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SECOND EDITION2013

MIGRATION FOR THE BENEFIT OF ALL

International Organization for Migration (IOM)Mission in Ukraine

MIGRATION IN UKRAINEFACTS & FIGURES

8 Mykhailivska St., Kyiv, 01001, UkraineTel.: +38 044 568 50 15 Fax: +38 044 568 50 16

e-mail: [email protected]

FOREWORDDear Reader,

I am pleased to present you the second edition of ‘Migration in Ukraine: Facts and Figures’. With this publication, the Mission of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Ukraine intends to provide you with an updated compilation of statistics and an overview of migration trends.

While this short overview can only serve as an introduction to the complex and often inter-related topic of migration issues in Ukraine, we have tried to the extent possible, to put the facts and figures in context and to highlight how the relevant trends have evolved over time. This appears even more important given the often limited information available.

In line with IOM’s overall mandate, this fact sheet aims at advancing the understanding of the opportunities and challenges of migration in the Ukrainian context. Maximizing those opportunities and minimizing the challenges accompanied with migratory movements are the guiding principles of all activities and programmes the Mission is engaged in.

In doing so, the IOM Mission in Ukraine continues fighting trafficking in human beings, assisting the Government in dealing with irregular migration and migration management, and creating migrant-inclusive health practices and policies. At the same time, IOM Ukraine engages in exploring and promoting regular channels for Ukrainian labour migrants, integrating ethnic minorities, promoting the benefits of cultural diversity, and counteracting xenophobia.

This overview is a dynamic document, which will be updated on a regular basis, and thus, we welcome any comments, advice and new data, which you might have and that may help to improve this document in the future.

Manfred ProfaziChief of Mission, IOM Mission in Ukraine

Disclaimer: The facts and views contained in this publication, which is provided for information purposes only, do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM).

© All rights reserved, IOM Ukraine (2013)

The IOM Mission in Ukraine is grateful to the Senior Researcher with the National Institute for Strategic Studies Ms. Olena Malynovska for her expert review of the brochure.

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General information

IOM

UKRAINE: Middle Income Country

Established in 1951, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) works closely with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental partners to promote humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. With 151 member states and 12 states holding observer status, IOM has its offices in over 100 countries.

The IOM Mission in Ukraine was established in 1996, when Ukraine became an observer

state of the Organization. In 2001, Ukraine requested membership in IOM, which was formalized with the Ukrainian Parliament’s ratification in 2002.

Over 17 years of work in Ukraine, IOM has assisted more than 300,000 migrants (Ukrainians and nationals of other countries), potential migrants, victims of trafficking and other vulnerable groups, directly or through its project partners.

• Population (2012): 45.5 million1. Ukraine is the 29th biggest country in the world.

• Population growth (average %, 2000–2012): –0.6 annually2.From 2000–2012, the population of Ukraine declined by 4 mln people. This process has slowed: the natural population decline coefficient in 2012 was –3.1 per 1,000 people compared to –7,6 per 1,000 people in 2000.

• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (2012): USD 176.308 billion in current prices or USD 3,870 per capita3.

• Unemployment rate according to the Inter-national Labour Organization methodology (average 2012): 7.5% of the population aged 15 and 704.If employment abroad was not possible, the unemployment rate in Ukraine in 2008 was estimated to have been 1.5 times higher5.

• Net Migration Rate (2010–2015): –0.2 migrants/1,000 population6.

• Human Development Index (HDI)a: 78 of 186 countries in 20127.

aA composite statistic of life expectancy, education and income

3



Migration from Ukraine

4

Labour Migration

Between January 2010 and June 2012, 1.2 million people, or 3.4% of the population between 15 and 70, were working or searching for employment abroad, according to a study conducted by the State Statistics Service and the Institute of Demography and Social Studies within an EU-funded project implemented by ILO and IOM13.

