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Page 1: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

©Sara Hallin

Microbiology in

activated sludge

processes

Sara Hallin

SLU

Page 2: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Wastewater treatment

Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s.

The activated sludge processes dominates and is the

largest biotechnology industry in the world.

500 l sewage per person and day in Sweden!

(1,6 x 109 m3/yr)

Historically….

Sanitation problems 1850-1930

Environmental problems 1930-2000

Recycling 2000-

Page 3: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Microorganisms in activated sludge processes

•Microorganisms are the activated sludge process!

•Bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, algea and metazoa…

•Microorganisms enter the treatment plant from the sewage system.

Page 4: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Activated sludge processes

• Aeration basin and settling tank.

• The concept: Microorganisms (biomass)

grow in the aeration tank and degrade

organic matter while consuming

oxygen.

• Floc formation is essential for settling.

• The retention time for microorganisms

exceed that for the sewage.

• Nitrogen removal: Biological

• Phosphorus removal: Chemically or

biologically.

Page 5: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Life on earth

Page 6: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Litotrophs Organotrophs Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

All organisms

Chemical energy Light energy

Chemotrophs Phototrophs

Autotrophs Mixotrophs

Page 7: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Metabolism

Page 8: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Aerobic respiration

Page 9: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Oxidation:

KOLFÖRENING KOLDIOXID + ELEKTRONER + VÄTEJONER

Reduktion:

SYRE + ELEKTRONER + VÄTEJONER VATTEN

Fullständig reaktion:

KOLFÖRENING + SYRE KOLDIOXID + VATTEN

BIOKEMISKT BUNDEN ENERGI

Page 10: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Fermentation:

GLUKOS ETANOL + KOLDIOXID

BIOKEMISKT BUNDEN ENERGI

Fermentation av socker till etanol och koldioxid. En del av kolet i

sockret har oxiderats till koldioxid medan en del har reducerats till

etanol (vanlig sprit).

Page 11: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Aerob Respiration(organotrof)

H20

Fermentation(organotrof)

ATP

8 NADH 2 GTP

6 CO2

Glukos

2 ATP2 NADH

Glukolys

2 Pyruvat

Citronsyracykeln2 FADH

O2

NADH

FADHATP

ATP

Fermentationsreaktioner

Pyruvat

AcCoA

Laktat

Acetate

Etanol

AcetaldehydNADH

NAD+

NADH

NAD+ATP

Redox

+

Glukos

2 ATP2 NADH

Glukolys

2 Pyruvat

-

Page 12: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Biochemical events in activated

sludge

CO2+H2O+SO42-

PO43-+NO3

-

Organics

(C, H, O, N, P, S)

+

Oxygen

+

Biomass

Mineralised products

Energy (ATP)

Reducing Power

Precursors

Catabolism

Anabolism

Biomass Waste

Page 13: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Organiskt material bryts ner av mikroorganismer i luftningsbassängen.

Slammet (biomassa och organiskt material)avskiljs från det renade

vattnet i sedimenteringsbassängen..

Traditionell ASP

Page 14: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

NH4+ NO2

- NO3-

N2O

NO

NO2-

Organically bound nitrogen

org-NH2

N2

Nitrogen fixation

Nitrification

Assimilation

AssimilationMineralization/

Ammonification

ATMOSPHERE

SOIL/WATER

Denitrification

Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium

Microbiological reactions in the N cycle

Page 15: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Nitrification in water treatment

Nitrification lowers BOD load in recipient

Nitrification coupled to denitrificationlowers N load in recipient

Nitrogen removal systems:- natural wetlands- constructed wetlands- wastewater treatment plants

Process problems with inhibition: Microbial sensors for detectingnitrification inhibitors

Page 16: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Nitrification

Nitrosomonas

Nitrification involves several reactions andtwo different bacteria:

1. Dissociation of ammonium

2. Oxidation of ammoniaAmmonia monooxygenase (AMO):

Integral membrane proteinCan oxidize methaneCometabolize halogenatedcompoundsInhibited by acetylene

3. Oxidation of hydroxylamineHydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO):

Soluble, periplasmic protein

4. Oxidation of nitrite

Page 17: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Ammonia oxidation:

NH3 + 1,5O2 NO2- + H+ + H2O

Page 18: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Periplams

OH-

Nitrite oxidation: NO2- + ½ O2 NO3

-

Page 19: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Carbon metabolism

Cell constituents

Growth

Page 20: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Energetic constraints...

1. ATP and NADPH (reducing power) requirements in Calvin cycle

2. NAD(P)H formed by reverse e- flow:

Energetic constraints are severe, particularly for NO2- oxidizers.

Many NO2- also grow chemoorganotrophically on glucose or other

substrates.

