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SECTION 4 Time - 25 minutes

24 Questions

Turn to Section 4 (page 5) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding c ircle on the answer sheet.

Each sentence below has one or two blanks. each blank indicating that something has been omiucd . Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words thaI, when inserted in the sente nce. ~ fils the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

Example:

Hoping to ------- the dispute, negotiators proposed a compromise that they felt wou ld be ------- to both labor and management.

(A) enforce . . useful (B) end., divisive (e) overcome .. unattractive (D) extend ,. satisfactory (E) resolve, , acceptable 0 ®®® .

I. Heckling during a political rally is so .-----. that il surprises no one; the same behavior, however, is ••••... when it is exhibited at a scientific conference,

(A) rare,. shattering (B) commonplace., startling (C) revolting ,. unnerving (0) tri vial ., meaningless (E) comical" bearable

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2, Steve was ......• by the intricacy of the ice crystals fonning o n his windowpane: he couldn't take his eyes off them,

(A) edified (B) troubled (C) enervated (D) e mboldened (E) captivated

3, The experiment did not yield the decisive ....... that the scientist had hoped for; instead. the findings were only of ....... significance,

(A) outcome ,. nominal (B) results., influential (C) conclusion .. di stinct (D) sources" astronomical (E) risks. , questionable

4. NASA engineer Gloria Yamauchi uses . ...... approach to research, in that it draws o n physics. aerodynamics. mathematics, and other fields.

(A) a self·evident (B) an interdisciplinary (C) a simplistic (D) an economical

(E) an impractical

5. Less confide nt employees tend to be ••..... about asking for a pay increase. preferring to wait for their supervisors to raise the issue.

(A) vol uble (B) presumptuous (C) reticent (D) penitent (E) tenacious

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The passages below are followed by questions based on their conlent; questions following a pair of related passages may also be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.

Questions 6·9 are based on the following passages.

Passage I

Lmrs may betray themselves through linguistic mistakes. but the main sources of betrayal are the emotions. Emotion reveals il~elf, sometimes in contradictory ways,

Line in the voice, body. and face. Deceptions typically involve 5 trying 10 conceal feelings that are inappropriate or trying to

cover up the fear, guilt. and distress that may be provoked when one attempts to get away with a lie. When a person lies and has an emotional investment in the situation, a perfect performance is hard to carry off. Nonverbal clues

10 to deception leak out. What is surprising is that few people make use of these clues and thus liars go undetected.

Passage 2

Human beings are terrible lie detectors. In studies, subjects asked to disti ngui sh truth from lies answer correctly approximately half the time. People are often

15 led astray by an erroneous sense of how a liar behaves. "People hold a stereotype of the liar-as tormented, anxious, and conscience-stricken," researchers Bella DePaulo and Charles Bond write. Clumsy deceivers are sometimes visibly agitated. but in generaithere is no

20 such thing as "Iypical" deceptive behavior. As DePaulo says, "To be a good liar. you don't need to know what behaviors really separate liars from truthtellers, but what behaviors people think separate them."

6. Which best describes the relationship between the passages?

(A) Passage I discusses lying from a moral stance, whereas Passage 2 examines it from a legal viewpoint.

(B) Passage I views lying as a skill that is learned, whereas Passage 2 considers it an instinctive impulse.

(C) Passage I claims thaI lying is characterized by certain distinctive behaviors. whereas Passage 2 largely rejects that notion.

(D) Passage I takes a scientific approach to lying, whereas Passage 2 discusses it from an anecdotal perspecti ve.

(E) Passage I focuses on the effects of lying, whereas Passage 2 examines its causes.

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7. Lines 1-2, Passage I ("Liars may,. ,emotions"), and lines 18-20. Passage 2 ("Clumsy ... behavior'"). both contain instances of

(A) simile (B) paradox (C) euphemism (D) qualification (E) understatement

8. The author of Passage 2 would most likely describe the claim about "fear, guilt. and distress" (line 6. Passage I) as a

(A) conventional but inaccurate perception (B) plausible theory that may prove to be correct (C) misconception of little significance (D) nonstandard view that is based on faulty science (E) widespread and well-substantiated belief

9. Lines 20-23 ("As . .. them") suggest that Bella DePaulo would most likely maintain that Passage I

(A) overlooks the behavior patterns of those who tell the truth

(B) presents the vel)' misconceptions that people often have about liars

(C) offers a perceptive psychological analysis of liars' deceptive behaviors

(D) takes an overly sympathetic view of deceptive behavior

(E) overemphasizes the role of linguistic patterns in lying

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Q uestions 10·15 are based on the following passage.

This passage, adapted/rom (1/983 biography, discusses Frida Kahla ( 1907-1954), a Mexican pailllu. KI/owII /or /lI'r (/islillctil'e artistic style, her flamboyant dress. alld her IIImlilruolis life. Kahlo emil/red IIlImerous Irealtll problems lind emoriol1aillplieamis. mallY ofwlriell lire depicted ill her paintings.

It was not bohemian casualness that prompted Frida Kuhlo to choose for her wedding dress the borrowed clothes of a Tehuana Indian woman. When she put on Ihis

u,!/~ costume, she was choosing a new identity, and she did it 5 with all the fe rvor of a nun taking the veil. Even when she

was a girl, clothes were a kind of language for Kahlo, and the intricate links between dress and self-image, and between personal style and painting style, fonned one of the subplots in the unfolding drama of her life.

JO For Kahlo the elements of her dress were a kind of palette from which she selected each day the image of herself that she wished to present 10 the world. Wearing Tehuana costumes was part of Kahlo's self-creation as a legendary personality intimately connected to her nati ve

Jj land. Yet while she was definitely playing a role. hers was an authentic art ifice. She did not change her personality to fit the image she presented: rather, she invented a highly individualistic personal style 10 dramatize the personality that was already there.

10 Indeed. Kah lo's Tehuana costume became so essential a part of her persona that several times she painted il devoid of its owner. The costume served as a stand-in for herself. a second skin never tOlally assimilated to the person hidden under it but so integral to her thai even when it was taken

25 off, it retained something of the wearer's being. Clearly Kahlo knew of the magic power of clothes to substitllle for their owner: in her diary, she wrote that the Tehuana costume made "the absent portrait of only one person" -her absent self.

30 Always a form of social communication, as the years passed Kahlo ' s costumes became an antidote to isolation: even when she was very ill and received few visitors. she dressed every day as if she were preparing for a fies ta. As her self-portrai ts confi rmed her existence, so did the

35 costumes make the fra il. often bedridden woman feel more magnetic and visible. more emphatically present as a physical object in space. Paradoxically, they were both a mask and a frame. Since they defined the wearer's identity in tems of appearance, they distracted her-and the

40 on looker-from inner pain. The elaborate packagi ng was an attempt to compensate for her sense of fragmentation and dissolution. Ribbons. fl owers. jewels. and sashes became more and more colorful and elaborate as her health declined late in life. In a sense, Kahlo was like a Mexican

45 pinata: she was a fragile vessel decorated with fri lls and ruffles. and just as blindfolded children swing at the pinata

with a broomstick, life dealt Kahlo blow after blow. While the pinata dances and sways, the knowledge that it is about to be destroyed makes its bright beauty all the more

jO poignant. In the same way, Kahlo's decoration was touching: it was at once an affirmation of her love of life and a signal of her awareness-and defiance -of life's troubles.

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10, The passage primarily serves to

(A) refute a popular belief about modern painters (8) discuss the critical response to an important

artist's work (C) evaluate the artistic techniques of a well-known

painter (D) analyze a method of self-expression for a noted

artist (E) provide a comprehensive biography of a famous

painter

II. The first sentence of the passage primarily serves to

(A) support a prevail ing opinion (8 ) describe a provocati ve theory (C) dispel a potential misconception (D) delineate an ongoing problem (E) offer a tentative solution

12. The reference to a nun in line 5 primarily serves to suggest Kahlo's

(A) pious humility (8 ) worldly renunciation (C) intellectual rigor (D) personal selflessness (E) enthusiastic devotion

13. In lines 15-16 eYet ... artifice·'), the author indicates that playing a role can

(A) be a complex. almost incomprehensible masquerade

(B) be a form of sincere self-expression (C) dramati7..e the individual's history (D) conceal embarrassing secrets (E) alter the personality of the role player

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14. The reference to "a mask and a frame" (lines 37-38) indicates that Kahlo's costumes

(A) communicated Kahlo's inner feelings to others (B) mystified people studying Kahlo's work (C) could not be separated from Kahlo's actual

paintings (D) incorporated everyday physical objects (E) served seemingly contradictory fu nctions

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15. The passage indicates that "Ribbons, flowers, jewels. and sashes" (line 42) became more elaborate to

(A) contrast with Kahlo's artist ic austerity (B) enhance the imagery in Kahlo's self-portraits (C) counterbalance Kahlo's increasing frailty (D) showcase Kahlo's success as an artist (E) e~press Kahlo's enthusiasm for adornments

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Q uestions 16·24 are based on the following passage.

This passage is adll/Jled from tfle alltobiographical Gecomll of II jm/malisr travelil/g through Africa /0 research chimpan:.ees.

OUf walk through the foreSI was like a journey through an extended underground cavern. We wound through obscure passages, out imo small openings or great rooms.

UIII' and then tunneled back into winding passageways. Toward j the end of the <lfternoon, we followed what seemed to be a

large movement of chimpanzees into one great open room in the forest, relatively clear except for columns of nul trees. Soon about a dozen chimps were hammering away. using log hammers on log or root anvils.