FIGURE 1. Main Destination Countries of Ukrainian Labour Migrants (2010–2012)14

43% Russian Federation

14% Poland13% Italy

13% Czech Republic5% Spain

2% Hungary

2% Portugal

8% Othercountries

• 204,000 residence permits were issued to nationals of Ukraine by EU member states in 2011. Ukrainian citizens comprise the largest group among the third-country nationals holding such permits in the EU8. However, the majority of these permits are short-term (up to a year), and 156,000 of them were issued by Poland for seasonal employments9. In 2012, Ukrainians formed the fifth biggest group among third-country nationals staying in the EU, after the citizens of Turkey (2.3 mln), Morocco (1.9 mln), Albania and China10.

• According to the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation, as of mid–2013,

there were 1.4 mln Ukrainian citizens temporarily or permanently staying in Russia. 127,800 of these Ukrainians were holders of work permits, comprising 11% of the foreign labour force in the Russian Federation11.

• In 2011–2012, the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MoI) of Ukraine issued documents for 12,000 citizens of Ukraine who left the country for permanent residence abroad12.

• Top destination countries: the Russian Federation, Germany, Israel, the United States, Belarus, the Czech Republic.



35% Women

65% Men

46% Construction

4% Industry

11% Agricultural sector

9% Wholesale and retail trade4% Other kinds of work

18% Domestic care

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

the RussianFederation

Italy Germany Spain the CzechRepublic

the UnitedStates

4% Transport sector

4% Hotel and restaurant sector

FIGURE 2. Gender Breakdown of Ukrainian Labour Migrants (2010–2012)15

Among Ukrainian labour migrants working abroad in 2010–2012, 38% had residence and work permits, 13% had work permits, 24% had temporary registration, 17% had no legal status and 4% stayed in other countries with only tourist visas17.

35% Women

65% Men

46% Construction

4% Industry

11% Agricultural sector

9% Wholesale and retail trade4% Other kinds of work

18% Domestic care

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

the RussianFederation

Italy Germany Spain the CzechRepublic

the UnitedStates

4% Transport sector

4% Hotel and restaurant sector

FIGURE 3. Main Employment Areas of Ukrainian Labour Migrants16

Since the conduct of a similar study in 2008, labour migration patterns have stayed rather stable. The balance between Ukrainian migrants working in Russia and the EU is close to 50/50, with men comprising about two-thirds of all labour migrants.


e-mail: [email protected] 6

Very low

AverageHigh

Low

Very High

MAP 4. Distribution of Ukrainian Labour Migrants by Regions of Origin (2008)19

Economic differences between Ukraine’s regions are significant. For instance, per capita income in Donetsk Region was USD 683 in the first quarter of 2011, which was 20% higher than the average income of USD 550 for all of Ukraine. The average income in Chernivtsi Region was USD 352, 37% less than the country average.

This is one of the factors behind the current geographical distribution pattern of source regions for labour migration18 (see Map 4). Other key factors include border proximity, established migration networks, and cultural ties.

Only some migrants manage to find jobs abroad corresponding to their qualification levels. Regardless of their education, most migrants are working in low-skilled jobs20. Due to the existing mismatch between migrants’ skills and occupied positions abroad, Ukrainian labour migration, at least to a certain extent, can be qualified as “brain drain”21. This disparity is further evidenced when data on migrants’ areas of employment abroad (see Figure 3) are juxtaposed with their education level (see Figure 5).



FIGURE 6. Age Characteristics of Ukrainian Emigrants to the “New World” (2011)

Emigrants to Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA were predominantly aged under 30 (64%), female (64%), held higher education (56%), and intended to emigrate permanently (25%).

The survey confirmed that mostly young and educated Ukrainians leave the country for permanent residence abroad. According to the received data, future emigrants were mainly employed in the areas of education, culture, science, retail and services in Ukraine, or were students.

