this neighborhood.

Major Trees

Monkeypod

Kiawe

Other Trees

African tulip

Banyan

Plumeria Brassaia

Norfolk Island pine

Coconut

Place. A rear service loop exists mainly for refusecollection. There are no garage structures within the

rear yards of these units; all vehicles are parked alongboth sides of the street and create a cluttered streetscene.

The unifying landscape elements throughoutthis neighborhood are the large monkeypod frontyard trees. The foundation plantings around eachof the dwellings are rather informal. All of the shrubplanting is tropical in character; the front and backyards are grassed.

Some of the quarters on the northwest side ofthis neighborhood have a view back toward the golfcourse. The northeast quarters have a view back

World War II neighborhood landscape

Source: Belt Collins

H I S T O R I C C O N T E X T S T U D Y


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Palm Circle Housing DesignsPalm Circle is an excellent example of officers

housing constructed as part an early compact mili-tary post, consisting of enlisted mens barracks, sup-port facilities, officers housing, and the paradeground. The exceptional landscaping and pictur-esque palm tree encircled parade ground greatlyenhance this neighborhood. The Palm Circle hous-ing area has 15 houses, all built in the same archi-tectural style. Three designs are utilized for severalunits: Quarters 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, and 12 were built asLieutenants quarters; 8, 9, and 10 as Captains quar-ters; and 14, 15, 16, and 17 as NCO quarters. Quar-ters 5 and 18 have unique plans; Quarters 5 as thePost Commanders quarters, and Quarters 18 servedas the house for the commanding officer of the hos-pital. Despite the span of construction years, thehouses are of the same architectural style, with veryfew differences in detail, and have the same charac-ter-defining features.

The Palm Circle houses are all two-story struc-tures with a wood framing system set on a masonrypier foundation. The foundation structure is woodwith scored concrete piers along the exterior wall.Concrete steps with wood railings lead to the main

entry. Some houses retain either the front or rearoriginal stair railings, or both railings, which aresimilar to the interior stair railings with dense verti-cal balusters. The wood roof structures are hipped.

The building exteriors have horizontal woodsiding and wood windows that are mostly double-hung or casement types. The double-hung windowstypically have decorative tails protruding from the

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Palm Circle housesSource: Mason Architects, Inc.


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O F H I S T O R I C M I L I T A R Y F A M I L Y H O U S I N G I N H A W A I I


in the foyer, and a small bathroom is tucked belowthe stair. A lanai (now enclosed) wraps around thefront, right side, and back of this part of the houseand ends at the back stair, which links the mainfloor to the basement and the second floor. Beyondthe back stair is the kitchen, which opens onto theback lanai. The former servants quarters and bath

is beyond the back lanai.

Front view of Quarters 4 (Lieutenants Quarters), Palm Circle neighborhoodSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

The second level above the front part of thehouse has a central hallway leading to three bed-rooms and a bathroom. A second bathroom, at thetop of the back stairway, can also be accessed fromthe central hall. The front stair leads up to the attic.The basement has two utility rooms, and also has adoorway and stairs leading to the outside. This

designs lanai have round columns.

Quarters 7 cabinetsSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

Typically these units have a pass-through win-dow between the pantry and dining room. Someunits have a built-in cabinet at the dining room sideof the pass-through, which has glass doors aboveand drawers and wood doors below.

Ch 3


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Main Stair at Quarters 4, Lieutenants QuartersSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

Quarters 4 floor plans



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Captains Quarters Plan(Quarters 8, 9, 10)

The Captains Quarters plan has a central en-try hallway and living room, study, dining room,and main stair (with small bath below) in the frontportion of the house. A lanai (now enclosed) wrapsaround the front, right and back of this part of thehouse. The back stair is at the end of the centralhallway. Beyond the back stair is the pantry, kitchen,and former servants quarters. The back lanai also

leads to the kitchen and former servants quarters.

The second floor has four bedrooms. Onebathroom is accessed from the central hallway, whileanother is accessed from the two front bedrooms.The front stair leads up to the attic. The basementis divided into two utility rooms; the back roomhas a door and stair to the exterior.

Front view of Quarters 10, Captains QuartersSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

Front stair and door to bathroom underneath, Quarters 9

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Enclosed side lanai, Quarters 9Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Historic double doors to back stair, Quarters 8

Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Chapter 3 Hi i N i hb h d A


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NCO Quarters Plan(Quarters 14, 15, 16, 17)

The NCO Quarters front entry leads into ahall with the front stair. The living room is on theright and the dining room beyond. The lanai, nowenclosed, runs on all four sides of the front portionof the house. The lanai has been partitioned in all

four quarters to create a small bedroom on the leftside, a bathroom, and a utility room. The second-

ary stair leading to the basement is at the back, andthe kitchen is located at the back of the house. Thesecond floor, accessed only by the front stair, fea-tures three bedrooms, a storage room, and twobathrooms.