10 We had elllcred a factory, but it was also a nursery. I IUmed to watch a mother playing with her infant, tickling his toes with play ful little nibbles and then looking into his laughing face and eyes with the most amazing gaze of adoration. Elsewhere, three adult females had situated

15 themselves in a tree and were kissing and tickling an infa nt, who writhed with apparent pleasure. Suddenly. their faces. which had taken on remarkable glowing expressions of adoration. registered in my mind as enti rely comprehensible. I was looking at intelligent faces

20 experiencing an emotion I could on ly imagine to be love. One commentator has said that the big difference

between humans and chimps (intelligent though those apes may be) is that humans can invent great wonders of technology. "I considered the differences between

1.5 men and animals," this person wrote. "Some were vast. A chimpanzee could be taught to drive a car. It could even be taught 10 build pans of it. But it could not begin to design it .... Our intellect is incomparably morc sophisticated than [that of! any animal." One hears this

30 sort of argument often. and. to my mind. il is mere self-stroking puffery. Could you or I begin to design a car? Has any single human actually designed a car? Could anyone person abandoned at birth on a desert island somewhere- without pictures. commun ication, education ,

35 or artifacts-even invent a tricycle or achild's ki te or a mousetrap? Obviously not. Left at birth on a desert island, you and I and that commentator would be lifting and dropping chunks of wood or rounded stones onto hard nuts-and be glad we figured that one out.

40 The great accomplishment of Homo sapiens is not technology, which has become bigger and scarier than we are, a mixed blessing. The great accomplishment is language. which has enabled us to accumulate and coordinate our achievements. insights. and minicreations.

45 Our big technologies are collective efforts, cultural products, all and always made possible by language. Even the supposed "milestones" of technological advancement - the use of movable type, 10 take one example- were col lective events. Johannes Gutenberg-

50 didn't think up movable type whole. in an isolated stroke of genius. His panner was a goldsmith; his father was a

mint employee. entirely familiar with soft metals. Printing presses were all around Europe by then. Gutenberg's great genius was to assemble, rev ise, :tnd modify already

55 long-established traditions in metallurgy, goldsmithing. and woodblock printing. not to mention papermaking and press design.

Our one great accomplishment is language, but our great hope is the internal compass that may enable us to guide

60 ourselves and our technological powers into the future: our glowing capacity for valuing our own ki nd and for at least some empathy beyond our kind. The hand lifting and dropping the stone is less impressive than the eye thai gazes with love.

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-Gutenberg's typcsclting process made the mass production of text possible.

16. It can be inferred that the "chimps" mentioned in line 8 are

(A) using simple tools to crack open nuts (B) expressing themselves by making a lot of noise (C) taking out their aggressions on the nut trees (0) working cooperatively on different tasks (E) mimicking the work habits of human beings

17. The author uses the word "factory" (line 10) pri marily to suggest that

(A) some chimpanzees live a highly regimented life (8 ) the sound created by the chimpanzees' activity

is loud enough 10 impair hearing (C) the chimpanzees are doing product ive work

collectively (D) only those chimpanzees who want to participale

in communal acti vities do so (E) the activity of the male chimpanzees differs

significantly from that of the females

18. In li nes 30-31 ("it . . . puffery"), the author characteri zes the commentator's argument as

(A) useless flattery (B) exaggerated self-regard (C) witty repartee (D) self-conscious hyperbole (E) deliberate distonion

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19. The questions in lines 31-36 serve primarily to

(A) suggest ideas for further research (B) provide an example of missing data (C) point to an alternati ve explanation (D) debate whether knowledge is incomplete (E) imply that an argument is flawed

20. In lines 40-42 ("The great , . , blessing"), the author characterizes technology as

(A ) the accomplishment that distinguishes Homo sapiens from chi mpanzees

(8 ) a phenomenon that has come 10 overshadow those who developed it

(C) an inevitable step in the development of human beings and their societies

(D) an achievement that has grown impressively in importance over time

(E) a force that is ultimately shaped by the fears of those who created it

21. According 10 the author, the "great accomplishment is language" (l ines 42-43) because it allows human beings to

(A) combine small , individual advances into something larger and more powerful

(8) express their emotions and show their feeli ngs toward one another

(C) work with each other so that dangerous conflicts can be avoided

(D) express in concrete fonn notions thai would otherwise seem vague and abstract

(E) demonstrate that they are more intell igent, and thus more capable, than chimpanzees

22, The author uses the word "supposed" in line 47 primarily to

(A) signal a claim that is counterintuitive for most people

(B) make reference to a viewpoint that is known to be controversial

(C) suggest that a cenain concept may not be entirely accurate

(D) indicate a complete and technically correct definition

(E) bolster the claims of authorities who are often cited

23. Which best describes the relationship between the "internal compass" (line 59) and the characterization of chimpanzee behaviors in the second paragraph (lines 1O-20)?

(A) One shows a sophisticated understanding, while the other shows a less-developed capacity for understanding.

(8) One deals with nonverbal communication, while the other deals with communication through language.

(C) One is an example of a uniquely human ability. while the other is an example of an ability that chimpanzees mayor may not have.

(D) Both represent the ability to have affection for and understanding of other beings.

(E) Both are examples of the ability of primates to use tools to improve their lives.

24. The "hand" (line 62) and the "eye" (line 63) represent, respectively. which of the following?

(A) Gesture and feeling (B) War and peace (C) Ingenuity and language (D) Communication and meani ng (E) Technology and empathy

STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.

Do not turn to any other section in the test.

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f*#. 6 SECTION 6

Time - 25 minutes 3S Questions


Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet.

The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence is underlined: beneath each sentence are five ways of phrasing thc underlined material. Choice A repeats the original phrasing; the other four choices are different. If you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence than any of the alternati ves. select choice A; if not, select one of the other choices .

In making your selection, follow the requirements of standard written English: that is, pay allention to grammar, choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation, Your selection should result in the most effective sentence-clear and precise, without awkwardness or ambiguity.

EXAMPLE:

Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book and she was sixty-five years old then.

(A) and she was sixty-five years old then (B) when she was sixty-fi ve (C) at age sixty-five years old (D) upon the reach ing of sixty-five years (E) at the time when she was sixty-five

0 . ®®®

1. Economics is when you study the production, distribUlion, and consumption of goods and services.

(A) when you study (B) what you study about (C) your studying of (D) doing a study on (E) the study of

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2, Whenever Umberto sang in the shower, his voice J:i.n.gs. throughout the house.

(A) rings (B) is ri ngi ng (C) would ring (D) ringing (E) has rung

3. To prepare for Tet. the Vietnamese Lunar New Vear celebration, families clean their homes. buy new clothing, and their debts are paid.

(A) clean their homes, buy new clothi ng, and their debts are paid

(8) clean their homes, they buy new clothing, and their debts are paid

(C) clean their homes and buy new clothing, also, their debts are paid

(D) clean their homes, buy new clothing, and they pay their debts

(E) clean their homes, buy new clothing, and pay their debts

4. Fermentation is caused by yeast, which turns sugar and starch into aleohol and carbon dioxide.

(A) which turns sugar and starch (B) it turns sugar and starch (C) by it turn ing sugar and starch (D) as sugar and starch turns (E) sugar and starch are turned




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5, Many of the ships used by oceanographic institutions are SnHtJ] ves!;cls Ihm have Qutllved the puWOse which they have been built for orillinully.

(A) vessels that have outlived the purpo~e which they have been buill for originally

(B) vessels that JUlYe outlived their original purpose (C) vessels. and these had outlived their original

purpose in being built (D) vessels. having outlived their origin;!] purpose (E) vessels, they have outlived the purpose for which

they were originally built

6. A slender. razor-toothed hUilier that can grow to more than three feet long. the popylations of olher fish. amphibians. and even wate!fQwl can be devastated by the non hem pike.

(A) the populations of other fish. amphibians. and even waterfowl can be devastated by the northern pike

(8) the populations of other fish. amphibians. and even waterfowl that were devastated by the northern pike

(C) other fish, amphibians. and even waterfowl populations are devastated by the northern pike

(D) the northern pike. devastating populations of other fish, amphibians, and even waterfowl

(E) the northern pike c<ln devastate the populations of other fish, amphibians, and e\-en waterfowl

7. Since c]vilizalion began. some cilies have been built according to a deliberate plan. whereas others have developed naturally.

(A) some cities have been built (8) some cities being built (e) cities that have been built (D) there has been cities built (E) they have built some cities

8. The investors wanted 10 know did the company make a profit in the last quarter of the previous year.

(A) did the company make (8) has the company made (C) had the company made (D) if the company has made (E) whether the company had made

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9, New data shQwine Ihat Sal urn's rings were probably orbiting the planet billions of years ago. overturning ~cientists' earlier belief thai the rings are only about 100 million years old.

(A) New data showing that Saturn's rings were probably orbiting the phlnet billions of yeaN ago. overturning

(8) New data show that Saturn's rings were probably orbiting the planet billions of years ago, overturning

(C) New data that show that Saturn's rings probably orbited the planet billions of years ago, overturning

(D) New data that show that Saturn's rings probably orbit~d the planet billions of years ago. and overturn

(E) Having shown that Sarurn's rings were probably orbiting the planet billions of years ago, new data that overturn

10. My father insists that before buyim~ a used car. have it thoroughly inspected by a reputable mechanic.

(A) buying a used car. have it (8) buying a used car, it is (C) buying a used car, I have it (D) I buy a used car to have it (E) [buy a used car having it

II, August Wilson's Pittsburgh Cycle consists of ten plays. nine Qf which are set in Pittsburgh's Hill District. an African American neiehborhood. and each of which is SCI in a different decade of the twent ieth century.

