mexican revolution 1910-1940. mexican history revolution of 1810 – miguel hidalgo father of mexico...
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Mexican Revolution
1910-1940
Mexican History
• Revolution of 1810– Miguel Hidalgo • Father of Mexico
– Completed – 1821 • 55 Years = 75 President– Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna– Benito Juarez• Ley Juarez• Ley Lerdo
A More Republic Mexico
• Ley Juarez– The ecclesiastical courts will cease to treat civil cases, but
will continue to treat common crimes committed by individuals enjoying those rights while a law is drawn up which will further define this point. Military courts will also cease to treat civil cases, and will deal only with purely military crimes, or connected crimes, of those individuals enjoying military rights. These statutes apply generally across the entire Republic, and individual States may not change or modify them…
A More Republic Mexico
• Ley Lerdo– Considering that one of the major obstacles to the
prosperity and growth of our country is the lack of movement or free circulation of a great portion of our real estate, the fundamental basis for the wealth of public wealth; and that I have been vested with authority by the plan proclaimed in the city of Ayutla, and updated in Acapulco, I have thought it best to decree the following:
A More Republic Mexico
• Constitution of 1857– War of Reform• Conservatives rose against the liberals• Liberal Success• President Juarez
Benito Juarez
• Elected– 1867– 1871• Versus Porfirio Diaz
– Died in Office• Sebastin Lerdo de Tejada
became next president
Sebastin Lerdo de Tejada
• Re-elected– 1876– Ran against Diaz• Diaz cried fraud• Revolution against Lerdo• Successfully made self President
The Porfirio Years
• 1876 – Overthrew Lerdo for Presidency
• Reigned 31 years– Cientificos - advisors– Plus 4 of a puppet
government (1880-1884)• Manuel Gonzalez
• Successful 1910 Election versus Francisco Madero
The Prosperous Diaz
• Coercion– Guardias Rurales – protect transport routes– Pan, o Palo – bread or the stick
• Compromise– Power to the smaller groups – illusion of democracy
• Creoles and Mestizos• Left Church and Native American population home
• Rigged Elections• Censored Press– Bribery– Force
Diaz Prosperity
– Developed economy– Grew industry
– Quickly, and overstepped unions with force (Because it would slow down country)
• Railroads, roads, telelgraphs grew• Positivism (belief in the triumph of science and
scientific method)• Mexico became fairly economically stable• Developed relations with foreign countries and
encouraged their investment in Mexico
Diaz Disasters
• Land Issues– Companies controlled 20% of all land– Non-natives took communal land– Crops not always controlled by natives
• Foreign Relations– Investments
• British and U.S. Control of Oil Fields in Tampico• Investment in the Mines from Britain, US, Canada• French set up control in Mexioo
– Anti-US sentiment– Mineral Rights
• Sub Soil rights granted to landowners in 1880’s • Nationalized during the 1900’s
Diaz Disasters• Church-State relations poor• Mexican Laborers
– Unions overstepped for progress– Native mexicans ignored
• Prosperity benefits only a small elite– Middle class create through spread of bureaucracy– Rich created by land prospectors taking land/selling it to investors
• Economic Depression– 1907– 1908
• Failure in Food Distribution– 1909– 1910
• Presidential election of 1910
Madero’s Goals
• Political problems• Free and democratic elections• Not a focus on social revolution– No help for urban workers– No help for rural natives– No industrial reforms
• “The ignorant public should take no direct part in determining who should be the candidate for public office.”
Summary: Reasons for Revolution
1. Growth of Nationalism2. Disparity in Standards of Living3. Cultural Gap (Elite, Majority)4. Foreign Presence
• U.S. – Inspiration, Supplier of Arms
Thinking it Through
What qualities define a revolution?
Timeline of Revolution
• 1910– Diaz v. Madero– Francisco Madero flees
to U.S.– Madero calls for
Revolution• Plan de San Luis Potosi
– Suffrage, no re-election, schools, illiteracy, enslavement
– Diaz exiled to Paris, France
Timeline of Revolution
• November 20, 1910– Slow to Start
• Small rebellions around the country– Emiliano Zapata– Pascual Orozco – Francisco “Pancho” Villla• Perhaps most influential
Orozco and Villa• 1910• Northern Mexico –
Chihuahua • “Robin Hood” of Mexico• Orozco – a mule driver,
peasant• Villa – bandit, peasant• Seized control from the
federal troops
A song about Orozco…
“Brave fighter and faithful lover, you
tear off the mask of the tyrant! The
thankful and delirious people
shake your ardent hand! To the
unbeaten General Pascual Orozco!”