Front view of Quarters 16, NCO QuartersSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

H I S T O R I C C O N T E X T S T U D Y O H S T O C M T A F A H O S G H A A


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Post Commanders Quarters (Quarters 5)The Post Commanders Quarters is the largest

of the Palm Circle houses. It has continuously servedas the quarters for the Commanding Officer of thepost, the Hawaiian Department, or the senior com-mander at the base. This house has a patio area onthe north side. A lava rock wall serves as a founda-tion wall for a small extension of the house and en-closes the exterior patio. This feature was built in1932 while the house was occupied by General B.

H. Wells, Commanding General of the HawaiianDepartment.

NCO Quarters floor plans

Interior of side lanai, Quarters 15Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Front stair and French doors, Quarters 15Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Quarters 5 (Post Commanders Quarters), c. 1920



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The front portion of the first floor containsthe living room, library, a large dining room, and

the main stair with a small bathroom underneath.The back portion of the residence has the back stair,pantry, kitchen, and former servants quarters witha bathroom. The lanai (now enclosed) runs aroundalmost the entire perimeter of the first floor. Thesecond floor features five bedrooms, four bathrooms,and a now-enclosed wrap-around lanai.

Lava rock wall enclosure at outdoor patio, Quarters 5Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Quarters 5 floor plansFront view of Quarters 5 (Post Commanders Quarters)Source: Mason Architects, Inc.



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Hospital Commanding Officers Quarters(Quarters 18)

This residence, at the end of the housing rowalong Palm Circle, was the last constructed in thegroup of officers quarters. It was completed in 1924.The architectural drawings state that it was intendedfor use by a field officer, but was apparently occu-pied upon completion by the commanding officerof Tripler Hospital (at that time located at FortShafter). The house was originally outside of theloop at the end of Palm Circle Drive and A Street,but the loop was eventually extended to include it.

Front view of Quarters 18 (Hospital Commanding Officers Quarters)Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

There are several differences between this residenceand the other Palm Circle houses. Quarters 18 haslava rock rather than concrete foundation piers andstair cheekwalls and it does not have decorativerafters or a basement. The chimney is constructedof unpainted brick rather than concrete. It also haswood paneling and canec wall finish in the mainrooms on the first floor rather than plastered walls,and has a single stair instead of two. Despite thesedifferences, the house still blends with the architec-tural character of the neighborhood.

Dining room, Quarters 5Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Enclosed front lanai, Quarters 5Source: Mason Architects, Inc.



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p 3 g y


The first floor has a central entry leading tothe stair, living room, study, dining room, pantry,

kitchen, and former servants quarters. The backlanai is utilized as a laundry room. The second floorhas four bedrooms and two bathrooms.


Built-in cabinets at dining room, Quarters 18Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Front hall and stair, Quarters 18Source: Mason Architects, Inc.



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Door transoms and sidelights.

Chimneys.

Monitor roof vents. Screened enclosures at lanai.

Historic metal downspouts.

Old house number above front door.

Enclosed Lanai Features:

Round or square columns and top and bot-tom details.

Wood floors.

Historic double-hung, casement, or fixedwood windows.

Original doors dividing lanai area.

Historic doorbells.

Servants buzzers.

Exposed roof framing.

Interior features:

Plaster, canec, or tongue-and-groove walls

and ceilings. Picture rails.

Stairs and railings.

Historic French doors.

Wood panel doors and historic hardware.

Door and window casing and transoms.

Transoms and transom hardware.

Historic light fixtures and wiring.

Historic wood and glass cabinets and drawers.

Historic cabinet hardware.

Concrete chimney.

Historic toilet and shower enclosures.

Historic floor and shower tiles.

Servant buzzers.

Historic light fixtureSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

Decorative raftersSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURESOF PALM CIRCLE HOUSING

Exterior Features: Horizontal wood siding.

Hipped roof with wood structure.

Decorative rafter ends.

Exposed eaves with no fascia or soffit.

Vents at eaves with windows and screens orscreens only.

Round or square lanai columns.

Historic double-hung, casement, or fixedwood windows.

Concrete entry stairs at lanai.

Historic wood handrails and railings.

Historic wood panel doors with glazing andscreen doors.

Original railing at rear lanai stairsSource: Mason Architects, Inc.



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ELEMENTS THAT DETRACT FROMHISTORIC CHARACTER

Asphalt roof shingles (replaced original woodones).

Window A/C units.

Over-painting of woodwork.

Jalousie and non-historic fixed windows.

Modern doors.

Modern door hardware on historic doors.

Wood awnings over windows at exterior.

Metal valances above windows and doors atinterior.

Removed historic doors and windows.

Non-historic flooring such as sheet vinyl orcarpet.

Skylights.

Painted posts and handrails.

Modern style light fixtures.

Modern style cabinets and fixtures in kitchenand baths.

Modern cabinet hardware on historic cabinets.

Historic wall sconce, Quarters 17Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Original cabinets at kitchen and pantrySource: Mason Architects, Inc.