(A) nine of which are set in Pittsburgh's Hill District, an African American neighborhood, and each of which is set

(B) nine of them arc set in Pittsburgh's Hill District, an African American neighborhood, and each one of them arc set

(C) nine of them being set in Pittsburgh's Hill District. an African American neighborhood, each of them is set

(D) nine of the plays set in Pittsburgh's Hill District, an African American neighborhood, and the settings of each one is

(E) nine set in Pittsburgh's Hill District. an African American neighborhood, and each have their sett ing

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The following sentences leSI your ability 10 recognize grammar and usage errors. Each sentence contains either a single error or no error at alL No senlence contains morc than o ne error. The error, if there is one. is underlined and lettered. If the sentence contains an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If the sentence is correct. select choice E. In choosing answers. follow the requirements of standard written English.

12.

EXAMPLE:

The other delegates and him immediately

ABC accepted Ihe resolution drafted by

D neutral states. No error

E

Ihe

In addition \0 cUlling hair, barbers in Europe during A - B-

the Middle Ages had the special functions of

perfanning surgery and they pulled D

C

teeth. No error E

13. We had initially planned to remove all of the old A B

furniture from the storage area. but we decided C

against do ing so because it would have took 100 D

much lime. No error E

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14. Until time zones were standardized in the A

15.

16.

United States. each railway station will have B

to keep several clocks. each showing the time C

of day according to a different railroad company.

No error E

D

For the tourist A

which must travel B

on a restricted

budget. the publ isher of the guidebook has included C

a li st of D

inexpensive hotels. No error E

After the grueling rehearsal. the pianist felt wore A "'B

and wanted only C

to sleep. D

No error E

17. Grapes. mangoes, and oranges are widely considered A

delicious fru its, but it is in fact the banana that is - B- --C

shown by many surveys to be the more popular fruit D

in the world. No error E




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1ii:;; ' " . .

'i' 6 18. A study by two marketing professors have found that

A

the best way for a newspaper to increase profits is B C

to spend more of its budget on improving news D

coverage. No error E

19. The governor favored the new Jaws because il would A B

allow the state 10 save more than ten million dollars. --C D

NocrrOf E

20. One way in which orchestra bells differ with the A

xylophone is that the bells produce B

more resonant C

tones than the xylophone does. o

No error E

21. Endangered for decades by hunting and the use of A B

pesticides, the bald eagle, with its snowy-feathered -C-

head and white tail, are now making a comeback.

No error E

D

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22. Poets during the Romantic period felt morc freely A

to express emotions in their writing - B- C

of the Victorian period. No error E

than did poets D

23. The success of the governor in attracting A B

new industry 10 the rural area can be attributed

C

to their low cost of living. No error

D E

24. Manyof the senator's speeches, which were A

enthusiasticall y received by the large crowds B

that came to see him, addressed an important topic, C D

including health care and global wnrming. No error E

25. Thi s biography, with its myriad quotations from A

unnamed sources, is B

as blatant an example of C

character assassi nation of any I have ever seen.

No error E

D

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\CJ:I 6 26. It is believed that small fish cluster together

A

27.

28.

29.

when confronted by a predator in order to confuse B

them and thereby protect D

themselves from harm. c: No error

E

Recently adopted as an emblem of humanitarian A B

aid. the Red Crystal is. unlike its counterparts the C

Red Cross and the Red Crescent, entirely devoid of D

religious connotation . No errof -E--

Prior to the election of Henry Cisneros as mayor of -A- B

San Antonio in 1981. no major city in the United Siaies

had had C

a mayor from Mexican descent. D

No error E

French mountain honey made from linden blossoms. A

which are sometimes called " Iime blossoms," have

a distinctively D

B c: citrus flavor. No error

E

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Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten.

Read the passage and select the best answers for the questions thaI fo llow. Some questions are about particular semences or pans of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask you to consider organization and development. In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard written English.

Questions 30-35 refer to the followi ng passage.

(I) When l>cople describe me as "determined" or "tenacious:' I know they really mean that I am a truly stubborn person. (2) I first recognize that I am a very stubborn person when I was in grade school and wanted to be able to juggle like my big brother. (3) He taught himself to juggle and by the age of six could juggle three balls perfectly, (4) My brother went in for juggling, as though he had been born with exceptional eye-hand coordinat ion.

(5) I, on the other hand. seemingly had no natural juggling ability. (6) BUl l wouldn't give up. (7) I practiced endlessly. and slowly I began to get better. (8) Juggling just didn' t come easily to me the way it had to my brother. (9) Eventually my stubbornness paid off.

(10) Throughout my life. though. I have been crilicized for this very quality. (11) I am aware that what I see as detcnnination. they sometimes see as a lack of realism, (12) My high school friends. for instance. thought I was overly optimistic because I was detennined that I would someday play guitar in a rock band. (13) They recognized, as I did. that I was a mediocre guitarist. (14) I almost came 10 believe that my goal was unrealistic, but I wouldn't give up. ( IS) In the end. my improvement was modesl, and I never did join a band, but I don't regret my efforts. (16) Nevertheless. I can playa few songs, which is more than my brother can do.

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30. In context. which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence 2 (reproduced below) ?

I first recogllize thal l am a very stubborn /Jersoll when I was ill gm(le ~'cI/Ool and wamed to be able to juggle like my big brother.

CA) (As it is now) (6) In fact, I first recognize that I am a very stubborn

person (e) I first recognized that he was a very stubborn

person (D) I first recognized this trait in myself (E) The lirs! time I recognize it is

31. In context, which of the following would best replace "went in for" in sentence 4 ?

CA) had a talent for (B) has what it takes for (C) had been good al (D) would be good at (E) will have a knack for

32. In context. which would be best to do with sentence 8 (reproduced below) ?

Juggling jusl didn 'I come easily to me the way it had to my brother.

(A) Leave it as it is. (B) Make it the first sentence of the passage. (C) Insert il immediately after sentence 5. (D) Delete "easily". (E) Change "my brother" to "him".

33. In context. which revision would most improve sentence II (reproduced below) ?

I am aware thor what I see as determination. they sometimes see as a lack of realism.

(A) Change "1 am aware" to '" notice", (B) Change "what [ see" 10 "the quality

that I know". (C) Change "they" to "other people". (D) Delete ·'sometimes'·. (E) Add "in me" after "realism".

34. In context, which of the following is the best revision of the underlined portion of semence 16 (reproduced below) ?

Nel·ercheless. I can play afew songs. which ;s more than Illy brother can do.

(A) Even still, I can (B) At least i can (C) He can, nevertheless. (D) They can at least (E) However, I can

35. In context, which would be the best place to insert the following sentence?

I took guitar lessons and practiced day and l1ighl.

(A) After sentence 4 (B) After sentence 7 (C) After sentence 10 (D) After sentence [4 (E) After sentence 15


00 not turn to any other section in the test.

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24 Q uestions


Directions: For each question in this section. select the best answer from among the choices given and fi ll in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet.

Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath Ihe sentence are fi ve words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, ~ fils the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

Example:

Hoping to ••.•... the di spute, negotiators proposed a compromise that they felt would be ..... -- to both labor and management.

(A) enforce .. useful (8 ) end .. divisive (C) overcome .. unattractive (D) extend .. satisfactory (E) resolve . . acceptable

I. Unsuccessful in her first campaigns, Barbara Jordan -._ .... , eventually becoming the first Black woman elected to the Texas State Senate.

(A) persisted (8) gloated (C) retired (D) despaired (E) hesitated

2. Some scientists speCUlate that children who wash frequently are more likely to become asthmatic than those who wash infrequently: that --••••• , not the lack of it. is the problem.

(A) pollution (B) (D) ntisbehavior

negligence (C) (E) cleanli ness

nutrit ion

3. Newspaper advertisers feel their messages are more believable and .. ---•• when they are printed nex t to news reports: hence, advertising charges are higher for such ....... .

(A) dominant .. investigation (B) irrelevant .. prox imity (e) precise .. delivery (0) persuasive .. positioning (E) vague .. thoroughness

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4. Despite accusations to the contrary, it is unlikely that he intended to ..... _- the articles, since he cited them in his bibliography.

(A) analyze (8 ) illuminate (C) plagiari ze (D) acknowledge (E) contradict

5. Ralph Ellison learned the hard way about the ....... of a written manuscript: he suffered the ....... of the only draft of a work in progress in a household fire .

(A) magnitude .. isolation (B) fragility .. preservation (C) illegibility .. eradication (D) vul nerabi li ty .. destruction (E) prol iferation .. division

6. The new human resources director is both ...... . and ._ ..... about being able to improve employment oppon unities for womcn at Ihe executive level: she has great resolve but harbors no illusions.

(A) practical .. dcceptive (8 ) cynical .. irrational (C) excited .. approachable (0) uncooperative .. naive (E) delcnnined .. real istic

7 . Years of neglcCl had left the inside of the building in •...... condition: workstations were filthy and fu rnishings were dilapidated.

(A) a squalid (B) a volatile (C) an undaunted (D) a rudimentary (E) a cataclysmic

8. Tire Wild ParrolS o[Te/egraplr Hill is only······· about birds; despite its title. the documentary actually examines human relationships.

(A) ostensibly (D) saliently

(B) distinctively (C) intelligibly (E) incontrovertibly




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The passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided,

Questions 9-10 are based on the following passage.

