mfa power point final submitted final

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MASTER OF FASHION MANAGEMENT MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS MULTI FIBRE AGREEMENT SUBMITTED BY : GAYATHRI.VS.(11) GREESHMA.V(12) PALLAVI GUNJE(13) SANTHI BIJU(31) SUBMITTED TO Asst. Prof. Mr.SHIVKUMAR BELLI

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Page 1: MFA POWER POINT Final Submitted Final

MASTER OF FASHION MANAGEMENT

MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

MULTI FIBRE AGREEMENT

SUBMITTED BY :

GAYATHRI.VS.(11)

GREESHMA.V(12)

PALLAVI GUNJE(13)

SANTHI BIJU(31)

SUBMITTED TO Asst. Prof. Mr.SHIVKUMAR BELLI

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• To study Multi Fiber Agreement

• MFA on Indian Economy while MFA and Phase out period.

• To study in the perspective of Indian economy

• Factors which go against India

• What are the reason for optimism

OBJECTIVES

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ORIGIN OF MFA•MFA is international trade agreement under which two countries may negotiate quota restrictions on textile and apparel imports from each other . MFA restrictions are normally prohibited under WTO rules and must have been phased out by 2005

•The quantitative restrictions on textile imports from developing countries were first introduced in 1930s, mainly directed against the increasingly competitive Japanese cotton textile industry.

•International trade in agricultural products and in textiles and clothing was gradually taken out of reach of GATT-1947 disciplines starting in 1950s.

•The textiles and clothing sectors in the developed countries were increasingly coming under pressure from relatively cheap imports of these products from the developing countries.

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• The developed countries aimed at protecting employment of skilled and semi-skilled workers in textiles and clothing sectors, which, as of 1960s, accounted for a major share of employment in the manufacturing sectors of many OECD countries

• Instead of permitting reallocation of resources in line with shifting comparative advantage, the developed countries chose to limit imports of textile and clothing products.

• There were Short-Term Arrangement (STA) on Cotton Textiles under the support of the GATT Dillon Round (1961) followed by a Long-Term (LTA) Arrangement in 1962.

• Restrictions on Japanese cotton textile exports had also led to rapid growth of exports from developing Asian countries, namely, Hong Kong, Korea and Taiwan.

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FROM MFA TO ATC

In the year 1995, WTO had renewed its MFA and adopted Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) which stated that all quotas on textiles and clothing shall be removed among the WTO member countries by 2005.

The MFA phased out and the textiles trade got integrated in to GATT provisions by 2005.

The world T&C export:- US$ 272.43 billion in 1994 to US$ 530 billion in 2006, world textile and clothing trade rose by 9.7% to US$530 billion in 2006, by 10.6% to US$583 billion in 2007.

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MFA: EXAMP

LE

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ECONOMICS OF MFA

• The governments of the exporting countries adopt voluntary export restraints (VERs) and allocate export quotas to individual exporting firms on the basis of certain criteria like past performance and/or current exports of unrestricted products

• The binding quotas lead to rents being associated with quota rights, which command varying prices in different countries depending upon the severity of restrictions.

• Many countries allow quota rights to be traded among exporters. An exporting firm either has to buy a quota or forego the sale of quota right that it might hold.

• The quota rent thus adds to the cost of export, which is analogous to the cost imposed by an export tax.

• The MFA imposes heavy costs of protection on textiles and apparel importing developed countries as the quotas induce increase in costs of the suppliers and hence in prices at which they are willing to supply textiles and clothing.

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• The import tariffs are also being reduced on both textiles and clothing and on a wide range of other goods. The MFA abolition offers great opportunities for exporting countries.

• An original intent of the MFA to regulate trade from the largest exporting countries. What in practice ended up happening was that trade was scattered around the globe as apparel producers worked to avoid countries subject to quota.

• By moving production to non-quota countries, apparel companies were better able to meet the soaring demand for low-cost apparel in importing countries.

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• The Indian textile industry managed to penetrate its roots deep in the international market but that was in the era when multi-fibre Agreement (MFA) was in existence, but now, since 1, January 2005, the Multi-fibre Agreement has phased out and India needs to strive harder to sustain its past achievement.