Cyt c2e-Cyt c

O2

NAD(P)+e-

e-

Page 21: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Nitrosomonas europeae

The nitrifying bacteria

Key genera: Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter

Phylogenetically or Proteobacteria(except Nitrospira)

NH3 oxidizers

NitrosomonasNitrosococcusNitrosospira(NitrosolobusNitrosovibrio)

NO2- oxidizers

NitrobacterNitrospinaNitrococcusNitrospira

Page 22: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Denitrifikation är en andningsprocess som där nitrat

omvandlas till kvävgas i flera komplicerade steg

inom en och samma bakteriecell:

nitrat nitrit kväveoxid lustgas kvävgas

(NO3- NO2

- NO N2O N2)

Styrning och reglering av avloppsreningsverk

Page 23: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Denitrification: anaerobic respiration

Organic compound CO2

Biosynthesis

Carbon flow

NO3-, (NO2

-, N2O)

Electron flowATP

Page 24: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Denitrification

Denitrification is a respiratory process where oxidizednitrogen compounds (NO3

-, NO2) are reduced stepwise togaseous end products (NO, N2O, N2):

Cytoplasma

Periplasma

NO3-

NO2- NO3

-

H+

NADH2 NAD+

Proton motive

force

2e- 2e- 2e-

NO2- NO

NO N2O

N2O N2

e-nar nor

nir nos

Page 25: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Archaea:• Extreme halophiles, Halobacterium

Proteobacteria (α, β, γ):• Phototrophic bacteria, Rhodobacter• Budding bacteria, Hyphomicrobium, Blastobacter• Helical bacteria, Azospirillum, Campylobacter• Nitrogen fixing bacteria, Rhizobium• Ammonia oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosomonas• Gram negative cocci, Paracoccus, Neisseria• Chemoautotrophs, Thiobacillus, Beggiatoa• Others, Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Flavobacterium

Gram positives:• Spore forming, Bacillus• Non-spore forming, Corynebacterium

More than 50 genera and 130 species ofdenitrifying bacteria…

Page 26: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Redox

+

Glukos

2 ATP2 NADH

Glukolys

2 Pyruvat

2 GTP

6 CO2

Citronsyracykeln

8 NADH

2 FADH

ATPNADH

FADHATP

NO3- NO2

- NO N2O N2

-

O2

NH4+

H20

ATP

DenitrifikationNitrifikation

NO2-

Page 27: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Nitrifierande bakterier Denitrifierande bakterier

•Nitrifierare finns i mark och vatten

•Bara några få arter

•Nitrifikation är två energigivande processer som utförs av två olika grupper av bakterier

•Nitrifierare växer långsamt

•Denitrifierare finns nästan överallt

•Många bakteriesläkten

•Denitrifikation är en alternativ andningsprocess i frånvaro av syre

•Denitrifierare är växer oftast snabbt

Page 28: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Efterdenitrifikation för biologisk kväveavskiljning

Fördenitrifikation för biologisk kväveavskiljning

Page 29: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Effekt av extern kolkällapå kvävereningen

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Nitro

ge

n r

edu

ction

(%)

Time (days)

R

E

a

0

5

10

15

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Denitri

ficati

on r

ate

(mg

N2O

-N g

-1 V

SS

h-1

)

Time (days)

R

E

b

1. Kvävereningsgrad (%): 2. Denitrifikastionskapacitet:

Tid (dagar) Tid (dagar)

R = Fördenitrifikation utan extern kolkällaE = Fördenitrifikation med etanoltillsats

Page 30: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Intermittent dosering av etanol

i en fördenitrifikationsprocess

Page 31: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

NH3 NO2- NO3

-

N2O

NO

NO2-

Organic nitrogenorg-NH2

N2

N-fixation

Nitrification

Mineralization

AIR

SOIL/WATER

Denitrification

Dissimilatory nitratreduction to ammonium (DNRA)

N-cycle

Assimilation

Assimilation

N2H2

Anammox

NH2OH

Page 32: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Anoxic Ammonia Oxidation: Anammox

Uncharacterized organisms from wastewater treatment or nitrate rich sludge have beeen shown to oxidize ammonia to N2 (1995).

The reaction is nitrate or nitrite dependent.

5NH4+ + 3NO2

- 4N2 + 6H2O + 2H+

The organisms grow autotrophically using CO2.

Page 33: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Ekeby Constructed Wetland

Co

mm

un

itie

s i

n s

ed

ime

nts

Denitrification in a wetland for N-removal

Total area: 36 ha

Flow: ~45000m3/day

Page 34: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Wa

ter-

flo

w p

ath

s

Page 35: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

11.113.04103.2 NR CTPDA

Multiple regressions:

De

nit

rifi

ca

tio

n r

ate

s

Page 36: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

µg

N/g

DW

/h

Pla

nts

aff

ec

t d

en

itri

fic

ati

on

Page 37: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Pla

nt

eff

ec

ts i

n

se

dim

en

t

(Ruiz et al., 2008, submitted)

• Typha and Fragmites select nosZ communities

• Seasonal differences

Page 38: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Biological phosphorus removal

ANAEROBIC AEROBIC

Energy

Phosphate

Short chainfatty acids

EnergyPhosphateO2

CO2+H2O

Energy consumption for uptake of soluble organics.ATP and PO43- is released.