Historic metal-lined shower, Quarters 7Source: Mason Architects, Inc.



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World War II Housing DesignsThese houses were completed by 1943, al-

though some may have been finished as early as1941. Constructed as defense housing, they havethe same design as others constructed about the sametime at other Army installations on Oahu. Thereare three single-family homes and 16 buildings withduplex units.

The houses have concrete brick walls and woodframe hipped roofs with asphalt shingle roofing, witha small louvered gablet vent. The foundation has aconcrete block perimeter wall and concrete footings


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,428,228-028,408-208,008648-448,148,048,828-628

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supporting a wood joist floor structure. Each cov-ered entry porch has a wood column with decora-

tive scoring at the top.The interior walls have a simple wood base

and ceiling molding. Original interior doors aresingle-panel wood doors. The original wood frontdoor has a vertical groove pattern. The original win-dows are wood, one-over-one, double-hung win-dows with wood-framed screens.

Other than a small storage enclosure additionat the back and modernized kitchen and bathroomfacilities, the buildings appear basically unaltered.



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Single-Family HousesThe three single-family houses are one-story,

three-bedroom structures. The front entry leads toa living room that occupies one end of the house. Acentral hallway from the living room leads to thekitchen, three bedrooms, and a single bathroom.

World War II single-family house original elevations

Front view, World War II single-family houseSource: Mason Architects, Inc.



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Railing detail from World War II single-family house designWorld War II s ingle-family house original floor plan



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Duplex BuildingsThe duplex buildings have two basically

mirrored units. Each unit enters into the centrallylocated living room, which extends from the frontof the unit to the back. The two bedrooms and bath-room are located at the building ends, and thekitchen, storage room, and service porch are locatedat the middle of the building.

World War II duplex building elevations

Front view, World War II duplex buildingSource: Mason Architects, Inc.



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CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURESOF WORLD WAR II HOUSING

Exterior Features: Concrete block exterior walls.

Wood framed roof structure with open eaves.

Shingle roofing.

Small open porch entry.

Wood post with horizontal grooves at porch.

Original metal railings at front and rear entry.

Vertically-grooved wood front door.

Wood screen door with horizontal decora-tive trim.

Wood double-hung windows.

Wood-framed window screens.

Angled concrete brick window sill.

World War II duplex building floor plan

World War II duplex building entry lanaiSource: Mason Architects, Inc.



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Designs Similar to Those atFort Shafter

In the period just prior to, during, and imme-diately following WWII, several housing designswere used at multiple Army bases around Oahu.These included single-family, duplex, and apartment-style houses.

Hickam Air Force Base andWheeler Army Airfield

The duplex structures built at Fort Shafter havethe same design as the NCO duplex type 6 atHickam Air Force Base and Wheelers NCO du-plex quarters. The single-family house design at FortShafter is the same as Hickams NCO house plan 7.The Fort Shafter buildings appear to have been builtusing the same drawings as those used at Hickam,with minor modifications, as the Fort Shafter draw-

ings also have Type No. 6 and Type No. 7 in thetitle block.

World War II duplex building cupboard details

Interior Features:

Wood baseboard.

Wood ceiling molding.

Original built-in cabinets.

Wood panel interior doors.

Plaster wall finish.

Original insulation board ceilings.

Wood flooring.


Storage rooms constructed at back. Jalousie windows.

Modern kitchen and bathroom finishes.

Flush wood interior doors.



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S C H O F I E L D B A R R A C K S

Schofield BarracksNeighborhoodSignificance

The Schofield Barracks neighborhood housingdesigns show a conscious response to popular andregional architectural styles, and to the tropical en-vironment of the site. From 1890 until 1917, theArmys Quartermaster General had produced andused standardized plans throughout the mainland

United States. The Armys standard houses until1917 were generally two-story structures. These housesdemonstrate an early acceptance by the Army of one-story houses, at least for posts in warm climates.

The Schofield neighborhoods also representthe typical military planning styles of the period.During the 1920s and 1930s, houses were typicallyclustered in residential loops on picturesque, curv-

ing streets drawn from Garden City concepts ofsuburban planning. The Generals Loop and thehousing areas originally located by Quads B and Creflect these concepts, set in residential loops withlarge front yard along tree-lined streets. The Canbyand Leilehua Road area houses are organized in agrid pattern rather than the residential loop, but alsohave the spacious yards and substantial landscaping.

Neighborhood HistoryHistorically, the principal mission of the

United States Army in Hawaii was the defense ofthe naval base at Pearl Harbor. The perceived threatof Japan during the Russo-Japanese War instigatedthe buildup of naval forces in the Pacific and thusspurred an increase in Army personnel. After the

establishment of Naval Base Pearl Harbor in 1901,a board was convened to investigate other appro-priate sites for military defenses. The U.S. Armyestablished Fort Shafter in 1907 to defend Pearl Har-bor from the north. In 1908, the site for SchofieldBarracks was selected as the base for Oahus mobile

defense troops because of its strategic central loca-tion on the Leilehua Plain between the WaianaeMountain Range and the Koolau Mountain Range.Construction of temporary buildings began in De-cember 1906 under the supervision of CaptainJoseph C. Castner, the construction quartermaster.