Emiliano Zapata• Rebellion in Morelos• Mestizo leader• Joined with Madero• Goals for Revolution– Land Reform– Redistribution of power– Radical Changes– “Tierra y Libertad”
• Land and Liberty
• Zapatistas
Zapatistas
• Original followers of Emiliano Zapata • Liberation Army of the South
Timeline of Revolution
• 1911– Mexican Liberal Party (PLM)– Women involved in fight• Maderistas
– Urban revolt against Diaz– Goals• Indigenous rights, agrarian reform, eight-hour workday,
equal pay for equal work, equal access to education, and women’s suffrage
– “Tacubaya Uprising”
Timeline of Revolution• May 1911– Two decisive victories – Zapatistas
• May 21, 1911 – Treaty of Ciudad Juarez– Removal of Diaz– All existing institutions intact– No social change
• May 25, 1911 – Interim president– Francisco Leon de la Barra • Ambassador to the U.S.• Not Madero?
Timeline of Revolution
• Zapatistas Emerge– Dissatisfaction
• October, 1911– Madero and Jose Maria Pino Suarez elected
president/vice-president of Mexico– Feminists gain no rights
Timeline of Revolution
• Madero’s Presidency– Solutions?– Problems?• Moderate/Cautious reforms• Zapata Revolt – Plan of Ayala (1911)• Pascual Orozco (March 1912)• General Felix Diaz (Diaz)• General Bernardo Reyes (Diaz)• Revolts as a reflection of Madero’s capability?
Madero’s Presidency
• Refused to be sworn in until elected• Upper class politicians• No Amerindians or Rancheros• Common Sense• Congress• Lack of accomplishments
Revolts Under Madero• Overthrown– Mexico City – Reyes and
Felix Diaz– General Victoriano Huerta –
defense of Madero– Agreement is reached!• Huerta – Provisional
President• Diaz – Run for President
in new elections
The Coup
• President Madero & VP Suarez– Arrested– Shot upon “escape”– Huerta/Diaz Plan– Supported by the US
Huerta as President
• Opposition– Venustiano Carranza, Coahuila• Had approval of US• Constitutionalists • Support of Villa and Zapata
– US – 1914 – Seized Port of Veracruz• Arms Supplies• Changing Sides – Supports Carranza
– Huerta Resigns - Flees
The Bloodiest Phase
• Created a Civil War• Villa and Zapata– Land Issues
• Carranza and Obregon– No real Land Reform
• 200,000 Mexicans Died• Zapata and Villa – Conquer Mexico City, Dec. 1914
Carranza• Sends General Obregon
after Villa– Tides turn in 1915
• U.S. recognizes Carranza as Pres.
• Villa lashes out against U.S.– 16 US citizens killed– German involvement?
• General John Pershing pursues Villa– Neg. U.S. Mexico Relations
• Defeats Zapata in 1916, Killed in 1919
The Constitution of 1917
• Revolutionary Supporters’ Goal• Legitimacy to Revolution• The Constitution– Nationalistic– Socially progressive– Ejido Restored (Communal Farming)– Nationalized minerals, water, and hydrocarbon rights– Church Under State– Free Education– Rights for Labor
Towards the End of the Revolution
• US – Preoccupied• Zapata/Villa – Marginalized, Murdered• Obregon – Ends pursuit of goals• Carranza– Attempts puppet government– Flees with Treasury– Captured– Executed
• Obregon becomes president – Elected by ranking generals – free elections??
President Obregon• Important Changes– Prevented open conflict in politics– Education reform• Promoted literacy• Rural education
– Relations with US• U.S. initially afraid – Oil, Mining• Obregon makes non-retroactive provisions
– First peaceful presidential election in 1924• Plutarco Elias Calles
Closure
• People and Faces Quiz
Madero
Who is this?
PORFIRIO DIAZ
Who is this?
V. Huerta
Who are these three men?
• General Pershing• Pancho Villa• General Obregon
• Who is the man on the right?
The guy on the left is his brother, Euphemio.
Who is this person?
Who is this person?
Who is this person?
Who is this person?
The Constitution, Etc.
• Group Work