Subject Index

abrasive materials, 623 acetylacetone (acacH), 243 acidity, effects of, 304 activated gas permeation, 378 activation energy, 393 additives

effect on microstructure, 290 effect on stress, 290

adsorption competitive, 381 multicomponent, 40 t-curve, 48

adsorption isotherms determination of, 43 types of, 36

ageing, 303, 308 agglomerate forming, 153 aggregates, 154 alkalinity, 315 y-alumina, 240

film, 321 membranes, 233, 289, 296-297 supporting membrane, 300 supports, 306, 309

amphiphilic systems, 245 amphoteric behaviour of metal oxides, 584 anodic alumina membranes, 539 apparent activation energy, 347, 385 applications, 641 architecture, 21 asymmetric structures, 23, 27 atomic force microscopy, 307

BaAl~2019, 235 back diffusion, 364 BaTiO3 membrane, 236

beer brewing, 627 bending strength, 136 BET isotherms, 40, BICUVOX, 470 bilge water, 621 binary silica-metaloxide, 305 binder polymer, 206 binders, 122, 203, 214 blocking electrodes, 491 boehmite, 240 Bosanquet equation, 358 Brownian agglomeration, 161 Brownian movement, 160 brownmillerite, 502

structure, 499 bubble point, 99, 134 burst pressure, 136

cake filtration, 154 calcia-stabilized zirconia, 465 capillary colloidal filtration, 183 capillary condensate permeation, 352 capillary condensation, 350, 373 capillary pressure, 272, 352 capillary suction, 351 carbon membranes, 312, 354, 546 carbon supports, 321 carbonate formation, 512 Carman-Kozeny, 187, 212, 575 catalysts, 666 cationic surfactant, 249 ceramic membranes

applications of, 619 m commercially available, 620 ceramic nanofilters, 240, 596 ceramic paste preparation, 121

681

682 SUBJECT INDEX

ceramics industry, 623 ceria-doped ZrO2--Y203, 475 CETS, 555, 556 CH3OH dehydrogenation, 540 CH4 reforming, 537 Chapman-Enskog relation, 359 characterisation, 67 charge density, 603 charge disproportionation, 484, 493 charge-pH diagram, 233 chemical diffusion coefficient, 451,492 chemical energy transmission systems

(CETS), 555 chemical modification of the membrane

surface, 633 chemical processes, recycling in, 626 chemical resistance, 33 chemical stability of y-alumina

membranes, 234 chemical vapour deposition, 310, 375 chemically recuperated gas turbine

(CRGT), 557 chemisorption, 36 clarification, 628 cluster-cluster model, 302 clusters, 230, 238 CMR, 540

configuration, 531 CNMR model, 550 CO2 removal, 558 coagulant, 629 coal gasification combined cycle, 666 coating flow dynamics, 190 coating thickness, 189, 190 coke formation, 654 colloidal filtration, 210 colloidal particles, 232 colloidal processing, 142, 163 colloidal ceramic processing, 150 colloidal sols, 232 colloidal stability, 210 colloidal suspensions, 229

commercially available membranes, 31 compact layer, 151

contact time, 151 withdrawal speed, 151

competitive adsorption, 381 competitive Langmuir adsorption, 387 compressor-condensate, 620 concentrated suspension, 173, 175 concentration factor, 623 concentration polarization, 570 condensation rate, 299 condensation reactions, 301 configurational diffusion coefficient, 388 connectivity, 72 contact angle, 196, 198

advancing, 198 receding, 198

contact time, 212 continuous stirred tank reactor, 504 convective flow, 603 conversion, 651, 670 correlation factor, 492 coupled membrane processes, 608 coupling effects, 355 cracking, 208, 279 cracking phenomena, 294 criteria for the selection of materials, 510 critical cracking thickness (CCT), 177 critical point, 272, 275 critical stress, 275,276, 280 critical thickness, 296 cross-flow microfiltration, 590 crystallisation, 315 CVD techniques, 538