Energy is conserved as poly-phosphate granules. Uptake ofPO4

3-.Consumption of storedproducts (PHB).

Page 39: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Biological phosphorus removal

PO43-

O2

CO2+H2O EnergyEnergyPO4

3-Organics

Deni

trif

icat

ion

ANAEROBIC REACTOR AEROBIC REACTOR SEDIMENTATION

Recirculation of NO3-

Page 40: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

PHB synthesis & degradation

Acetoacetate ß-hyroxybutyryl-CoA

ß-hydroxybutyrate

Acetoacetyl-CoA

Poly-ß-hyroxybutyrate

(PHB)

Acetic acid

Acetyl-CoA

Page 41: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Flocken är fundamentet i aktivt slam.

• Snabb och effektiv sedimentering

• Icke sedimenterbara partiklar adorberas

till flocken.

• Biologisk aktivitet är koncentrerad

till flocken.

Sedimentering

Page 42: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

• Slemproducerande bakterier “klistrar” ihop flocken

• Filamentbildande bakterier är flockens “armering”.

• Bakterier är en förutsättning för flockbildning.

• Flockbildande förmåga är självreglerande i systemet.

Flockar skapas av flera olika sorters

mikroorganismer.

Page 43: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Sedimenteringsproblem som beror på mikroorganismer

Problem Orsak Konsekvens

1. Dispergerad tillväxt Inga riktiga flockar bildas

då mikroorganismerna

förekommer som enskilda

celler

Utgående vatten är

grumligt, dålig

sedimentering

2. Mikroflockar Små, svaga flockar som

lätt slås sönder. Uppstår

då BOD i inkommande

vatten är låg i förhållande

till SS-halten

Utgående vatten är

grumligt, lågt SVI

3. Flytslam Spontan denitrifikation i

sedimenteringsbassängern

a vid långa uppehållstider

Slamtäcke i

sedimenteringsbassänger

Page 44: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Sedimenteringsproblem som beror på mikroorganismer

Problem Orsak Konsekvens

4. Viskös slamsvällning Mycket extracellulära

polymerer. Vanligt i verk

för industriellt

avloppsvatten med låg

halt av fosfor eller kväve

Dålig sedimentering, slam

i utgående vatten

5. Filamentös

slamsvällning

Mycket filamentbildande

bakterier som

sammanbinder flockar

eller skapar flockar med

hålrum, t ex Microthrix

Högt SVI, och i svåra fall

slamflykt, men klar

vattenfas

6. Skumning Hydrofoba, skumbildande

bakterier tex Nocardia

och Microthrix

Stabilt skum på ytan av

bassänger, slam i

utgående vatten,

skumning i rötkamrarna,

hälsorisk

Page 45: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Exempel på slamsvällning

Page 46: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Filamentous bacteria (“Microthrix parvicella”)in activated sludge flocs

Page 47: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Filamentbildande bakterier

Slamsvällning Skumbildning

”Microthrix parvicella” Microthrix parvicella”

”Nostocoida limicola” Nocardia eller Nocardia amarae-liknande organismer (NALO)

Typ 021N Typ 021N

Typ 0803 Aktinomyceter

Thiothrix

Det finns ca 30 kända

filamentbildare i ASP

10 st står för 90 % av

incidenterna

Geografiska skillnader

Få har "riktiga" namn

Page 48: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Vad skall man göra?

Lär känna slammet för att hålla koll på filamenten:

1. Bestäm slamvolymindex (SVI)

SVI>150 indikerar risk!

SÄSVSVI 1000

Page 49: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Vad skall man göra?

2. Mikroskopera slammet regelbundet och bestäm

a) filamenthalt

b) typ av filament

Page 50: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Filamentbildande mikroorganismer i aktivslamflockar

Page 51: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Vad skall man göra?

De vanligaste sätten att förska hålla nere filamenthalten är att:

1. Minska slamåldern

2. Öka eller minska luftningen.

3. Införa selektorer/kontaktzoner.

4. Bekämpa med toxiska ämnen.

Ingen av dessa metoder är generellt tillförlitliga.

Kunskapen om filamentbildande bakteriers svar olika parametrar är

bristfällig.

Page 52: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Minskad filamenthalt efter ozonbehandling

Total Filament Growth

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

Jen

kin

s S

cale

1

2

3

4

5

6

Control

Experimental

Extended Filament Growth

Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

Jen

kin

s S

cale

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Control

Experimental

Page 53: Microbiology in activated sludge processes · 2008-09-17 · Wastewater treatment Biological treatment was introduced in the 1950’s. The activated sludge processes dominates and

Bättre slamkvalitet – oförändrad N-rening efter ozonbehandling

SQI

Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

ml/g

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Control

Experimental

NH4 After Final Settler

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb

mg

/l0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

Control

Experimental