13 % Over 50 years

64 % Under 30 years

17 % 31–40 years

6 % 41–50 years

м FIGURE 5. Education Level of Ukrainian Labour Migrants (2010–2012)

15% Completehigher education

5% Basic secondary or primary education

65% Secondary education

15% Basic higher or uncompleted education

Profile Survey of Ukrainians Emigrating to the “New World” (2011)22

A survey of 150 Ukrainian migrants going to Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA was conducted by IOM Ukraine in September–October 2011. One hundred and fifty randomly selected persons were interviewed. The poll demonstrated gender and age differences concerning intentions to emigrate.



Ukrainian Diaspora

0

500,000

Russia USACanada MoldovaKazakhstan

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

Brazil

FIGURE 8. Ukrainian Diaspora, Main Countries (2000–2010)23

The prevailing reasons of emigration to Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA are family reunification and permanent residence, while emigration to EU and Russia is mostly labour-oriented (see figure 7).

Historically, Ukraine has one of the largest diasporas in the world, with many of its members maintaining cultural and economic linkages with their homeland. The size of the Ukrainian diaspora is estimated at between 12 and 20 million, depending on which definition of “diaspora” is applied.

FIGURE 7. Reasons for Emigration of Ukrainians to the “New World” (2011)

Studying 21 %

Other 18 %Family reunification 40 %

Employment 21 %



Migration to Ukraine

FIGURE 9: Number of Immigrants Officially Registered in Ukraine (2008–2012)

The total stock of immigrants, who were staying in Ukraine with a residence permit as of 2012, comprised 230,89124.

The number of immigrants has been steadily increasing since 2008, by 10,000–15,000 persons annually.

Top countries of origin are the Russian Federation, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.

The highest number of foreigners holding work permits in Ukraine was recorded in 2008, at a time of increased economic activity. However, due to the first wave of the global financial crisis, this number began to decline sharply and now remains steadily at around 8,000.

160,000165,000170,000175,000180,000185,000190,000195,000200,000205,000210,000215,000220,000225,000230,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

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The Kyiv International Insitute of Sociology conducted a poll for the Institute of Human Rights and Prevention of Extremism and Xenophobia in 2011. About 400 migrants, representatives of 10 ethnic groups aged over 18, were interviewed in all the regions of Ukraine.

• 51% have higher education • 81% are permanently and legally living in Ukraine• 10% are students or temporary labour migrants and 9% have irregular status

or are asylum seekers• 74% are employed• 56% are officially employed (14% are private entrepreneurs)• 15% claim that their relatives or friends could also move to Ukraine • 80% fluently communicate with the locals in Russian or Ukrainian • 12% speak only their native language• 66% of migrants’ children study at local schools • 91% have good friends among the locals• 93% enjoy freedom in their religious practices in Ukraine

Migrants in Ukraine25: Facts about Integration Level (2011)



Demographics, Migration and Development Demographics

FIGURE 5. EDUCATION LEVEL OF UKRAINIAN LABOUR MIGRANTS21

17%

59%10%

14%59% Complete secondary17% Basic or incomplete higher14% Complete higher10% Primary or incomplete secondary

The population development of Ukraine is characterized by demographic decline. Between 1991 and 2010 the total population declined from 51.7 million to 45.9 million, reflecting a sharp decline in birth rate and a negative migration balance. This trend is expected to continue, implying that the overall population will decline by another 10 million until 2050. By 2050, nearly half of the population will be more than 45 years old22.

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 205030 mln

32 mln

34 mln

36 mln

38 mln

40 mln

42 mln

44 mln

46 mln

Unemployment and Migration

Migrant-non-migrant wage differential: the average migrant wage abroad was USD 82025 in 2008 , which was almost 3 times higher than the average salary in Ukraine (USD 28126). The main migration push factors for Ukrainian labour migrants are the improvement of their living standards and the prospect of higher salaries (over 56%); whilst unemployment is a marginal variable (less than 7%)27. However income differentials are not the sole motivation factor for migration; the decision process includes non-fiscal variables such as social preferences and cultural values28.