Damk6hler number, 647 Darcy's law, 158 dead end pores, 335 deagglomeration, 214 Deborah number, 161 Debye length, 586 Debye-H~ckel screening length, 456

SUBJECT INDEX 683

decomposition, 508 defects, 178-181 defect chemistry, 472 deflocculants, 123, 131 degreasing baths, 625 dehydrogenation, 550

of ethylbenzene, 643, 657 of propane, 643, 648

dense ceramic membranes, 435 dense inorganic membranes, 643 density, 70 density states, 488 depolarization, 591 detergents/surfactants retention, 626 dewetting, 155, 181, 190 diffusion coefficients, 359, 390

chemical, 451, 492 intrinsic, 384 tracer, 491

dip-coating, 183 Donnan effect, 603 Donnan exclusion, 588 drainage, 190 drying, 175

characteristics of membranes, 287 Constant rate period, 272 first falling rate period, 273 forces, 153 front, 274, 294 process, 271 rate, 274 second falling rate period, 274 stress, 276, 288 zone, 292

dual-phase composites, 470 dual-phase membrane, 438 Dubinin-Raduschkevich

adsorption, 388 equation, 43, 52

dust, 181 Dusty Gas Model, 355, 359

edge-effects, 504 electrical double layer, 585 electro-osmosis, 594 electro-ultrafiltration, 610 electrokinematic flow, 588, 603 electrokinetic radius, 588 electroless plating, 538 electrolytic domain, 464 electronic conductivity, 492 electronic stoichiometry, 493 electrophoresis, 610 electrostatic interaction, 164 ellipsometry, 94 emulsion treatment centres, 621 emulsions, 621 enzymes, 632 equations of state, adsorption isotherms

from, 41 erbia-stabilized bismuth oxide, 467 ethylbenzene, 657-658 extended defects, 495 extrusion, 119

facilitated transport, 608 FBMR configuration, 531 fermentation broths, 632 film coating, 189, 215, 262 film formation, 260 film thickness, 190 fish processing, 622 flat supports, 120 flow pulsations, 591 flow sheeting, 648 fluid flow measurements, 102 formed-in-place membranes, 580 fouling, 61, 575, 622 fractal concept, 238 fractal dimension, 299, 301 fractal geometry, 72 fracture, 280 fruit juices, 627

684 SUBJECT INDEX

galvanic baths, 627 gas adsorption, 78 gas permeability, 103 gel structure, 154 Gibbs-Thomson equation, 273 Gouy layer, 586 grain boundaries, 508 grain boundary diffusivity, 508 gyration radius, 301

Henry constant, 385 Henry's law, 38, 346 high temperature NMR, 500 hollow fibres, 29 Horvath-Kawazoe equation, 55 hybrid installations, 11 hybrid membranes, 606 hydraulic permeability, 588 hydraulic pore radius RH, 246 hydraulic radius, 51 hydraulic resistance, 576 hydrodynamic model, 349 hydrodynamic of micro- and

ultrafiltration systems, 590 hydrodynamics, 570 hydrogen recovery, 670 hydrolysis, 301 hydrostatic pressure difference, 351

image analysis, 77 immersion calorimetry, 84 immobilising an enzyme or yeast, 634 impurity phase, 467 initial layer formation, 260 ink, 624 ink-bottle pores, 50 inorganic membranes, 642 interaction forces, 162 interconnectivity, 26 intergrowth, 497 intergrowth structures, 511 intrinsic diffusion coefficient, 384

ionic conductivity, 454 ionic pre-exponential term, 496 isoelectric point, 594 isotopic exchange, 459, 468

Kelvin equation, 50, 350 kinetic demixing, 511 kinetics, 658, 663 Knudsen contribution, 342 Knudsen diffusion, 357 Knudsen equation, 338 Knudsen number, 337 Knudsen permeabilities, 343 Knudsen permeation of mixtures, 357

LaA111018, 235 lamellar systems, 248 Langmuir adsorption constant, 384 Langmuir isotherm, 36 lanthanum oxychloride porous thin film,

