metal forming – 1 · 2017-09-30 · 8/11/2008 1 sme 2713 manufacturing process metal forming –1...

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8/11/2008 1 SME 2713 Manufacturing Process METAL FORMING – 1 (Introduction) Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad UTM, Skudai 4.1 Introduction 1. Classification of metal forming processes 2. Definition 3. Plastic deformation 4. Competitive characteristics 5. Hot and cold working 6. Recrystallization 7. Strain hardening 8. Process variables 11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 2 Forming Processes Sheet Bulk Powder Sheet metal forming Vacuum forming Blow moulding Sheet Forging Rolling Extrusion Bulk Slip csting Pressing & sintering Isostatic pressing Powder Superplastic forming Drawing Metal Metal &Polymer Ceramic Ceramic & Metal Polymer 11 August 2008 3 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 4

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Page 1: METAL FORMING – 1 · 2017-09-30 · 8/11/2008 1 SME 2713 Manufacturing Process METAL FORMING –1 (Introduction) Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad UTM, Skudai 4.1 Introduction 1. Classification

8/11/2008

1

SME 2713 Manufacturing Process

METAL FORMING – 1(Introduction)

Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

UTM, Skudai

4.1 Introduction

1. Classification of metal forming processes

2. Definition

3. Plastic deformation

4. Competitive characteristics

5. Hot and cold working

6. Recrystallization

7. Strain hardening

8. Process variables11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 2

Forming Processes

Sheet Bulk Powder

Sheet metal forming

Vacuum forming

Blow moulding

Sheet

Forging

Rolling

Extrusion

Bulk

Slip csting

Pressing & sintering

Isostatic pressing

Powder

Superplastic forming Drawing

Metal Metal &Polymer

Ceramic Ceramic & Metal

Polymer

11 August 2008 3Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 4

Page 2: METAL FORMING – 1 · 2017-09-30 · 8/11/2008 1 SME 2713 Manufacturing Process METAL FORMING –1 (Introduction) Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad UTM, Skudai 4.1 Introduction 1. Classification

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Primary working

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 5

Bulk Metal Forming

Rolling Forging

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

Extrusion Drawing6

Sheet Metalworking

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 7

2. Metal Forming Definition

• A group of manufacturing processes in which the material is shaped to a certain geometry by applyingmaterial is shaped to a certain geometry by applying external forces large enough to cause a permanent deformation.  The deformed material experienced plastic deformation, i.e. it will not return to its original shape after the forces are released. 

• The external forces can be in the form ofThe external forces can be in the form of compression, tension, torsion, shearing, bending, drawing or a combination of the various forces.

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 8

Page 3: METAL FORMING – 1 · 2017-09-30 · 8/11/2008 1 SME 2713 Manufacturing Process METAL FORMING –1 (Introduction) Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad UTM, Skudai 4.1 Introduction 1. Classification

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Various types and combination of forces

Stresses in theStresses in the form of compression, tension, shear and others

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 9 11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 10

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 11

3. Plastic Deformation

• Elastic Deformation ‐ If a metal deformed b f t t it i i l by a force return to its original dimensions when the force is removed; the metal undergo elastic deformation

• Plastic deformation (metals) Permanent deformation of metals Permanent deformation of metals due to the movement of dislocations on slip system.

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 12

Page 4: METAL FORMING – 1 · 2017-09-30 · 8/11/2008 1 SME 2713 Manufacturing Process METAL FORMING –1 (Introduction) Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad UTM, Skudai 4.1 Introduction 1. Classification

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bonds

1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

F

δ

stretch

return to initial

F Linear

2

Elastic means reversible!

F

δ

Linear- elastic

Non-Linear-elastic

11 August 2008 13Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

planes still

bonds stretch & l

F

still sheared

δelastic + plastic

& planes shear

δplastic

3

Plastic means permanent!

F

δlinear elastic

linear elastic

δplastic

F

11 August 2008 14Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 15

4. Competitive Characteristics

• Mass conservation– material formed into different shapes without changing its volume, or minimum volume changes, thereby little waste or scrap.