At a preconcert interview in 2000 for the performance of one of her works in London, Rhinn Samuel was asked about her well-known reluctance to be considered a Welsh

Line composer. Her reply - 'Tm not so happy to be called only 5 a Welsh composer because I haven't li ved in Wales all my

life and have other influences as well. On the other hand, I [havel been a woman all my life!" -brought both laughter and applause fro m the expectant crowd of concertgoers. In short, Samuel is proud to be considered first a woman

/0 composer, one whose connection to the Welsh language and people resurfaces at interludes throughout her musical life.

9. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) discuss a composer's musical training (8) clarify a musician's self-perception (C) describe an artis t' s linguistic talents (D) reveal the preferences of a particular audience (E) reconcile two antithetical views of a performance

10. Her "reply" in lines 4-7 suggests chiefly that Samuel believes which of the following?

(A) Her nationality is not the most important aspect of her identity.

(8 ) She could nOI have become a successful composer if she had remained in Wales for her whole life.

(C) One of the obligations of a musician is to relate a humorous anecdote before each performance.

(D) Other people should not refer to themselves as Welsh unless they have always lived in Wales.

(E) Men shou ld acknowledge the importance of their gender as an artistic influence just as women do.

Questions 11-12 are based on the fo llowing passage.

My daughter. Olivia, and I were going to college. Not together at the same school. thank goodness, just at the same time, but she didn't exactly know about my

Un" plans yet. There were a few things that needed work in 5 this arrangement. Any mother who has an eighteen-year

old daughter wou ld completely understand why I didn't mention my decision to go back to college to Olivia. What? I CUI! 't believe it. Are you actually copying me? DOI!·t ),011 think yOIl should consider gelling yOllr

10 OlVn life? It wasn't that I planned never to tell her. Ijust figured I'd wait a bit-until we'd had a little time to miss each other.

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11. The narrator's attitude toward her situation is best described as

(A) perplexed (8) prudent (e) sentimental (0) annoyed (E) derisive

12. The narrator uses the questions in lines 8-1 0 primarily to

(A) voice some pressing concerns (8) admit to some personal qualms (C) characterize a likely response (D) highlight an unpleasant memory (E) begin a discussion




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Questions 13·24 are based on the fo llowing passages.

These passages discllss string theOl}', the as-yet-IIII,)ro~'en idea /hal alll1latter in the !llIil'erse is made lip of "sTrings" so slIlall/itattitey have 11of been detected by instrumellfs. The passages were adaptedfrolll books published in 2000 and 2006, respecth'ely.

Passage 1

String theory is a work in progress whose partial completion has already revealed remarkably elegant answers to questions about nature's most fundamental

Line constituents and forces. For instance. in string theory many 5 aspects of nature that might appear to be arbitrary technical

details - such as the number of distinct varieties of particle ingredients and their propelties-are found to arise from tangible aspects of the geometry of the universe .

[n the final analysis, though, nothing is a substitute for 10 defi nitive, testable predictions that can determine whether

string theory has truly lifted the veil of mystery hiding the deepest truths of our universe. It may be some time before our level of comprehension has reached sufficient depth to achieve this aim. In fact, the mathematics of string theory

/5 is so complicated that, to date, no one even knows the exact equations of the theory. Nevertheless. experimental tests could provide strong circumstantial support for string theory within the next ten years or so.

One of the pioneers of string theory summarizes the 10 situation by saying that "string theory is a pan of twenty

first ·century physics that fell by chance into the twentieth century." It is as if our forebears in the nineteenth century had been presented with a modem-day supercomputer, without the operating instructions. Through inventive trial

15 and error, hints of the supercomputer's power would have become evident, but it would have taken vigorous and prolonged effort to gain true mastery. The hints of the computer's potential. like our glimpses of string theory's explanatory power, would have provided strong motivation

30 for obtaining complete facility. A similar motivation today energizes physicists to pursue string theory.

Science proceeds in fits and starts. Scientists put forward results. both theoretical and experimental. The results are then debated by the communi ty; sometimes they

35 are discarded, sometimes they are modified. and sometimes they provide inspiration for new and more accurate ways of understanding the universe. In other words, sc ience proceeds along a zigzag path toward what we hope will be ultimate truth, a path that began with humanity'S earliest

40 attempts 10 fathom the cosmos and whose end we cannot predict. Whether string theory is an incidental rest stop along this path, a landmark turning point, or the fina l destination we do not know. But the last two decades of research by hundreds of dedicated physicists and

45 mathematicians has given us well-founded hope that we are on the right and possibly fmal track.

Passage 2

No mailer how things turn out, the story of string theory is an episode with no parallel in the history of modem physics. More than twenty years of research by thousands

50 of the world's best scientists producing tens of thousands of scientific papers has not led to a single testable experimental prediction of the theory. This unprecedented situation leads one to ask whether one can really describe string theory as science,

55 Human beings engage in many different allempts to explain the world around them, but only a specific sort of explanation is nonnally considered to be scientific. An explanation that allows one to predict successfully in detail what will happen when one goes out and performs

60 a feasib le experiment is the sort of explanation that most clearly can be labeled "scientilic." Explanations that cannot be used to foml predictions clearly do not deserve this label.

Remarkably, the lack of any progress in achieving a 65 predictive version of string theory that could be tested by

experiment has not led to theorists' giving it up. Indeed, in recent years. many string theorists have become convinced that string theory inherently must allow an astronomically large number of physical possibilities, so many that it is

70 difficult to see how the theory can ever be tested. Yet some theorists are convinced that a bener understanding of the theory will uncover testable phenomena. This way of th inking is a steadfast refusal to acknowledge the lesson that conventional science says one should draw in this kind

75 of circumstance: if one's theory can ' t predict anything, one should try something else.

The phrase "not even wrong" is popular among physicists. A theory can be "not even wrong" because it is so incomplete and ill-defined that it can't be used {o

flO make predictions whose failure would show it to be wrong. This sort of "not even wrong" is not necessarily a bad thing. Most new theoretical ideas begin in this state, and it can take quite a bit of work before their implications are well enough understood for researchers to be able to tell

85 whether the idea is right or wrong. But there is a second connotation of "not even wrong": something worse than a wrong idea. In the case of string theory, the way some physicists are abandoning fundamental scientific principles rather than admit that a theory is wrong is something of this

90 kind: worse than being wrong is refusing to admit when one is wrong.

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13. Which best describes the relationship between the two passages?

(A) Passage I provides concrete evidence in support of a hypothesis attacked in Passage 2,

(8) Passage 1 advocates a theoretical approach that is only reluctantly endorsed by Passage 2.

(C) Passage I praises the achievements of a scientific researcher who is denounced in Passage 2.

(D) Passage I offers a largely positive assessment of a theory that is criticized in Passage 2.

(E) Passage I offers a detailed description of a methodology that is praised in Passage 2.

14. The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the claim in lines 9-12 in Passage I (" In the .. . universe'") with

(A) complete agreement (8) amused toleration (C) deliberate neutrality (D) open skepticism (E) total opposi tion

15. The author of Passage 2 would most likely argue that the prediction made in lines 16-18 in Passage I ("Nevertheless, .. or so'") is

(A) unlikely to come to pass (B) based on relevant data (C) a patently obvious claim (D) a somewhat plausible outcome (E) an unnecessarily pessimistic assessment

16, In the analogy of the supercomputer (li nes 22-30), modern physici sts resemble the "forebears" in that both

(A) have an obligation to acknowledge their own limitations

(8) lack the knowledge to take full advantage of a tool ee) fail to recognize the complexity of a challenge (D) must learn to use computers to do their work more

effectively (E) should seek instruction to understand

a phenomenon more fully

17. In line 32. "fits" most nearly means

(A) violent attacks (8) unprovoked tantrums (C) emotional reactions (D) unexpected whims (E) sudden bursts

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18. The ch:lracterization of the "path·· (line 38) suggests that science

(A) results from purely chance evcnts (B) is driven by an unforeseen and mysterious

purpose (C) progresses in an orderly manner (0) is inaccessible to those without proper

training (E) advances in indirect and sometimes

unexpected ways

19. The author of Passage 2 would most likely advise the "physicists and mathematicians" referred to in li nes 44-45, Passage 1, to

(A) redouble their current efforts (8 ) collaborate more with one another (C) fi nd new avenues for research (D) pursue a more interdisciplinary approach (E) seek to replicate their experimental findings

20. The primary contrast in lines 47-52 ("No matter. theory··) is between the

(A) size of a project and its importance (B) purpose of an undertaking and its result (C) history of an enterprise and its future (D) scope of an endeavor and its outcome (E) randomness of an approach and its findings

21. Passage I suggests that its author would most likely argue that the "unprecedented situation·' (Iincs 52-53. Passage 2) is

(A) proof of the arbi trary nature of theoretical physics (B) evidence of the lack of consensus among

physicists (C) a sign of the challenges involved with working

with supercomputers (D) a testament to the difficulty of directly observing

subatomic phenomena (E) a consequence of the highly complex mathematics

underlying string theory

22. The second paragraph in Passage 2 (lines 55-63) primarily serves to

(A) analyze the steps required by a process (B) assess the practicality of achieving an objective (C) articulate the criteria required to meet a standard (D) characterize the qualifications of practitioners (E) describe the significant advancements of a

discipli ne

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23. In line 74, "draw" most nearly means 24. Both authors would agree with wh ich statement about string theory?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

sketch lead attract infer provoke

STOP

(A) Through its development, important technological advances have taken place.

(B) In its current state, the explanations it provides are ultimately incomplete.

(C) It is unlikely that it will ever provide an encompassing explanation.

(D) It is beginning to be challenged by the majori ty of scientists.

(E) It represents our best chance of understanding subatomic phenomena.

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test.