242 large micropores, permeation in, 387 late transition metal-containing

perovskites, 492 layer thickness, 212, 215, 306 layered structures, 141 m dip-coating, 142 m porous, 142

substrate, 141 support structure, 141 suspensions, 142 withdrawal coating, 142

liquid adsorption, 61 liquid crystal phase, 249 liquid displacement techniques, 99 liquid permeability, 102 lubricants, 123

macromolecules, 156 macropores, 71 macroporous support, 119 manure, 623

SUBJECT INDEX 685

membrane membrane membrane membrane membrane membrane membrane

667, 673

market penetration, 10 market situation, 2 mass fractal dimension, 238 mass fractal, porosity of, 299 mass transport, 570 maximum packing, 171 Maxwell-Stefan equations, 386, 572 mean velocity, 338 membrane applications, prospects for, 12 membrane architecture, 335

bioreactor, 608 compaction, 578 concepts, 436 cut-off, 596 fouling, 577 geometry, 582 reactors, 11, 633, 645, 658,

applications, 642 membrane separation, 577 membrane thickness, 8

characteristic, 456 membrane transport, 572 membranes from RuO2-TiO2, 235 membranes, types of, 21 mercury porosimetry, 78 mesopores, 71 mesoporous alumina membranes, 539 mesoporous inorganic membranes, 643 mesoporous structures, 229 mesoporous textures, 248 metal alkoxides, 237 metal salts, 232 microdomains, 498, 501 micropore filling, 58 micropore size distribution, 53, 57 micropore volume filling, 58 micropores, 71 microporous ceramic membranes, 669 microporous inorganic membranes, 643 microporous material, 231 microporous membranes, 16, 298, 555

---- highly selective, 660 obtained by chemical vapour deposi- tion, 310

microporous silica membranes, 57, 253 microporous structure, 240 microporous top layers, 239, 240 microporous volume, 248 microscopy, 74 microstructural development, 275 microstructure, 162 MIEC membrane, 437 migration enthalpy, 495 mixed conduction, 438 mixed-conducting oxide membranes, 435 mixin g, 123 mobile turbulence promoters, 611 modelling, 549, 555, 650, 661 modelling equations, 464 modelling membrane processes, 646 modification technologies, 15 modified membranes, 354 modified structures, 26 molecular flow, 348 multi-valent dopants, 472 multichannel monolithic elements, 29 multiphase reactors, 542 multiple step coating, 267

nanofiltration, 595 nanophase ceramics, 240 NEMCA, 548 Nernst-Einstein, 458, 490 Nernst-Planck equation, 575 non-ionic surfactants, 246 non-Newtonian, 215 nonstoichiometry, 483 nuclear magnetic resonance, 87 nucleation, 315

observed rejection, 571 oily emulsions, 620 operating costs, 623

686 SUBJECT INDEX

ordered microporosity, 249 ordered porous texture, 249 ordering

local, 501 vacancy, 495, 497

organic additives, 268 oxidative coupling of methane, 507 oxygen desorption, 488 oxygen flux, 464--466

difficulties in measuring, 504 oxygen permeability data, 440 oxygen permeation, factors controlling,

448 oxygen pumps, 438, 469 oxygen transport equations, 489

packed bed membrane reactor, 650 packed structures, 275 paint, 624 palladium membranes, 660 paper and pulp, 632 partial conductivity, 454 partial electronic conductivity, 463 partial molar entropy, 487 partial oxidation, 543, 549, 553 particle compact, 173 particle packing, 152

advancing contact angle, 198 agglomerate forming, 153 aggregates, 154 binder polymer, 206 binders, 203, 214 Brownian agglomeration, 161 Brownian movement, 160 cake filtration, 154 capillary colloidal filtration, 183 Carman-Kozeny, 187, 212 coating flow dynamics, 190 coating thickness, 189, 190 colloidal filtration, 210 colloidal processing, 163 colloidal stability, 210