• Better material properties – grain structure or fibre

• Very fast production

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 16

Page 5: METAL FORMING – 1 · 2017-09-30 · 8/11/2008 1 SME 2713 Manufacturing Process METAL FORMING –1 (Introduction) Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad UTM, Skudai 4.1 Introduction 1. Classification

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11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

Manufacture of a spark plug body : (left) by machining from hexagonal bar stock; (right) by cold forming. Note the

reduction in waste17

Comparison of microstructure

CASTINGPoor microstructure

MACHININGGrain structure

FORMINGFibrous grain structure Poor microstructure

with high porosityGrain structure being cut through

ggiving good mechanical properties

Mechanical properties improving

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Grain structure or fiber of machined vs rolled component

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Parts produced within seconds

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Page 6: METAL FORMING – 1 · 2017-09-30 · 8/11/2008 1 SME 2713 Manufacturing Process METAL FORMING –1 (Introduction) Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad UTM, Skudai 4.1 Introduction 1. Classification

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What about Disadvantages?

• Please state a few disadvantages as compared ith th f t iwith other manufacturing processes

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5. Hot and Cold Working

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Hot Working

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Page 7: METAL FORMING – 1 · 2017-09-30 · 8/11/2008 1 SME 2713 Manufacturing Process METAL FORMING –1 (Introduction) Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad UTM, Skudai 4.1 Introduction 1. Classification

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Cold Working

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Temperature effect on Metal Working

Melting temperatureSteel

1500 0C

Hot working

Recrystalisation range

Warm working

700500

1500 0C

Cold working

g

Ambient temperature

200

20

11 August 2008 26Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

Temperature in Metalworking

• Hot working ‐ Deformation at temperature b t lli ti t t t i llabove recrystallization temperature typically between 0.5Tm to 0.75Tm– Pros

• larger deformation possible

• lower forces and power

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

• forming of room temperature low ductility material is possible

• isotropic properties resulted from process

• no work hardening27

Temperature in Metalworking• Warm working ‐ temperature between room temperature and recrystallization 

hl b 0 3 Ttemperature, roughly about 0.3 Tm– Pros against cold working

• Lower forces and power

• more intricate work geometries possible

d f li b d d/ li i t d

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

• need for annealing may be reduced/eliminated.

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Page 8: METAL FORMING – 1 · 2017-09-30 · 8/11/2008 1 SME 2713 Manufacturing Process METAL FORMING –1 (Introduction) Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad UTM, Skudai 4.1 Introduction 1. Classification

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Temperature in Metalworking• Cold working

– Pros• better dimensional control and accuracybetter dimensional control and accuracy• Fine grain ‐ better surface finish• strain hardening increases strength and hardness• grain flow during deformation provides directional properties

• no heating is needed, easier handling (low operating temperature

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

temperature

– Cons• higher forces and power are required, therefore bigger capacity machines

• ductility and strain‐hardening limits the extent of forming 29

Temperature in Metalworking

• Isothermal Forming ‐ preheating the tools to th t t th k t l Thithe same temperature as the work metal. This eliminates the surface cooling and the resulting thermal gradient in the workpart.

• Normally applies to highly alloyed steels, titanium alloys and high‐temperature nickel y g palloys.

11 August 2008 30Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

6. RecrystallizationThe process in which, at a certain temperature range, new strain-free grains are formed, replacing the older grains.

11 August 2008 31Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad

6. Recrystallization

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Properties of steels (C10) after hot and cold working

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad33

7. Strain Hardening

• Berlaku apabila logam dikerjakan dalam keadaan sejuk di mana kekuatan logamkeadaan sejuk, di mana kekuatan logam bertambah dan pada masa yang sama kekerasan meningkat.

• Juga dinamakan pengerasan kerja• Kesan langsungKekerasan dan kekuatan meningkatWujud tegasan tinggal/bakiKemuluran berkurang

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 34

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8. Process Variables ‐ independent

• Starting material ‐ types

• Starting work piece geometry

• Tool and die geometry

• Lubrication

• Starting temperature

• Speed of operation

• Amount of deformation

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• Dependent Variables– Force or power required

– Nature of material flow

– Material properties

– Exit temperature

– Surface finishSurface finish

11 August 2008 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad 37

• Outcome– Experience

– Experiments

– Theory

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