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9(1) Unauthorized copying Of reuse 01 <lny part 01 thiS paga is Illegal ~' , . , . 9


19 Questions

Turn to Section 9 (page 7) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in th is section.

Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fi ll in the corresponding ci rcle on the answer sheet.

Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, ~ fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

Example:

Hoping to ------- the dispute, negotialOfs proposed a compromise that they felt would be ------- to both labor and management.

(A) enforce . . useful (B) end .. divisive (e) overcome .. unattractive (D) extend . . satisfactory (E) resolve .. acceptable

I. In dire need of - + - ' • • • , the travelers fortifi ed themselves with food and drink in order to complete their journey.

(A) testimony (B) sponsorship (C) persecution (D) nourishment (E) sentiment

2. John wished to become an ------- because he was interested in learning about ancient cultures.

(A) astronomer (D) illusionist

(B) archaeologist (E) impostor

(C) apologist

3. Although children' s books about animals and plants are often ------- rather than accurate in their descriptions, a skillful elementary-schoolteacher can still ------- such texts for meani ngful scientific learning.

(A) factual .. challenge (B) fanciful .. exploit (C) lifelike . . cmploy (D) creative .. confuse (E) real istic .. ignore

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4. Because she was a successful entrepreneur who donated large amou nts of money to charitable causes, Madame C. J Wal ker is remembered today as both a ------- and a ---- ---.

(AI sojourner. . benefactor (BI protege . . humanitarian (el magnatc .. prevaricator (I)I raconteur. . dilettante (EI tycoon .. philanthropist

5. The ------- of the sc ientist' s rebuttal of the hypothesis was startling even in the notoriously ------- world of nineteenth-century geology.

(A) ferocity . . contentious (B) arrogance .. conventional (C) indifference .. malignant (D) originali ty .. narrow-minded (E) accuracy . . inexact

6. Like cartoonists. some painters seek to communicate character -------, but this economy of means is not art istic shallowness.

CA) precociously (D) mercilessly

(B) ludicrously (E) succinctly

(C) sinuously

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The passage below is fo llowed by queslions based on ils content. Answer the questions olllhc basis of what is M.ill.e.d or ~ in the passage and in any introduclOry material that may be provided.

Questions 7·19 are based on the following passage.

The following passage is from a nineteenth·century British nord The narrator is Gabriel Bellerellge, the blttler of lAdy 1II1i1l Veril1der, Oll'lIer of a stolen diamond called the Mool/stolle.

In the firs t part of Robinson Crusoe,* at page one hundred and twenty-nine, you will find it thus wrinen:

u,,~ "Now I saw. though 100 laic, the Folly of beginning j a Work before we count the Cost. and before we judge

rightly of our own Strength 10 go through with it:' Only yesterday J opened my RobinWI/ Crume al

Ihal place. On ly this morning (May 21. 1850) came my lady's nephew. Mr. Franklin Blake. and held a short

10 conversation with me. as follows: "Betteredge." says Mr. Franklin. "I have been to the

lawyer'S about some family mailers; and, among other things. we have been talking of the loss of the Indian Diamond, in my aunt's house in Yorkshire,two years

15 since. The lawyer thinks, as I think. that the whole slory ought, in the interests of truth, to be placed on record in writing-and the sooner the beller."

Not perceiving his drift yet. and thinking it always desirable for the sake of peace and quietness to be on

20 the lawyer' s side, I said I thoughl so 100. Mr. Franklin went on:

"In this matter of the Diamond," he said, "the characters of innocent people have suffered under suspicion alreadyas you know. The memories of innocent people may su ffer.

25 hereafter, for want of a record of the facts to which those who come after us can appeal. There can be no doubt that this strange family slOry of ours ought to be told. And I think, Bellercdge. the lawyer and I together have hit on the right way of telling it."

JO Very satisfactory to both of them, no doubt. But I failed to see what I myself had to do with it, so far.

"We have certain events to relate," Mr. Franklin pro· ceeded; "and we have certain persons concerned in those events who are capable of relating them. Starting from

J5 these plain facts, the lawyer's idea is that we "hould all write the story of the Moonstone in turn-as far as our own personal experience extends, and no further. We must begin by showing how the Diamond first fell into the hands of my uncle Hemcast le. when he was serving

40 in India fifty years since. This prefatory narrative I have already got by me in the fonn of an old family paper. which relates the necessary particulars on the authority of an eye-witness. The nexllhing to do is to te ll how the

Diamond found its way into my aunt's house in Yorkshire, 45 two years since, and how it came to be lost in little more

than twelve hours afterward. Nobody knows as much as you do. Detteredge, about what went on in the house at that time. So you must take the pen in hand, and start the story."

50 In those terms I was informed of what my personal concem was with the mailer of the Diamond. If you are curious to know what course I took under the circumstances. I beg to infoml you that I did what you would probably have done in my place. I modestly

55 declared myself to be qui te uneq ual to the task imposed upon me-and I privatcly felt, alllhe time, that I was 4ui1e clever enough to perform it, if I only gave my own abilities a fair chance. Mr. Franklin. I imagine, must have seen my private sentimenL" in my face. He declined to

60 believe in my modesty: and hc insisted on giving my abilities a fair chance.

Two hours have passed since Mr. Franklin left me. As soon as his back was turned I went to my wriling~desk to start the story. There I have sat helpless (in spite of my

65 abilities) ever since: seei ng what Robinson Crusoe saw, as quoted above-namely. the folly of beginning a work before we count the cost. and before we judge rightly of our own strength 10 go through with il. Please to remember. I opened the book by accident, at that bit. only the day

70 before I rashly undertook the business now in hand; and, allow me 10 ask-if 111m isn't prophecy, what is?

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• A Brili<h nov~l by Daniel Defoe, published in 1719

7, The quotation in lines 4·6 ("Now ... iI") implies that one should

(A) assess a project carefully before committing oneself to it

(D) Strive to meet a challenge rather than to avoid it (C) take advantage of an opportunity before it is lost (D) approach a task with a sense of amusement

instead of annoyance (E) focus on the benefits thaI can be earned by

accomplishing a difficult feat




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9 ~.' .. "

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8. The repetition of "Only" in lines 7-8 serves to emphasize the

CA) uniqueness of an experience (B) solitary nature of a task (C) simplicity of a solution (D) brevity of an interval (E) insignificance of an action

9. In lines 11-49 ("Bcllcrcdge ... story"), Mr. Franklin proposes that

(A) various people contribute individual accounts to a single n:UTative about the diamond

(8) everyone with an interest in the diamond gather together to write its story

(C) the lawyer interview different people and compile their views in a report about the diamond

(D) the narrator research and write the definitive story of the diamond

(E) the narralOr determine the reliabi lity of existing documents related to the diamond

10. As revealed in lines 18-20 ("Not ... too"), Beueredge's attitude toward the lawyer is

(A) belligerent (B) envious (C) deferential (D) protective (E) empathetic

II. In line 23. Mr. Franklin voices the concern that '"innocenl people"

(A) have been corrupted (B) have been defamed (C) have been forgonen (D) possess faulty memories (E) suffer feelings of guilt

12. In line 25, "want" most nearly means

(A) poverty (B) desire (C) lack (D) fault (E) requi rement

·44·

13. Lines 30-31 ("Very ... far") suggest that Betteredge felt a sense of

CA) momentary perplexity (8) adamant disapproval (e) sincere regret (D) increasing alarm (E) profound disappointment

14. The phrase "no further" (line 37) emphasizes the lawyer's view that the story of the Moonstone should NOT

(A) be completed if it implicates a family member (B) be made known outside the household (C) be based on speculation or hearsay (D) continue to be recounted once it is written down (E) proceed past the time of the stone' s disappearance

15. Lines 58-59 (" Mr. Franklin, .. face") suggest that Mr. Franklin

(A) lacked confidence in 8eueredge's abilities (B) was able to determine Betteredge' s true feelings (C) enjoys a close relationship with Beneredge (D) tends to disregard other people's viewpoints (E) is a difficult man to understand

16. The phrase "'As soon as his back was turned" (line 63) serves to emphasize Betteredge's

(A) deviousness (B) cowardice (e) disloyalty (D) eagerness (E) courtesy

17. The quotation from Robinson Crusoe is repeated in lines 66-68 ("namely ... with it") in order to

(A) defend Beueredge's ability to complete a task (B) praise a little-known insight into human

nature (C) emphasize a warning Beneredge should have

heeded (D) question the relevance of the novel to modem

readers (E) show how Belteredge arrived at a faulty

concl usion

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18. In line 67. "cost" most nearly means

(A) personal toll (B) legal obligation (C) moral fonilUde (0) financial expenditure (E) social sacrifice

UnauthoriZed copyirlg or reuse 01 any part of this page is illegal. 9

19. Ultimately, Belteredge regards the quotation from RobinSOI/ Crume as

STOP

(A) an omen (B) a cliche (C) a metaphor (D) a paradox (E) a distraction

If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. 00 not turn to any other section in the test.

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SECTION 10 Time - JOminutes

14 Questions

Turn to Sect ion 10 (page 7) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this sect ion.

Directions: For each question in this section. select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the correspondi ng circle on the answer sheet.

The followi ng sentences test correctness and effectiveness of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence is underlined; beneath each sentence are fi ve ways of phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the original phrasing; the other four choices are differe nt. If you think the original phrasing produces a bener sentence than any of the alternatives, select choice A: if not, select one of the other choices.

In making your selection, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words. sentence conslruction, and punctuation. Your select ion should result in the most effective sentence- clear and precise, without awkwardness or ambiguity.

EXAMPLE:

Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book and she was sixty-fi ve years old then.