colloidally stable, 210 compact, 207

m concentrated suspension, 173, 175 contact angle, 196 contact time, 212 cracking, 208 critical cracking thickness (CCT), 177 Darcy's law, 158 deagglomeration, 214 Deborah number, 161

m defects, 178-181 dewetting, 155, 181, 190 dip-coating, 183 drainage, 190 drying, 175 drying forces, 153 dust, 181 dynamic contact angle, 198 electrostatic interaction, 164 film thickness, 190 film-coating, 189, 215 gel structure, 154 interaction forces, 162 layer thickness, 212, 215 macromolecules, 156 maximum packing, 171 microstructure, 162 non-Newtonian, 215 particle compact, 173 Peclet number, 169 pinholes, 178 polyelectrolytes, 203, 214 polymer solutions, 205 polymer thickener, 214 polymeric interaction, 166 pore diameter, 207 porosity, 207 random packing, 171 receding contact angle, 198 rheological properties, 158 rheology, 156, 171,215 shear erosion, 212

SUBJECT INDEX 687

shear flow field, 160 shear induced agglomeration, 161 shear induced diffusion, 188 sintering, 175 sintering stress, 176 slip-casting, 183 sol, 158 spreading parameter, 197 stability of liquid coatings, 200 stability ratio W, 162 structure, 207 suspension, 158, 169, 171

m thickeners, 203 thickening polymer, 157 Van der Waals attraction, 163 viscosity, 212 wetting, 154, 190 work of adhesion, 197 work of cohesion, 197 work of wetting, 197

PBCMR, 532, 540 model, 549

PBMR, 531, 540 Pd-alloy membrane reactors, 534 Peclet number, 169, 574, 599, 601, 647, 670 penetration rate, 299 peptization, 229, 233 percolation, 72, 494

threshold, 470 permeability, 334, 594

coefficient, 59, 360, 390, 573 maximum, 392 measurements, 502

permeance, 333 permeation, 8, 333, 338, 645, 660 permporometry, 104 permselectivity, 365 perovskite

-brownmillerite two-phase region, 503 membranes, long-term stability of, 511 space, 497

m stability, 488

m structure, 482 phase transformations, 282 physical adsorption, 35 physisorption, 78 pinholes, 27, 178 plasticizers, 122, 132 Poiseuille-type law, 338 polyelectrolytes, 203, 214 polymer solutions, 205 polymer thickener, 214 polymeric gels, 230, 248 polymeric interaction, 166 polymeric sols, 237 polymeric specimens, 301 pores m blocking, 373

characteristics, 335 clogging, 261 diameter, 207 growth, 297 hydraulic radius, 71 narrowing, 311 shapes, 23, 72 size, 71,308 size distribution, 49, 293 types of, 25

porosity, 70, 207, 461,307 porous structure, 67 porous substrates, 150

coating technique, 150 colloidal ceramic processing, 150

m dispersion technology, 150 positron lifetime spectroscopy, 97 potable water, 629 pre-filtering, 622 precursor chemistry, 300 preferential sorption, 369 Present-De Bethune model, 361 process integration, 664, 667 propylene, 648 protein deposition, 579 proteins, 630

688 SUBJECT INDEX

proton conduction, 512 pulsate flows, 591

radiation scattering, 91 random packing, 171 random point defect chemistry, 490 real rejection, 571 reflection coefficient, 573, 608 reflection conditions, 362 rejection, 603

measurements, 98 of salt mixtures, 601

relaxation experiments, 492 relaxation methods, 461 reliability, 6 reliability factor, 5 repairing defects, 311 return on investment, 654, 673 Reynolds number, 584 rheological properties, 158 rheology, 156, 171,215 rotating disc, 593 roughness, 29 roughness effects, 270

saddle point, 495 Saito-Foley equation, 55 salt rejection, 598, 604 sealing, 645, 672

of the membrane, 32 selectivity, 393, 651, 660 selectivity coefficients, 58 separation factor, 8, 364, 366, 390 shape factor, 339 shape selectivity, 389 shear erosion, 212 shear flow field, 160 shear induced agglomeration, 161 shear induced diffusion, 188 silica, 375 silica materials, 248, 253 silica membranes, 236, 301,306, 309

synthesis route of, 303 silica microporous membranes, 300 silica supported membranes, 239 silica-titania, 375 silica-titania microporous membranes,