Wilikina Drive

Kunia Road

WHEELERARMY AIRFIELD

Scale in Feet

0 1500 3000

North

SCHOFIELD BARRACKSNEIGHBORHOOD

BOUNDARY

SCHOFIELD BARRACKSBOUNDARY

Schofield Barracks vicinity



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Schofield Barracks, 1929Source: U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii

The first plans for the permanent post wereprepared in 1912 by General Macomb. The layoutreflects the linear base design, with the barracks andadministration buildings along a central line, thehousing areas on one side, and the technical build-ings along the other side. The permanent buildings

were to be organized into seven contiguous sections,each one shaped in a rectangle headed by a loop.The rectangles were to contain barracks in quadran-gular formation with the Officers Quarters liningthe loops; the main sewer and water lines ran downthe center for economy.

Construction of the permanent post buildingsbegan in 1913. Among the first completed in 1914

were the first two large masonry barracks buildingsin what became known as Quad B. Each quad con-sists of three barracks buildings and one adminis-tration building, flanking the four sides of a centralcourtyard. Other buildings from this early periodinclude the post library, the remaining buildings inQuad B and Quad C, which were completed in1915 and 1916. Also constructed at this time were

two loops of two-story Officers Quarters, sitedabove Quads B and C. These were demolished afterWWII.

In 1916, Schofields construction quartermas-ter developed a plan for the remainder of the base.The post developed rapidly in the following years;plans were made, and in some cases, constructionbegan on the remainder of the cavalry barracks, two

more infantry quads, a new hospital, NCO quar-ters, and the post stockade. Construction was de-layed during WWI when all of Schofields tenantswere called to war.

In the interim between WWI and WWII, the1916 construction plan was carried out. The threeCraftsman-style houses along General Loop werecompleted in 1918. Quads D and E were finished

in 1920 and 1921. In 1920, expansion of the rail-road and the initial phase of Quartermaster ware-houses were started. The Officers Quarters adja-cent to Quads D and E were constructed between1919 and 1922. Design of these U-shaped, Crafts-man-style houses, which were also constructedat other Army bases in Hawaii, such as FortKamehameha, Fort Shafter, and Ford Island, were



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Leilehua

Avenue

Scale in Feet

0 150 300 450 600

North

Gle

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FooteAvenueLe

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St.

Mac

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SmallMission-style

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Generals Loop

SCHOFIELDNEIGHBORHOODBOUNDARY

Canby AreaCraftsman-styleHouses

Large Mission-style

Houses

CanbyRoad

Schofield Barracks neighborhood



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well adapted to Hawaiis climate. The first artillerybarracks were completed in 1919 (Quad I), and the

second in 1923 (Quad J). These quads also had theadjacent Officers Quarters housing area, which hassince been demolished. Other buildings constructedduring this period included a permanent post stock-ade, new post chapel, post exchange, NCO Hous-ing, fire station, outdoor boxing bowl and otherrecreational buildings, hospital, ordnance magazinearea, and the remaining Quartermaster warehouses.

The historic core of the base was essentially in placeby the mid-1930s.

Following World War I, the Army increasedthe strength of the Hawaiian Department andformed a combat division at Schofield Barracks. TheHawaiian Division, formed in 1921 with its base atSchofield, was at that time the only complete divi-sion in the Army. The establishment of this large

division and increased tensions in the Pacific ex-plain the continual construction at Schofield dur-ing the 1920s and 1930s.

The last group of Officers Quarters atSchofield, completed in 1932, was built to accom-pany Quad F. These Mission-style houses are simi-lar to those constructed at Wheeler Field. The houseswere built for officers and NCOs of the 11th Medi-

cal Regiment and the 19th Infantry.

Rising tensions in the Pacific in the late 1930sresulted in increased defense mobilization through-out the islands and reorganization of the HawaiianDivision in 1941, forming the 24th and 25th (laternamed Tropic Lightning) Divisions. Schofield be-came the Armys largest single garrison and, in 1939,

Schofield Barracks layout, 1928Source: Schofield Barracks Cultural Resource Management Plan [Ogden Environmental and Energy Services Co., Inc. (April 1995) Draft FinalHistoric Preservation Measures FY 19952006 Whole Barracks Renewal Program at Various U.S. Army Installations and the FY95/96 New InfantryBrigade Complex, Schofield Barracks, Oahu, HI]



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was the second largest city in the Territory of Hawaiiwith a population of 20,000. Schofield Barracks popu-lation grew in the two years before the war, attain-ing a total pre-war strength of 43,177 troops.