Remittances to Ukraine are nearly equivalent to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and almost eight times higher than Official Development Assistance (ODA). Hypothetical models estimate that the Ukrainian economy would have lost about 7% of its potential without the stimulating effects of migrant transfers32 and that a 10% increase in per capita remittances leads to a 3.5% decline in the share of people living in poverty33. The biggest share of remittances is used for living expenses (73%) and consumer goods (26%), whilst only 3.3% are used for setting up a business34. One per cent reduction in transaction costs raises recorded remittances by 14-23%35.

FIGURE 7. THE PROPORTION OFPOPULATION AGED 65+ (2000 & 2025)24

% p

opul

atio

n

20000

10

5

15

25

20

2025

Aging is an inevitable demographic trend and Ukraine is projected to experience an increase in the percentage of Ukrainians of retirement age (aged 65 or over) from 14% to 20.5%24. This development will have significant consequences for the labour force, who will have to support the growing number of pensioners and people in need of health care.

Migrant Monetary Transfers to Ukraine (Remittances)FIGURE 8.

FDIRemittances ODA0

4

2

6

10

8

billi

on U

SD

Net FDI (2010): 5.5 billion USD29

Remittances (2010): 5.2 billion USD30

Official Development Assistance (2009): 0.667 billion USD31

Fertility rate: 1.29 children born/woman (2012)30

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

FIGURE 10. Number of Foreign Migrant Workers Registered in Ukraine (2002–2012)26

FIGURE 11. Population Decline Prognosis in Ukraine 2010–205029

The population development of Ukraine is characterized by demographic decline. Between 1991 and 2012, the total population declined by more than seven million, reflecting a sharp decline in birth rate and a negative migration balance. This trend is expected to continue, implying that the overall population will decline by another 10 million by 2050. Moreover, by 2050, it is estimated that nearly half of the population will be more than 45 years old27. By 2050, the share of the population aged over 60 will grow by 50%, and the share of population aged over 80 will more than triple over the same period of time28.

0

1 billion

2 billion

3 billion

4 billion

5 billion

6 billion

7 billion

Remittances FDI



Remittances (2012): USD 7.5 billion32

Net Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) (2012): USD 6 billion33

The amount of private remittances transferred to Ukraine in 2012 is estimated at around USD 7.5 billion, which is equal to 4% of Ukraine’s GDP in the same year31.

There is a continuous increase in the amount of remittances to Ukraine since 2001, except for 2009 (see Figure 13). Hypothetical models estimate that the Ukrainian economy would have lost about 7% of its potential without the stimulating effects of migrant transfers34 and that a 10% increase in per capita remittances leads to a 3.5% decline in the share of people living in poverty35. The biggest share of remittances is used for living expenses (73%) and consumer goods (26%), whilst only 3.3% are used for setting up a business36. A one per cent reduction in transaction costs raises recorded remittances by 14–23%, according to estimates37. Ukraine receives the largest shares of remittances from Ukrainian migrants residing in Russia, the United States, Germany, Greece, Italy, and the United Kingdom38, which indicates that it is not only Ukrainian labour migrants supporting their families but also the members of the diaspora.

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Migrant Monetary Transfers to Ukraine (Remittances)

FIGURE 12. Private Transfers to Ukraine Compared to Investments (2012)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

FIGURE 13. Migrant Remittance Inflow (USD million) to Ukraine (2001–2012)39



21% Other Countries


13% Turkey

14% Poland

4% the Czech Republic

3% Italy 6% Ukraine

Ukraine remains one of the main countries of origin of victims of trafficking in Europe. Out of the estimated 120,000 Ukrainian citizens who have been trafficked since 199140, IOM has identified and assisted more than 9,000 victims. Numerous new trends are emerging, including an increase in labour exploitation; the risk group for trafficking expanding from young women between 15–24 years to women and men of all ages; a significant number of unidentified childvictims in state care; and an increasing number of foreigners being exploited in Ukraine.