(A) and she was sixty-five years old then (B) when she was sixty-five (C) at age sixty-live years old (D) upon the reachi ng of sixty-five years (E) at the lime when she was sixty-five

0 e @®(!;

1. Billie Holiday is considered by many the greatest jazz vocalist of all time, even beiD ~ thaI her career was relatively short and often erratic.

(A) even being that (B) even although (C) even though (D) although that (E) although seeing how

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2. After the Soviet Union blockaded all access to West Berlin in June 1948. three nations sent airplanes to the city. which were loaded with much-needed food and supplies.

(A) airplanes to the city. which were loaded with much-needed food and suppl ies

(B) airplanes loaded with much-needed food and suppl ies to the city

(C) airplanes. they were loaded for the city with much-needed food and supplies

(D) to the city food and supplies that were much needed and it was loaded in airplanes

(E) food and supplies. this was much needed and loaded in airplanes to the city

3. The reason many people are careless in drivill2 is because of their too easily bcin~ diMracted by what is happening around them.

(A) are careless in driving is because of their too easi ly being

(B) as drivers being careless is that it is too easy for them to be

(C) are careless while driving is the ease of one ' s being

(D) lack care while dri vi ng is their too easily being (E) drive carelessly is that they are too easily

4. No one was more pleased than I when we heard that Marfa was offered the job that she had worked so hard to obtain.

(A) No one was more pleased than I (B) No one took more pleasure than me (C) Nobody who was more pleased than I WllS

(D) No one, compared to me, being more pleased (E) None being more pleaSed than I




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5. In some places the sea is unusually rich in nutrients. tiny plams multiply there. turning the water green.

(A) In some places the sea is unusually rich in nutrients. tiny plants multiply there

(8) Where the sea is unusually rich in nutrients, tiny plants multiply

(C) The unusual nutritional richness of the sea in some places multiplying tiny plants

(D) Unusually rich in nutrients in some places, where tiny plants multiply in pans of the sea

(E) Tiny plants multiplying in the unusual nutritional richness of the sea

6. Spanning the middle of Turkey. travelers have for centuries been captivated by the inland re~iQn known as Cappadocia. with its fantastic moonlike landscape.

(A) travelers have for centuries been captivated by the inland region known as Cappadocia. with its fantastic moonlike landscape

(8) travelers ha\ e been captivated for centuries by the inland region known as Cappadocia and by its fantastic moonlike landscape

(C) the inland region known as Cappadocia has captivated travelers for centuries with its fantastic moonlike landscape

(D) the fantastic moonlike landscape of the inland region known as Cappadocia, which has captivated travelers for centuries

(E) having captivated travelers for centuries, the inland region known as Cappadocia, with its fantastic moonlike landscape

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7. Neither candidate was inclined to avoid a verbal scume Qr to fQr2Q a little publicity.

(A) Qr to forgQ (8 ) Qr forgoing (C) Qr having forgone (D) and never forgoing (E) and they did not forgo

8. Evidence from several research slUdies have suggested that while all exercise has a positive effect 011 people's moods, exercise performed out of doors brings the greatest psychological benefits.

(A) have suggested that while (8) suggests that while (C) suggesting that while (D) suggest that (E) that suggest

9. People contribute to the disintegration and decomposition of rocks by excavating roads and tunnels, by mining. and by cultivatini the land.

(A) by culti vating (8 ) in cultivating (C) cultivating (D) in their cultivation of (E) by the culti vation Qf

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10. In some species of birds, such as the peafowl, the plumage of the male is more colorful and more variegated than the female.

(A) than the fema le (B) than are the fema les (C) than that of the female (D) comp<lred to the female (E) compared with the females

11. All of these cats have a kink in their tail.

(A) All of these cats have a kink in their taiL (B) All of these cals have a kink in its tail. (C) Each of these cats has a kink in its taiL (D) Each of these cats has a kink in their tai ls. (E) Each of these cats have kinks in their tai ls.

12, Despite wri ting more than 1.700 poems, only seven were pubUshed duriD2 Emily Dickinson's lifetime.

(A) only seven were published during Emi ly Dickinson's

(8) they only published seven during Emily Dickinson's

(C) seven of them were the o nly ones published during Emily Dickinson's

(D) Emily Dicki nson published only seven during her (E) of them only seven had Emily Dickinson

published during her

13. Rachel Canon's groundbreaking book Silelll Spring describes how poison~ such as DDT accumulate in plams and animals. enter rivers and lakes. and threatening the balance of nature.

(A) enter rivers and lakes, and threaten ing the balance of nature

(8) they enter rivers and lakes, and threaten the balance of nature

(C) they are entering rivers and lakes. and threaten the balance of nature

(D) how they enter rivers and lakes, and how they thrclltcn the balance of nature

(E) enter rivers and lakes, and how the balance of nature is threatened

14, Giraffes have a distinct way of walking, thev move both ri2ht 1e2s forward and then both left legs.

(A) walking, they mo\e both right legs (B) walking, which move both right legs (C) walking, both its right legs move (D) walking: they move both right legs (E) walking; moving both right legs



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35 Questions



The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence is underlined; beneath each sentence are five ways of phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the original phrasing; the other four choices are different. If you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence than any of the alternatives, select choice A: if not, select one of the other choices.

In making your selection, follow the requirements of standard written that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation. Your selection should result in the most effective sentence-clear and precise, without awkwardness PI'

ambiguity.

EXAMPLE:

Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book

(A) and she was sixty-five years old then (B) when she was sixty-five (C) at age sixty-five years old (D) upon the reaching of sixty-five years

at the time when she was sixty-five

0.

1. Some researchers think that vertical farms-multistory greenhouses used for growing food-may benefit society by conserving land, recycling wastewater, and reduction in fossil-fuel emissions.

(A) reduction in (B) they reduce (C) to reduce (D) reducing (E) through reduction in

2. An entire ant colony working together can solve problems, the shortest path to a food source, that are impossible for an individual ant to solve.

such as when they find (B) such as finding of (C) such as finding (D) like the finding of (E) like their finding of

3. The brains of infants have many more neural connections than the brains of adults do, but

(A) but they are much less efficient (B) but it is much less efficient (C) but the efficiency being lower CD) they are much less efficient (E) their efficiency is much lower, though

4.

transparent.

Arctic sea ice first freezes and it forms layers of ice crystals and these

(B) Arctic sea ice first freezes, as it then formed layers of ice crystals that

(C) When arctic sea ice freezes first, it would form layers of ice crystals that

(D) When arctic sea ice first it forms layers of ice crystals that

(E) Layers of ice crystals occurring when arctic sea ice first freezes and

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5. New research indicates that regular aerobic exercise can improve brain performance by its boosting of memory and cognitive processing speed.

(A) performance by its boosting of (B) performance by boosting of (C) performance by boosting (D) performance, its boost of

performance, it boosts

6. famous for his Arctic expedition, polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922 for his humanitarian work.

(A) Having already become (B) His having already become (C) He had already been (D) He was already (E) He, being already

7. Famous for their fantastic allegmies, the works of Argentine author Jorge Luis Borges ~~== international acclaimed.

(A) have been international acclaimed (B) have been acclaimed internationally (C) had their acclaim internationally (D) was acclaimed international (E) was acclaimed internationally

8. Some critics insist that Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, although a great humanitarian, is only a mediocre writer.

(A) although a humanitarian, is only a mediocre writer

(B) despite great humanitarianism, is only mediocre when judged as to writing

(C) even when being judged a great humanitarian, is a mediocre writer only

(D) even when noted for his great humanitarianism, only a mediocre writer

(E) while being a great humanitarian, but only a mediocre writer

9. Defying expectations that she a career in medicine, Amy Tan chose to become a writer.

(A) pursued (B) pursues (C) will pursue (D) would pursue (E) had pursued

10. Women in developing countries who want to start small businesses often benefit economically from microcredit, a practice in which she is lent modest amounts of money.

(A) in which she is lent (B) when she is lent (C) whereby they are lent (D) they are lent

lending her

11. In the review of her latest play, the playwright was praised as highly for her innovative plotlines ~~~..QtMI.Bmlm~k..;~~(lli!QILQt audience expectation.

(A) and because of her remarkable perception of (B) and because she was remarkably perceptive of (C) and was remarkably perceptive with (D) as for her remarkable perception of (E) as well as being remarkably perceptive with

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The following sentences test your ability to recognize grammar and usage errors. Each sentence contains either a single error or no error at all. No sentence contains more than one error. The enor, if there is one, is underlined and lettered. If the sentence contains an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If the sentence is correct, select choice E. In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard written English.