In the early morning of December 7, 1941,Japanese pilots flew from six aircraft carriers towardOahu. The first wave of 183 planes struck its tar-gets at 7:55 a.m. Schofields 25th Division had the

distinction of being the first Army unit to receivehostile fire in the invasion, and shot down two Japa-nese planes. The post received some damage, mostlyconsisting of bullet holes in buildings, and manymen received injuries from shrapnel and machinegun fire. Adjacent Wheeler Field, location of theArmy Air Corps fighter planes, received severe dam-age to planes and hangars and had many casualties.

Schofield Barracks, c. 1938, with the Waianae Mountain Range in the distanceSource: Tropic Lightning Museum

The Hawaiian Departments commander and hisnaval counterpart were relieved of duty following

the attack on Pearl Harbor and other sites. Theywere replaced by a unified command under Admi-ral Chester Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief, Pacific(CINCPAC), and the Hawaiian Department ceasedto exist. The primary mission of the 24th and 25thDivisions, supported by troops from the West Coastof the United States, became the defense of Oahu.As WWII progressed, Schofield Barracks became

the major training, staging, and supply center forthe war in the Pacific.

Various training camps were run at Schofieldduring WWII, including the Ranger Combat Train-ing School, where men were trained for combat inthe Pacific. Following the war, Schofields popula-tion shrank to 5,000 troops. The population at theinstallation remained low until the outbreak of the

Korean War. Schofield Barracks played an impor-tant role in the Korean War and the Vietnam con-flict by providing basic training for many raw re-cruits due to be sent to Asia. These years saw a dra-matic increase in military housing construction, aswell as schools, chapels, and other support facili-ties. Today, Schofield Barracks remains the largestpermanent installation of the U.S. Army outside the

continental United States.


d


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Landscape at Schofield BarracksSource: Belt Collins

Major Landscape Featuresof Neighborhood

The linear layout of the Schofield Barracksneighborhoods follows that of Fort Shafters PalmCircle neighborhood, with the houses situatedaround a significant open space. The CommandingOfficers Quarters are at the top of the loop withhouses on both sides. Generals Loop is the formalentry to these quarters. Similar to Palm Circle,Generals Loop has a uniform tree planting along

the roads edge, but instead of royal palms, GeneralsLoop has Norfolk Island pines. Norfolk Island pinesare also found along Waianae Avenue, which frontsGenerals Loop.

Waianae Avenue, the major arterial for all ofthe Schofield neighborhoods, has trees fronting thedifferent neighborhoods which help to unify them.For instance, Norfolk Island pines along WaianaeAvenue fronting the Commanding Officers Quar-ters are seen throughout the Generals Loop area.Monkeypod trees front the quarters of lower rank-ing officers.

A lush tropical plan palette surrounds each ofthe Officers Quarters. Because of its close proximityto Wilikina Drive, the rear of this neighborhood is

heavily screened with large monkeypod, banyan, andmango trees. The landform along the fence in this areais bermed to help reduce the noise of road traffic.

Housing density is quite low compared withother areas. The open space around the quarters arenicely landscaped with large canopy trees such asmonkeypods, earpods, and banyans. The higher-density areas have little open space around the units.

The more notable open spaces aroundSchofield include the Generals Loop area with itsNorfolk Island pines; the Watts/Ralstom Field areawith its ironwood, monkeypod, jacaranda, and eu-

calyptus trees; Canby Field neighborhood with itsmonkeypods and royal palms; and Gimlet Fieldneighborhood with its row of earpods.

Major Trees/Palms:

Monkeypod

Banyan

Earpod

Norfolk Island pine

Kauri

Royal palm

Ironwood

Other Trees:

Mango

African tulip

Plumeria

Brassaia



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Leilehua

Avenue

Scale in Feet

0 150 300 450 600

North

Gle

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t.

FooteAvenueLe

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Waianae

Avenue

WilikinaDrive

Kuni

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Generals Loop

SCHOFIELD BARRACKSNEIGHBORHOODBOUNDARY

Canby AreaCraftsman-styleHouses

Large Mission-styleHouses Banyan, Norfolk Island Pine,

Royal Palm, Kauri & Narra

Banyan,Norfolk Island Pine,

Royal Palm,Kauri & Narra

SmallMission-style

Houses

CanbyRoad

V

IEW

LEGEND:

Major Trees

Major Palms

Open Space

Landscape at Schofield Barracks


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Schofield Craftsman DesignThe Schofield Barracks historic housing areas

are good examples of residential communities de-veloped to serve a military unit, with single men ina barracks complex and the officers in an adjacent hous-ing group. The houses in the neighborhood can becategorized in two main design groupsCraftsmanand Mission. They reflect the popular architecturalstyles of the period as well as regional influences.

Quads and houses at Schofield BarracksSource: U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii Photo #6471

Craftsman-style Houses, 1923Source: U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii

Hawaiis plantation housing. The pitched roofs, U-shaped plan around an open courtyard, and largescreened areas show how Army housing design wereadapted to tropical living by integration of the inte-rior and exterior spaces. The screened lanai and hall-

way areas created a continuous indoor and outdoorcirculation and also provided excellent cross-venti-lation throughout the house.