FIGURE 15. Main Countries of Destination for Victims of Trafficking, Assisted by IOM Ukraine (2000–2012)

254332

525626

MenWomenGender unavailable

828 820 773

937

1,121 1,085

42

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

945

2012

823

2011

Trafficking in Human Beings

FIGURE 14. Victims of Trafficking Assisted by IOM in Ukraine (2000–2012)

Along with being a country of origin of trafficking in human beings, Ukraine is also increasingly becoming a country of destination for persons trafficked internationally. There is also a rise in internal trafficking in Ukraine.



There was a stable number of apprehensions for violations of rules of stay in 2005–2011 (approximately 12,000–14,000), while the number of cross-border apprehensions has been steadily regressing since 2006.

FIGURE 17. Nationality of Migrants Apprehended for Illegal Crossing of the State Border (2012)43

In recent years, Ukraine has witnessed a shifting trend in main countries of origin of irregular migrants detected at the border, with dominant nationalities changing from Asia to the newly independent states (CIS region).

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

MoI data

SBGS data

FIGURE 16. Number of Migrants Apprehended in Ukraine for Stay Violations41 and for Irregular Crossing of Ukraine’s State Border42 (2003–2011)

13

30% Moldova


21% Other countries

6% Georgia

6% Afghanistan

5% Somalia5% Belarus 2% Tajikistan

4% Stateless persons

Irregular Migration



Diaspora — refers to any people or ethnic population that leave their traditional ethnic homelands, being dispersed throughout other parts of the world.

Emigrant — a person undertaking an emigration.

Emigration — the act of departing or exiting from one state with a view to settle in another.

Immigrant — a person undertaking an immigration.

Immigration — a process by which non-nationals move into a country for the purpose of settlement.

Irregular Migrant — someone who, owing to illegal entry or the expiry of his or her visa, lacks legal status in a transit or host country.

Irregular Migration — movement that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the sending, transit and receiving countries.

Labour Migration — movement of persons from their home state to another state for the purpose of employment.

Migrant Worker — a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national.

Migration — a process of moving, either across an international border, or within a state.

Remittances — monies earned or acquired by non-nationals that are transferred back to their country of origin.

Trafficking in Human Beings — the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.

Glossary44



1. State Statistics Service of Ukraine (SSS), 20132. SSS, 20133. SSS, 20134. SSS, 20125. Ukrainian Centre for Social Reforms (UCSR), SSS, “Ukrainian External Labour Migration”, 20096. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), 20127. UNDP Human Development Report, 20128. European Commission 4th Annual Report on Immigration and Asylum, 20129. Eurostat, 201210. Eurostat, 201211. Federal Migration Service, 201312. State Migration Service of Ukraine (SMS), 201313. Labour Migration Survey (LMS), 2012 (within EU-funded project “Effective Governance of Labour Migration and its Skills Dimensions”, implemented by the ILO and IOM)14. LMS, 201215. LMS, 201216. LMS, 201217. LMS, 201218. M. Hoffman & D. Reichel, “Ukrainian Migration: An Analysis of Migration Movements to, through and from Ukraine”, 201119. UCSR, SSS, “Ukrainian External Labour Migration”, 200920. European Training Centre (ETF), 200921. O. Malynovska, “International Migration in Contemporary Ukraine: Trends and Policy”, 2004

22. IOM Ukraine, 201123. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine (MFA), 201024. SMS, 201325. Kyiv International Institute of Sociology for the Institute of Human Rights and Prevention of Extremism and Xenophobia, 201126. Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine (MSP), 201227. UNDESA, 200928. Institute of Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 201329. UN Population Devision, 200930. CIA World Factbook, 201231. National Bank of Ukraine (NBU), 201332. NBU, 201333. NBU, 201334. Centre for Social and Economic Research (CASE), 200835. WB, 201036. ETF, 200937. C. Freund (World Bank), N. Spatafora (IMF), 200838. NBU, 201039. WB, NBU, 2001–201340. IOM, 201241. Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (MoI), 201242. State Border Guard Service of Ukraine (SBGS), 201243. SBGS, 201244. Glossary on Migration, IOM, 2004

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References

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