• This is a key alteration in the international trade scenario for textile manufacturers across the world offering opportunities for penetration into markets that have been off limits under the previous regime.

• At the same time, it causes threats of market loss in the face of competition from other countries. For India, in particular, performance of the textile industry in this new era can be of major implication for the economy as a whole.

POST MFA

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Exports of textiles and clothing products from India have increased steadily over the last few years, particularly after 2004 when textiles exports quota stood discontinued.

In the liberalized post-quota period, India has emerged as a major sourcing destination for buyers from all over the globe.

As a measure of growing interest in the Indian textiles and clothing sector, a number of reputed houses opened their sourcing / liaison office in India.

These include Marks and Spencer, Haggar Clothing, Kellwood, Little Label, Boules Trading Company, Castle, Alster International, Quest Apparel Inc., etc.

Commercially the buoyant retailers across the world are looking for options of increasing their sourcing from the Indian markets.

Indian manufacturers are also pro-actively working towards enhancing their capacities to fulfil this increased demand.

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In the post MFA period, India’s T&C export has increased from US$ 13.64 bn in 2004 to US$ 19.52 bn in 2006, in which textile export rose by 20.68% in 2005 and 10.28% in 2006, and clothing export grew by 38.9% in 2005 and 10.6% in 2006. In the post MFA period, India’s clothing export rose from US$ 6.63 bn in 2004 to US$ 10.19 bn in 2006; exceeding the US$ 9.33 bn textile export achieved in 2006.

The Ministry of Textiles (2008) has reported the decline in India’s T&C export in the year 2006 - 2007 over the previous year which is due to appreciation of rupee against dollar and also recession in the US market.

Recently an article in Times of India (March 1, 2008) shows that India’s T&C export failed to grow in the post MFA period while neighbouring China marched ahead. In the post MFA period, China has also exported more clothing than textile.

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SOURCE OF

IMPORTS OF

TEXTILE AND

CLOTHING TO THE USA

Source: FICCI report

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SOURCE OF

IMPORTS OF

TEXTILE AND

CLOTHING TO

THE EU

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Till the end of MFA, India has exported textile and clothing equally and in 2006, it has exported 48% textile and 52% clothing. It indicates that India has also started exporting larger quantity of clothing than textile in the post-MFA period.

POST MFA SCENARIOMarkets % of Textile Exports

2002-2003 2005-2006

Textiles and Clothing

Textiles and Clothing

EU 4.9 % 8.1 %

US 3.8 % 5.78 %

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THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

•The popular and trade press largely support the predictions that India will be better off with the expiration of the MFA

•The Textile industry contributes 4 % to gross domestic product and 14 % to total industrial production.

•Furthermore, the industry employs 30 million workers and earns 35 % of India’s foreign exchange

•India’s Textiles & Clothing (T&C) exports registered a robust growth of 25% in 2005-06, recording a growth of US$ 3.5 billion over 2004-05 in value terms thereby reaching a level of US$ 17.52 billion and the growth continued in 2006-07 with T&C exports of US$19.15 billion recording a increase of 9.28% over the previous year and reached USD 22.15 billion in 2007-08 denoting an increase of 15.7% but declined by over 5% in 2008-09.

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Pressure on the Indian Government: The textile industry has been putting pressure on the Indian government to modify domestic policy, the justification being that the industry needs to restructure itself to compete in the post-quota market.

Latest Trend during the period 2012-13 (P) :The total textile exports during 2012-13 (P) were valued at Rs 1,72,494.71 crore as against Rs 1,59,570.55 crore during the financial year 2011-12, registering an increase of 8.10 percent in rupee terms.

In US dollar terms, the same was valued at US$31,705.53 million (2012-13, P) as against US$33,310.21 million during the corresponding period of financial year 2011- 12 registering a decline of 4.82 percent.’

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FACTORS THAT GO AGAINST INDIA

Fragmentation of the Industry - It is a major concern for the Indian textile industry. The textile industry divided into mill and non mill sectors.

The non mill sector accounts for 95% of production and is the main source of employment & export earnings. Although it is hard to predict whether smaller firms will be able to compete in the long run, the obvious argument for smaller firms being driven out of the sector is that they will be unable to compete due to diseconomies of scale and technological disadvantages

Weak Technological Progress - Textile products vary significantly in quality because production processes are not uniform. Upgrading existing technology is therefore a prerequisite for access to international markets

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Labour Laws - It favours organized labour in India and has a great deal of support from the political left.