Examples of these adapted Craftsman designs,found only in Hawaii, were built at several Armyinstallations, including Schofield Barracks, FortShafter, Luke Field (at Ford Island), and FortKamehameha.

The Craftsman-style houses at Schofield

Barracks represent an early recognition by the Armyof the need for regional variations. Designed in theHonolulu Office of the Constructing Quartermas-ter, the designs show a conscious response to theregional architectural style and to the tropical envi-ronment of the site. These houses combine some ofthe refined Craftsman-style details with the single-wall, board-and-batten construction typical in


The Schofield Canby Craftsman housing area


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The Schofield Canby Craftsman housing areahas 93 single-family houses and one duplex that were

constructed over a period of nine years, between1919 and 1928. The three houses at Generals Loopwere built in 1918. Although several different floorplans were used, the houses utilize the same con-struction materials and details.

Craftsman Corner-Entry PlanThe corner entry plan is the most commonly

used of all the Craftsman-style house designs. There

are 82 houses with this plan in the Canby neigh-borhood, and both of the houses at Generals Loopare of this type. The plan is often mirrored so thatthe entrance may be on the left or right side of thefront elevation. The main entry is into a lanai,

originally screened but now typically enclosed withjalousies or other windows. The living room and din-ing room are in the middle of the house. One wingconsists of the kitchen, pantry, servants and utilityareas, while the other wing contains the three bed-

Schofield Craftsman Corner-Entry planSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

rooms. Quarters 229 at Generals Loop varies fromthis standard design only in that the entry was movedto the center of the front elevation, and the diningroom was moved to the previous location of the cor-ner entry lanai, creating an expansive living room.Craftsman corner-entry floor plan


Craftsman Center-Entry Five-Bedroom Plan


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Craftsman Center-Entry Five-Bedroom PlanOne house in the Canby neighborhood of

Schofield Barracks has this plan. The central entryleads directly into the living room. The dining room,kitchen, utility room (probably a former pantry), abathroom, and two bedrooms from the formerservants quarters are located in one wing. The cur-rent family room, three bedrooms, and two bath-rooms are located in the opposite wing. It appearsthat this building was originally a Bachelor Offic-

ers Quarters building modified to create a single-family house. It was constructed in 1928, at thesame time as Quarters 409, now a duplex unit but

Craftsman center-entry five-bedroom floor plan

originally Bachelor Officers Quarters. The sym-metrical room layout of this house corresponds withthat of the Bachelor Officers Quarters, which hadfour two-room suites, each with an adjacent bath-room, and a shared living room space at the central

Facility 509 (Craftsman center-entry five-bedroom plan)Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

entry. To convert this to single-family quarters, twoof the suite rooms were changed into a kitchen anddining room, one suite room was changed to a fam-ily room, and one of the bathrooms was convertedinto a laundry room.



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Craftsman center-entry six-bedroom floor plan

Craftsman Center-Entry Six-Bedroom PlanThere are 10 houses with the center-entry plan

at Schofield Barracks, all in the Canby neighbor-hood. The front entrance leads into a central lanai,which is screened on the front side and has win-dows facing the central back courtyard. One side

Craftsman Center-entry six bedroom planSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

wing of the house contains the living room, diningroom, pantry, kitchen, servants quarters with twobedrooms, and utility spaces. The living room has afireplace at the side exterior wall, and the diningroom protrudes seven feet from the side of the house.

Four bedrooms and two bathrooms are in the op-posite wing. The bedrooms are accessed by a hall-way along the courtyard that was originally screened.The central courtyards of some of these houses havebeen enclosed.



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Craftsman duplex floor plan

Facility 409 (Craftsman duplex plan)Source: Mason Architects, Inc.

Craftsman Duplex PlanSchofield Barracks has one building of this type

located in the Canby neighborhood. The front cen-tral entry leads into a small foyer, which has a doorleading into the living room of each unit. From theliving room one can access the dining room, which

was originally a bedroom, or a hallway that leadsalong the central courtyard. This hallway accessesthe kitchen, a utility room that was originally a bath-room, two bedrooms, a bathroom, and storage space.The two duplex units are mirror images around the

central courtyard. This building, originally a Bach-elor Officers Quarter, has been modified to createa duplex by dividing the central common livingroom space and creating an alcove entry with sepa-rate entry doors into the two living rooms. Onebathroom was converted into a utility room, andtwo of the rooms on each side became a kitchenand a dining room.


Commanding Officers House


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Quarters 227, Commanding Officers House, Schofield, c. 1931

Quarters 227, Commanding Officers HouseSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

Dining room with built-in cabinets, Commanding Officers HouseSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

Living room, Commanding Officers HouseSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

gThe area now known as Generals Loop was

originally designated to house artillery units. Whenthe artillery role was enlarged, their barracks weremoved and the generals quarters were built. Quar-ters 227, designated for the senior officer, was firstoccupied by Brig. Gen. John W. Heard in 1918.This unit is very similar in layout to the six-bed-room central entry design, except that the entry lanaiand central courtyard are wider, the dining room

does not protrude out from the side of the build-ing, and the pantry is located directly adjacent tothe kitchen. Also, the second bathroom in the bed-room wing is located between two bedrooms ratherthan being accessed from the hallway. The rooms atthe back of the wing beyond the kitchen have beenslightly modified from their original layout.


CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATUREST

Plate rail with ornate brackets at dining


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OF CRAFTSMAN DESIGNS

Exterior Features:

Wood-framed hipped roof.

Stone or concrete chimneys.

Exposed rafter ends (no fascia board).

Lava-rock front wall foundation with smallarched openings.

Lava rock piers and cheekwalls at steps.

Board-and-batten single-wall construction(12-inch wide vertical boards with wide bat-tens on the exterior).

Pilasters with pendate or lattice detail.

Bracket-supported roof extension withpaired notched rafters over main entry.

Wooden or concrete entry stairs withcheekwalls, typically lava rock with a con-crete coping.

Double-hung windows.

Diamond-patterned wood muntins or

leaded glass in the living and dining roomwindows.

Screens at entry lanai or in the hallways alongthe interior courtyard.

Interior Features:

Wood floors.

Fireplaces.

Board-and-batten interior wall and ceilingfinish.

Cased beams at living and dining roomceilings.

Wall paneling at living and dining rooms.

Ceiling moldings and baseboards.

Picture moldings.Typical interior details in Craftsman-style unitsSource: David Franzen Photography

Double-hung windows at Craftsman housesSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

room.

China closets with star-patterned muntinsat dining rooms.

Original French doors between the lanai andliving room.

Five-panel and single-panel wood interiordoors.

Historic wood shelves or built-in cabinetsin pantries.

Concrete front entry steps and cheekwallsSource: Mason Architects, Inc.


Luke Field/Ford IslandDesigns Similar to Craftsman Houses


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Asphalt roof shingles (replaced original woodshingles).

Jalousie and fixed windows.

Window A/C units.

Flush and modern-style doors. Modern hardware on doors and cabinets.

Vinyl flooring or carpet.

Over painting of woodwork.

Painting of glass around star muntins ondoors or cabinets.

Modern kitchens and bathrooms.

Plate rail at dining roomSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

The Craftsman houses at Ford Island were built

in 1922 from plans supplied by the U.S. Army Quar-termaster Corps to accommodate the Army AirCorps officers stationed at Luke Field on Ford Is-land. In 1939, the Army moved its Air Corps to nearbyHickam Field, now known as Hickam Air Force Base,and the Navy acquired these Craftsman-style houses.

The four Craftsman house designs at Ford Is-land include two duplex designs. Eight of the 15

houses are the same plan as the Schofield corner-entry design. Two houses are a center-entry designthat is slightly different than the Schofield and FortKamehameha designs. Of the five duplex structures,four are of one design and one has a unique design.All five are different than the Schofield duplex de-sign, but despite the design differences, the materi-als and architectural details are the same.

Fort ShafterThe Hawaii Ordnance Depot was completed

in 1917 on the south side of what was at that timeFort Shafter. The Depot was a separate entity until1955, when it became part of Fort Shafter. FourCraftsman-style houses were constructed in 1917to accommodate officers of the Ordnance Depot.The houses were built from two of the standarddesigns used at the other Oahu Army installations.They appear to have been the same as the Schofieldcenter-entry five-bedroom design and the center-entry six-bedroom design. These houses were de-molished in 1999.

at Schofield Barracks

Fort KamehamehaThe Craftsman-style houses at Fort Kamehameha

were completed 1916. There are two house plantypes. The 30 buildings of the smaller house plantype are the same as the Schofield corner-entry de-sign. The four larger houses, H-shaped in plan, havea central recessed main entry, four bedrooms, andtwo servants rooms with a separate bath. These are

the same as the Schofield Commanding Officershouse design (Quarters 227) at Schofield Barracks.These houses differ from the Schofield houses inthat they do not have fireplaces.


Schofield Mission Designs smaller plan in the housing area between Leilehuad Di k R d h h d f

Larger Mission-Style PlansTh l l l h d


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All of the Schofield Mission-style houses were

constructed in 1932, at the same time as WheelerField (now Wheeler Army Air Field), where all ofthe buildings were designed in this style. Larger floorplans were used in the Canby neighborhood and a

Larger Mission-style HouseSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

and Dickman Roads, at the southeast end of Waianae Avenue. The Canby Mission-style hous-ing area has 34 houses, constructed in rows adja-cent to Canby Field, above Quad F. There are 22houses in the area adjacent to Leilehua Road.

The houses are constructed of concrete blockscovered with stucco. Originally constructed with flatroofs, hipped roofs were later added to deal withthe local climate.

Larger Mission-style House entrySource: Mason Architects, Inc.