300 silica-titania/zirconia membranes, 306 silicalite layer thickness, 321 sintering, 175, 281

mechanisms, 282 stress, 176

SiO2 membrane, 60 SIO2/A1203, 239 SiO2/TiO2, 239 SiO2/TiO2 membrane, 60 SiO2/ZrO2, 239 size exclusion, 380 slip casting, 183, 264 slip coefficient, 345 slip flow, 345 slurry Preparation, 131 small polaron mechanism, 473, 493 sol, 158 sol-gel process, 227, 539 solid oxide electrolytes, 462 solid oxide membranes, 546 sorption, 390 space charge (SC) model, 599 specific surface area, 71,248, 603 spreading parameter, 197 stability, 6, 15

of liquid coatings, 200 ratio W, 162

stage cut, 367 stainless steel supports, 317 static lattice simulation, 495 stereology, 74 Stern layer, 586 sticking probability, 299 streaming potential, 588, 603 stress

diagram, 284

SUBJECT INDEX 689

during calcination, 291, 294 in supported films, 279 levels, 296 measurements, 283 model, 292 relaxation, 293, 294, 296

structures, modified, 26 styrene, 657 sugars, 631 supercritical fluid extraction, 609 supports, 5, 27 support system, 143

particulate materials, 143 requirements, 146 quality of, 27, 270 technology, 15

surface acoustic waves, 96 surface area, 7

determinations, 46 surface diffusion, 345, 347 surface exchange kinetics, 506 surface homogeneity, 148 surface modification, 506 surface oxygen exchange, 455 surface processes, 9 surface roughness, 146, 461

layer thickness, 147 support requirements, 146-150

surfactant molecules, 246 suspension,. 158, 169, 171 syn gas, 665

tank bottoms, treatment of, 628 tape casting, 119, 130, 133 tape drying, 133, 134 technical and economic feasibility, 648 techno-economic feasibility of inorganic

membranes, 673 template agents, 245, 251 template approach, 310 template effect, 231 template ligands, 302

template molecules, 300, 313 template removal, 319 terbia-doped ZrO2-Y203, 478 thermal stability, 297

of y-alumina membranes, 235 thermodynamic factor, 383 thermoporometry, 84 thickeners, 203 thickening polymer, 157 thickness, characteristic, 458 three-phase boundary, 471 titania

-alumina composite membranes, 236 -doped ZrO2-Y203, 477 membranes, 236, 289, 298 microporous layers, 243 -zirconia ultrafiltration membranes, 235

Toerell-Meyer-Sievers (TMS) model, 599 tortuosity, 26, 72

definition of, 341 tracer diffusion coefficient, 491 transition flow, 339 transition region, 341 trapping of defects, 453 tubular configurations, 120

ultrafiltration, 590 ultrasonic methods, 95

vacancy diffusion coefficient, 491 vacancy ordering, 495, 497 Van der Waals attraction, 163 vegetable waste water, 622 viscosity, 212, 340, 354 viscous flow, 341

Poiseuille, 334 Vycor glass membranes, 537

Wagner equation, 449, 490 warping, 278 washing operations, 625 water-gas shift reaction, 643, 665

690 SUBJECT INDEX

wetting, 154, 190 whey, 630 Wicke-Callenbach cell, 363 work of adhesion, 197 work of cohesion, 197 work of wetting, 197

yeast, 632

zeolite chemistry, 312 zeolite layers, 320

particle sizes, 319 thicknesses, 319

zeolite membranes, 313, 376 synthesis, 317

zeolite precursor solution, 317 zeolite-type membranes, 542. zero point of charge (zpc), 585 zeta potential, 587 zirconia, 241, 243, 298

membranes, 290 ZSM5 zeolites, 377