EXAMPLE:

The other delegates and him

A B C accepted the resolution drafted the

D neutral states. No error

E

12. When we went on a camping trip last summer, my A

cousin and me rowed across a lake that lies between B C

two mountain peaks. No enor E

13. After studying plants that thrive in warm climates B

and those that do not, scientists concluding that D

a pJant's heat tolerance is determined by a particular

gene. No error

14. There ~ basic differences between computer memory A

and human memory that make it unlikely that one C

can replace the other. No error

15. Having been Leslie's teammate for three basketball A

seasons, Claire knew that Leslie had the experience

and temperament of a good team captain. -~::::::--=--

No error

16. My uncle's house, like many others built during the B

1950s, were designed in the ranch style that is still C D

popular today. No error E

17. As the river current accelerated through the ---=

canyon walls, the kayakers had to be ~~~~c~ar~e::.:fu~l

to avoid the rocks that would suddenly appear in C D

front of them. No error E


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18. A leopard's spots serve as camoutlage not because

they were shaped like leaves and branches but A B

because they form a micropattern that enables the

animal to blend into its woodland background. C D

No error E

19. Located on the firefly's lower abdomen is a mass A B

of luminescent cells in which oxygen combines with C

a substance called luciferin to produce the insect's

o distinctive glow. No elTor

E

20. In her fiction, Nella Larsen explored the minds of A B

her characters in great detail and making them not C

only believable but also fascinating to the reader. D

No elTor E

21'. A human runner amazed the world in 2004

by winning the Man versus Horse Marathon, it has A B

pitted hundreds of people against horses every

C

year since 1980. No en-or D E

22. Evidence discovered in regions that were once part A

of the Roman Empire' suggest that the Romans used B

a c~)Vering called a hipposandal to protect their C D

horses' hooves. No elTor E

23. If it had been up to my sisters and 1., we A B

would have spent every summer vacation at our C

cousins' house, which was right on the lake. No elTor D E

24. Greenland's vast glaciers contain so much frozen A B

water that should they melt, sea levels would rise C

worldwide, altering c?astlines everywhere. No error D E

25. The domed shell of a box turtle is hinged at the A

bottom, allowing the animal to close their shell B C I~

tightly to evade predators. No elTor D E

26. The leopard frog, so named because of the A

ilTegularly shaped spots on its back and legs, B

are found throughout much of North America. C D

No elTor E

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27. Commercial growers tend to breed tomato plants for

qualities that increase the profitability of a crop, such

as resistance of disease, rather than for flavor and

nutritional value. No error

28. Historically, fewer than twenty percent of the pop A

songs identified by music executives as to be

hits have performed as eXlpecteci. No error E

29. That the country is now politically stable and

economically robust and will almost certainly

continue to do so is no longer seriously doubted. o

No enor

Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten.

Read the passage and select the best answers for the questions that follow. Some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask you to consider organization and development. In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard written English.

Questions 30-35 refer to the following passage.

(1) Until recently, university librarians safeguarded rare books and manuscripts from all but the most scholarly hands. (2) Given the fragility of such materials, preservation should outweigh accessibility. (3) Inexperienced college students, nonetheless, were assumed to have little need to access rare holdings.

(4) But many librarians started questioning this. (5) They noted that certain rare works, such as those printed on animal skin, are sturdier than previously thought (6) In the case of fragile documents, they reasoned, increased access could protect works. (7) It could reveal damage, such as mold growth, that might otherwise spread. (8) Thus, if students were given basic training in handling fragile documents, they could actually help preserve the collection by reporting damage. (9) After all, only through hands-on contact could a student fully observe and analyze the great care taken ·in binding and illustrating a first editior Robin Hood or the handwriting on a letter from Anne Boleyn.

(10) Thanks to the librarians' shift in thinking, students in many universities are gaining just this kind of access to rare documents. (11) Literature students can analyze D. H. Lawrence's careful revisions to the text of Sons and Lovers. (12) Similarly, history students are able to turn the pages of magazines in which monthly installments of 'Oliver Twist were originally published amid ads for saddle: and ointments. (13) This sort of access allows them to experience Dickens' novel in much the same way its first readers in the 1830s did. (14) Even art students benefited: they gained a deeper appreciation of artist-designed books -which are as unique as paintings or sculptures-by viewing them firsthand.


6 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.6 6 6

30. In context, which would be best to place at the beginning of sentence 2 (reproduced below) ?

Given the fragility of such materials, preservation should oLltweigh accessibility.

(A) Their thinking behind this was that, (B) They now say that, (C) They believed that, (D) As it happens, though, (E) Moreover, it seems that,

31. In context, which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence 3 (reproduced below) ?

Inexperienced college students, nonetheless, }vere assumed to have little need to access rare holdings.

(A) (as it is now) (B) in particular (C) however (D) broadly speaking (E) fortunately

32. In context, which of the following phrases would most effectively replace the word "this" in sentence 4 (reproduced below) ?

But many librarians started questioning this.

(A) them (B) the purpose of rare documents (C) the wisdom of this (D) all of that (E) the validity of such thinking

33. In context, which of the following is the most effective way to revise and combine sentences 6 and 7 (reproduced below) at the underlined portion?

damage, such as mold growth, that might otherwise spread.

(A) They reasoned that increased access to fragile documents, by revealing damage, could protect works

(B) Even in the case of fragile documents, they reasoned, increased access could protect works by revealing damage

(C) Consequently, in the case of fragile documents, they reasoned that increased access could protect works, revealing damage

(D) But their reasoning was that in the case of fragile documents, increased access could protect works by revealing damage

(E) Although increased access could protect fragile documents, they reasoned, in revealing damage

34. In context, which of the following is the best version of lhe uIHlerlineu portion of senlence 14 (reproduced below) ?

Even art students benefited: they gained a deeper appreciation ofartist-designed books-which are as unique as paintings or sculptures-by viewing them firsthand.

(A) (as it is now) (B) benefited, having gained (C) can benefit, gaining (D) are benefiting, as they gained (E) who benefit by gaining

35. Where in the passage would the following sentence best be inserted?

Moreover, the librarians realized that, by handling rare documents, students could gain much information not obtainable from electronic or printed copies.

Immediately after sentence 2 (B) Immediately after sentence 4 (C) Immediately after sentence 8 (D) Immediately after sentence 11 (E) Immediately after sentence 14



-29

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SECTIONS Time - 20 minutes

19 Questions



Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.

Example:

Hoping to the dispute, negotiators proposed a compremise that they felt would be to both labor and management.

(A) enforce" useful (B) end .. divisive (C) overcome .. unattractive (D) extend .. satisfactory (E) resolve .. acceptable 0®@ •

3. Anyone serving as transportation commissioner must become accustomed to public criticism, and indeed Henderson is now quite it.

(A) vulnerable to (B) irritated by (C) inured to (D) repentant about (E) fractious about

4. Increasingly, nurse practitioners are ------- the heavy workload of physicians by performing medical tasks once thought to be the exclusive of doctors.

(A) amassing .. assertion (B) compounding .. problem (C) scheduling .. prerogative CD) reducing .. embodiment (E) lessening .. province

5. Brenda's job was by no means -------: she actually had to work quite hard for her salary.

1. The most objectionable passages in the novel were at the insistence of the censors.

(A) deleted (B) published (C) advertised (D) restored celebrated

2. Saul Williams has won critical acclaim as a musician, poet, and actor, demonstrating that he is both versatile and -------.

(A) melodic (B) modest (C) accomplished (D) dismissive (E) overcommitted

(A) a conundrum (B) a sinecure (C) a castigation (D) an enumeration

(E) an appraisal

6. The first Moon explorers were rarely expansive in describing their surroundings; on the contrary, their reports tended to be -------.

(A) laconic (B) histrionic (C) cohesive (D) extemporaneous (E) implacable

I

i'

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Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part 01 this page is illegal. 00 8

Questions 7-19 are based on the following passages. amount of text that literate Americans produce is diminishing our sense of written craftsmanship. Ultimately,

The passages belmv, adaptedfrom vvorks published ~n . bad writing is driving writing out of circulation. 2008, discuss short, technologically driven COmmlll1lCatzons Passage 2 such as instant messages, sent to andfron? computers, and . text messages, sent to and from mobile deFices such as cell There is a curious ambivalence around. Complaints phones. 45 are made about children's poor literacy, and then, when

a technology arrives that provides fresh and motivatihg Passage 1 opportunities to read and write, such as e-mail, chat,

blogging, and texting, complaints are made about that. A few years back, I did an interview on the possible The problems associated with the new medium -such as

effects of instant messaging (1M) on the writing of 50 new abbreviation styles-are hIghlighted and the potential

teenagers. The other guest, himself a polished writer, benefits ignored. I heard someone recently complaining Line extolled the benefits that 1M seemed destined to have that "children don't keep diaries anymore." The speaker

5 upon the next generation's writing abilities. I countered was evidently unaware that the online diary - the . with the proverbial case of monkeys and typewriters: is one of the most popular areas of Internet acti vity among however long they pound away, theyare unlikely to

55 young people. '" ..produce Shakespeare. A couple of axioms might be usefully affmned at thIS

More recently, I have begun to suspect that the situation point. I believe that any form of writing exercise is good for 10 is even more troubling. Could it actually be that the more . you. I also believe that anything which helps develop your

we write online, the worse writers we become? r m not awareness of different properties, styles, and effects of talking about whether the usual litany of acronyms and

60 writing is good for you. It helps you become a better abbreviations (such as 2 for "to" or "two," or btvv for "by reader, more sensitive to nuance, and a better writer, more the way") is seeping into everyday writing, or whether our sensitive to audience. Texting language is no different from

15 e-mails are laced with misspelled words or minimalist other innovative forms of written expression that have punctuation. Rather, my concern is more profound: is the emerged in the past. It is a type of ianguage whose sheer fact that we are replacing so much of our spoken

65 communicative strengths and weaknesses need to be interaction with written exchanges gradually eroding appreciated. If it were to take its place alongside other a public sense that the quality of writing m~tters: kinds of writing in school curriculums, students would soon

20 I vividly recall an article in early 2000, 10 whIch the develop a strong sense of when it is appropriate to use it reviewer despaired over the profusion of spelling and and when it is not. It is not as if the school would be punctuation mistakes he had found in the text a~ hand

70 teaching them something totally new. Many Web sites are (which, incidentally, had been published by a hIghly already making texters aware that there are some situations respected press). Worse still, he noted, this book was no~ in which it is inappropriate to use texting abbreviations,