Savings is not permitted; for an export-oriented industry, this can be quite burden some.

Labour policy is perhaps the most significant hindrance to India increasing its international competitiveness.

Indian firms are also looking to establish manufacturing units in other countries like Bangladesh and Nepal. This would lead to what is called triangle-type manufacturing

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REASON FOR OPTIMISM

•India has a cost advantage in cotton production.

•The textile industry does not have to depend on other countries to supply necessary inputs. Raw material production, spinning, weaving, and fabric production, are all carried out in India

•Textile ministry giving economical incentives.

•Global retailers like Ikea, J.C. Penney, Nike, Reebok, Wal-Mart, and Marks & Spencer have been outsourcing manufacturing activities to India for a number of years

 

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•Domestic firms are also looking to enter into joint ventures with European manufacturing units.

•The basic idea is to export semi-processed fabric from India to Europe, process it further in Europe, and then sell it under the “Made in Europe” label.

•The key areas where the Indian textile industry has laid stress in the recent years in its preparation for the post quota regime include technological up gradation, benchmarking costs and improving product quality standards, reducing lead-time in supplying orders and capacity and workforce augmentation

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CURRENT EXPORT TRENDExports of Textiles & Clothing:- USD 21.22 billion in 2008-09 to USD 27.47 billion in 2010-11.

In the financial year 2011-12(P):-touch USD 33.31 billion WHICH GROWN BY 20%

In the period 2012-13 are witnessing a (-) 4.82 percent growth in dollar terms although there is 8.10 percent growth in rupee terms.

During the year 2012-13, Readymade Garments account for almost 39% of the total textiles exports. Apparel and cotton textiles products together contribute nearly 74% of the total textiles exports.

The USA and the EU, account for about two-thirds of India’s textiles exports. The other major export destinations are China, U.A.E., Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, Bangladesh, Turkey, Pakistan, Brazil, Hong-Kong, Canada and Egypt etc.

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• In the global exports of Textiles, India ranked as the third largest exporter, trailing EU-27 and China, as per WTO data – 2011 (latest). In the global market exports of clothing, India ranked as the fifth largest exporter as per WTO data – 2011 (latest), trailing Bangladesh, Hong Kong, EU-27 and China.

India's Position in Global Textiles and Clothing Industry

• India's position in the World Textiles Economy Second largest producer of raw cotton.

• Second largest producer of cotton yarn. • Second largest producer of cellulosic fibre/yarn. • Second largest producer of silk. • Fourth largest producer of synthetic fibre/yarn. • Largest producer of jute.

COUNTRY WISE ANALYSIS

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• These initiatives along with removal of QRs in the post-MFA regime would help in enlarging the scope of India’s production and export of clothing.

• The boosting up of clothing export in India is more desirable than that of textiles from the point of view of value addition and employment generation.

• The growth of India’s clothing export was slow and stagnant during 1994 - 2004 which may be due to low productivity, poor technology and less number of machines per apparel firms.

• Better shipping and communications helped to facilitate the expansion of global trade

• The government recognised this fact and adopted several initiatives, including de-reservation of the industry from SSI list, extension of TUFS and setting up integrated textile parks.

CONCLUSION

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REFERENCE

http://texmin.nic.in/sector/note_on_indian_textile_and_clothing_exports_intl_trade_section.pdf

http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/multi-fiber-arrangement.asp

http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/pdffiles/the-multifibre-agreement.pdf

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/texti_e/texintro_e.htm

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/multi-fiber-agreement-MFA.html

http://meheditusher.blogspot.in/p/mfa-multi-fibre-agreement_5981.html

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http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/6604.pdf

http://www.studymode.com/essays/Was-The-Removal-Of-The-Multi-628264.html

www.farmfoundation.org/.../The-End-of-the-Multifiber-Arrangement-I...

https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/3505.pdf

http://rantoshak.blogspot.in/2012/05/impact-and-unforseen-implications-of.html

http://www.ukessays.com/essays/economics/multi-fibre-agreement.php