The larger Mission-style plans are U-shaped,

with either three or four bedrooms and an addi-tional bedroom added onto the end of one wing.Each house has an entry lanai, living room, diningroom, three or four bedrooms, three bathrooms,kitchen, former maids quarters, pantry and store-rooms. Houses at Wheeler Field with the same planswere designed by Captain George W. Armitage, QMC,who was also in charge of construction at Schofield

Barracks from 1911 until WWI. It is likely that thesesame plans were used for the Schofield houses.



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Large Mission-style House, three-bedroom floor plan

Large Mission-style House, four-bedroom floor plan

Smaller Mission-Style PlanThere are 22 of the smaller Mission-style

homes at Schofield Barracks. These are laid out inpairs, facing each other. The front entry to eachhouse, a diagonal inset at one front corner, leadsinto the living room. From the living room, the twobedrooms and kitchen are accessed. The bathroom

is located between and is accessed by the two bed-rooms. The bedroom along the street side of thehouse has two precast decorative concrete grills. Thekitchen has a breakfast nook built-in with table andtwo bench seats. Beyond the kitchen is the servicearea with laundry and storeroom.

Smaller Mission-style HouseSource: Mason Architects, Inc.


CHARACTER-DEFINING FEATURESOF MISSION DESIGNS


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OF MISSION DESIGNS

Exterior Features:

Wood-framed hipped roof.

Open soffit.

Shingle roofing.

Louvered roof vent.

Concrete block walls with rough plaster finish.

Decorative concrete designs above main en-

try door or at front wall. Small sloped roof with clay tile over main

entry.

Battered wall at main entry at large Mission-style houses.

Angled wall at main entry at smallerMission-style houses.

Historic wood entry door with vertical scoring. Historic French-style door at kitchen entry.

Historic screen doors.

Deep-set windows.

Steel lanai doors.

Arched doorways.

Historic door and window hardware.

Smaller Mission-style House original floor plan


Interior Features:

Acid stained concrete floors


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Steel doors at lanai of larger Mission-style houseSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

Larger Mission-style House living roomSource: Mason Architects, Inc.

Acid-stained concrete floors.

Wrought iron metal railings at entry lanai. Fireplaces with copper hood.

Historic built-in cabinetry.

Historic light fixtures.

Historic bathroom tiles, cabinets, and fixtures.

Plaster wall and ceiling finish.

Wood baseboards and ceiling moldings.

Wood panel doors.

Historic door and window hardware.


Jalousie and fixed windows.

Window A/C units.

Flush and modern-style doors.

Modern hardware at historic doors andcabinets.

Vinyl flooring or carpet.

Over painting of woodwork.

Modern kitchens and bathrooms.



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Wheeler Army AirfieldNeighborhood To Wahiawa


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W H E E L E R A R M Y A I R F I E L D

NeighborhoodSignificance

Wheeler is an excellent example of Army AirCorps base planning. It was built in several majorphases: initial base construction in 193233, pre-WWII construction, and WWII construction. Thelayout reflects the linear base design, with all of theoriginal buildings grouped on one side of the field,typical of early air bases. These different phases areapparent in building locations and styles. The ini-tial base construction buildings are all done in theMission style, pre-WWII housing construction re-flects a simpler style, and WWII construction ismostly temporary wood buildings or concrete mu-nitions storage buildings. Buildings of similar func-tion are bunched together. The hangars line the air-field with maintenance and shop buildings nearby,administration buildings are clustered together, andhouses are grouped in residential areas. The base isrelatively intact, with minor alterations to the build-ings as a whole and relatively few structures builtafter WWII.

The housing designs show a conscious responseto popular regional architectural styles and to the

tropical environment. From 1890 until 1917, theArmys Quartermaster General had produced andused standardized plans throughout the mainlandUnited States. The Armys standard houses up until1917 were generally two-story structures. The his-toric Wheeler houses demonstrate an early accep-tance by the Army of one-story houses, at least forposts in warm climates. Wheeler Army Airfield

H-2 Freeway

KamehamehaHighway

Kunia Road

Wilikina

Drive

SCHOFIELDBARRACKS

To Wahiawa

To Mililani

WHEELER ARMY AIRFIELDNEIGHBORHOOD

BOUNDARY

WHEELER ARMYAIRFIELD BOUNDARY

Scale in Feet

0 2500

North


SCHOFIELD BARRACKSFoote Gate


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W H E E L E R A R M Y A I R F I E L D

Mission-style Company and Field Officers Quarters Plan

Mission-styleNCO Officers Quarters Plan

World War IIHouses

Wheeler Elementary &Intermediate School

WHEELER ARMY AIRFIELDNEIGHBORHOODBOUNDARY

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rive

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Scale in Feet

0 200 400 600

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World War II Houses Company Officers Quarters Duplex Design Field Officers Quarters Single-family House Plan Company Officers Apartment Plan

Wheeler Army Airfield neighborhood

military family housing in hawaii history

Documents