25 unique. Sardonically, he mused that about ten years earl.ler, because they might not be understood. all competent proofreaders must have disappeared. But IS This might seem self-evident, yet when a text-messaging the problem actually the proofreaders? Or might it be that

75 unit was included as an option in the English curriculum in we the readers (who ourselves are often writers) are less schools in Victoria, Australia, for eighth- to tenth-grade fussy than we used to be? Is it that we could proofread- students, it was condemned by no less a person than the

30 we know the rules-but no longer care to do so? federal minister of education. The 'students were taught to In 2003, John McWhorter wrote Doing Our Own Thing: translate text messages, write glossaries of abbreviations,

The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We 80 and compare the language of texting with that of formal

Should, Like, Care, in which he argued that contemporary English. Stylistic comparisons of this kind have long Americans, unlike earlier generations and unlik~ many proved their worth in English classes. The minister was

35 other cultures, do not particularly care about theIr language. reported as urging a return to "basics." But what could be In McWhorter's words, "Americans after the 1960s have more basic, in terms of language acquisition, than to focus lived in a country with less pride in its language than any

85 on students' developing sense of linguistic appropriateness? other society in recorded history." While I believe Mc Whorter is substantially correct, his point is not the one

40 I am making here. My own argument is that the inordinate

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7. The primary concern of both passages is to

(A) describe a new method of teaching writing (B) suggest a means of improving how young

people communicate with one another (C) discuss the effects of current technologies on

written language CD) offer an explanation for teenagers' fascination

with text messages CE) question the importance of technology to

education

8. Which best states the relationship between the two passages?

(A) Passage I outlines a course of action that Passage 2 reveals to be risky and dangerous.

(B) Passage I denounces the influence of a technology that Passage 2 argues is actually a positive force.

(C) Passage I offers a historical overview of a phenomenon that Passage 2 rejects as ultimately insignificant.

(D) Passage I discusses a personal experience with a technology that Passage 2 analyzes more objectively.

(E) Passage 1 decries a common practice that Passage 2 criticizes less passionately.

9. The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the views of the "guest" (line 3, Passage 1) with

(A) impatience (B) dismissal (C) disbelief (D) amusement (E) agreement

10. The author of Passage 2 would most likely offer which response to the question posed in lines 10-11, Passage 1 ?

(A) Yes, because writing casually makes people careless about more formal discourse.

(B) Yes, because people must first be educated if they are to become effective online writers.

(C) Maybe, because using abbreviations can hinder people from writing more efficiently.

CD) No, because online writers are more accomplished than traditional writers.

(E) No, because any practice in writing will improve a writer's skills.

11. Both passages acknowledge that the "acronyms and abbreviations" (lines 12-13, Passage I) and the "abbreviation styles" (line 50, Passage 2) have

(A) improved the speed at which communication can take place

(B) allowed young people to gain confidence in their own written expression

(C) grown less popular as mobile technologies have become more sophisticated

CD) been viewed as damaging to the general quality of writing

(E) proved unusually difficult for many adults to master

12. The parenthetical statement in lines 13-14 serves primarily to

CA) criticize certain practices (B) offer particular examples (C) suggest alternative solutions CD) describe past events (E) anticipate potential objections

13. The title of John McWhorter's book (lines 31-33) is best characterized as

(A) overwrought in its ominous foreshadowing (B) contradictory in its attempt to attract readers (C) witty in its broad inclusion of the arts (D) satirical in its intentional use of informal diction CE) passionate in its purposeful attack on a conventiOJ

14. In lines 44-48 ("Complaints ... that"), the author of Passage 2 refers to a situation best described as

(A) paradoxical (B) melodramatic (C) metaphorical (D) speculati ve (E) typical

15. In line 45, "poor" most nearly means

(A) petty (B) needy (C) barren

'(D) humble (E) inadequate

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16. In line 46, "fresh" most nearly means

(A) pure (B) restored (C) raw (D) new (E) recent

17. In lines 56-62 couple ... audience"), the author supports an argument with

(A) nostalgic anecdotes (B) historical precedents (C) personal convictions (D) idealistic hopes (E) hypothetical assumptions

18. In lines 78-82 ("The students ... classes"), the author's attitude toward the class content is best described as one of

(A) disdain (B) annoyance (C) uncertainty (D) curiosity (E) appreciation

19. Compared with the author of Passage I, the author of Passage 2 views changes like texting language as possessing

(A) more appeal for writers of narratives (B) more potential for inhibiting critical thinking (C) more continuity with traditional forms of

discourse (D) less capacity for encouraging young people to

enjoy writing (E) less power to make a genuine impact on society

STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only_


-39

10 Unauthorized copy.ing or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 10


14 Questions



The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness of expression. Part of each sentence or the entire sentence is underlined; beneath each sentence are five ways of phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the original phrasing; the other four choices are different. If you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence than any of the alternatives, select choice A; if not, select one of the other choices.

In making your selection, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation. Your selection should result in the most effective sentence-clear anu jJ1ecise, without mvkwardness or ambiguity.

EXAMPLE:

Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book and she was sixty-five years old then.

(A) and she was sixty-five years old then (8) when she was sixty-five (C) at age sixty-five years old (D) upon the reaching of sixty-five years (E) at the time when she was sixty-five

0e®@

1. Although today's children certainly need to learn to type on computer keyboards, they also need to develop legible handwriting for doing homework, completing class work, and to take notes.

(A) and to take notes (8) and whenever taking notes is done (C) and taking notes (D) also taking notes (E) with taking notes being included

2. While visiting our cousins in the Spanish city of Granada, the palace and fortress called the Alhambra was seen, with its splendid courts, fountains, and gardens.

(A) the palace and fortress called the Alhambra was seen, with its

(B) the palace and fortress called the Alhambra was what we saw; it has

(C) we saw the Alhambra, a palace and fortress; its having

(D) we saw the Alhambra, a palace and fortress with (E) seeing the Alhambra, a palace and fortress with

3. Bees that are fed pollen from a range ot dIfferent plants appear to have healthier immune systems than do bees that are fed pollen from a single type of plant.

(A) plants appear to have healthier immune systems (B) plants and appear to have a healthier immune

system (C) plants, appearing to have healthier immune

systems (D) plants, which appear to have a healthier immune

system (E) plants, their immune systems appear healthier

4. When driving in hilly areas on icy roads,. snow tires an~ what you need on your vehicle for traction.

(A) snow tires are what you need on your vehicle for traction

(8) there is a need for snow tires on your vehicle for traction

(C) what is needed for traction is snow tires on your vehicle

(D) traction requires snow tires on your vehicle (E) you need snow tires on your vehicle for traction

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Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal. 10

5. In 1977 Tracy Austin became the youngest tennis player to win a professional ==~='-"-!..~'-'-=--'~

(A) tournament when she captured a title in Oregon fourteen years

(B) tournament aged fourteen years when she captured a title in Oregon

(C) tournament when she captured a title in Oregon, being age fourteen

(D) tournament when, at the age of fourteen, she captured a title in Oregon

(E) tournament, she was fourteen years old when she captured a title in Oregon

6. Slightly more than 48 percent of the country's population lives in urban ="-"='-'-'-='--"-'=

remainder lives in rural communities.

(A) areas, where the remainder lives (B) areas, with the remainder living

areas, the remainder lives (D) areas; but the remainder living (E) areas, the remainder is living

7.

(A) a decline in Lake Michigan's fish populations was caused by quagga mussels

(B) Lake Michigan's declining fish populations were caused by quagga mussels

(C) Lake Michigan's fish populations are declining, caused by quagga mussels

(D) quagga mussels having caused a decline in Lake Michigan's fish populations

(E) quagga mussels have caused a decline in Lake Michigan's fish populations

8. Most inks used today contain chemical pigments that are nonbiodegradable and can prevent paper products from being recyclable, pigments made from algae break down more easily.

(A) from being recyclable, pigments (B) from being recyclable, but pigments (C) to be recyclable, while pigments (D) being recyclable unlike pigments (E) so that they are not recyclable, however

pigments

9. The transformation of an animal into a person, or the reverse, are parts of many a folktale.

(A) reverse, are parts (B) reverse, are a part (C) reverse, is part (D) reverse; they are parts (E) reverse being part

10. A professional chocolate buyer recently said that his job is much easier than how it was for his predecessors because he can search the Internet for new chocolate products.

(A) how it was for his predecessors (B) his predecessors (C) his predecessors who did it (D) those who preceded him (E) that of his predecessors

IGOONTOTHE NEXT PAGE)-47

1010 Unauthorized copying or reuse of any part of this page is illegal.

11. The port city of Shanghai, which along with Hong Kong is a leading Chinese banking and manufacturing center.

(A) Shanghai, which along with Hong Kong is (B) Shanghai is, along with Hong Kong, (C) Shanghai, along with Hong Kong being (D) Shanghai, along with Hong Kong (E) Shanghai and Hong Kong are

12. Like her husband, Jackson Pollock, Lee Krasner was an Abstract Expressionist artist, and her and Pollock influenced each other's work.

(A) her and Pollock influenced (B) she and Pollock influenced (C) she and Pollock having influenced (D) herself and Pollock influencing (E) the two of them both influenced

13. Despite living only to the age of forty, the music of John Coltrall~ inspired a generation of writers, musicians, and artists.

(A) the music of John Coltrane, it (B) the music of John Coltrane (C) John Coltrane's music (D) John Coltrane created music that (E) John Coltrane created music, it

14. The swiftest animal on Earth, the cheetah can reach a top speed of about 70 miles per hour, it can maintain that speed for no more than 300 yards.

(A) hour, it can (B) hour but can (C) hour, though they can (D) hour, but they can (E) hour, however, it can



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