meltem Özturan · –transaction processing systems (tps) ... (mis) •converts raw data ......

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Meltem Özturan

www.mis.boun.edu.tr/ozturan/samd

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Information Systems (IS) Development Environment

• Systems

• Information Systems

• Information Systems

Development

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IS Development Environment

(Systems)

• A system is a collection of interrelated

or interacting components forming a

unified whole to achieve a specific

purpose

• Types of systems

– Natural / Human-made

– Closed / Open

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(Systems)

• Input, process and ouput are the main

components of systems

Input OutputProcess

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(Systems)

• Feedback and monitoring mechanisms

should be within the system to assure

the achievement of the system goal

Input OutputProcess Goal

Feedback

Monitoring

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(Systems)

• Characteristics of systems: • Systems are made up of interrelated subsystems

• Dividing a system into components based on subsystems is

functional decomposition

• The larger system is the environment

• The separation between a system and its environment is the

system boundary

• The seperation between the automated part of system and the

manual part is the automation boundary

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(Systems)

• Characteristics of systems:

Subsystem Subsystem

Subsystem

Feedback

System Boundary

Monitoring

Environment

Automation boundary

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The Business Environment

The community Competitors

Financial Institutions Labour Unions

Go

ve

rnm

en

t A

ge

ncie

s

Input Processing Output

Management

Information

Systems

Economic

Resources:

Money

People

Facilities

Information etc

Organisational

Processes:

Production

Marketing

Finance

Personnel etc

Goods & Services

Products

Services

Payments

Contributions

Information etc

Feedback

Control

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(Systems)

• Characteristics of a well designed system:

• Effectiveness (accomplishes its purpose)

• Efficiency (achieve purpose at least cost)

• Dependability (reliable and able to do the job)

• Robustness (fault tolerance)

• Flexibility (about to be changed)

• Simplicity (need not be complicated to be good)

• Acceptability (users must ‘own’ the system)

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(Systems)

• Systems thinking is;

• Being able to identify something as a system

• Involves being able to identify subsystems

• Identifying system characteristics and

functions

• Identifying where the boundaries are

• Identifying inputs and outputs to systems

• Identifying relationships among subsystems

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(Information Systems)

• An information system (IS) is an

arrangement of people, data,

processes, communications, and

information technology that interact to

support and improve day-to-day

operations in a business, as well as

support the problem-solving and

decision-making needs of management

and users.

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• Three key elements of an information

system are:

– Data are the raw facts about people, objects, and

events in an organization where information is the

data that have been processed and presented in a

form suitable for human interpretation

– Data flows are the groups of data that move and

flow through the system

– Processing logic describes the steps that

transform data and events that trigger the steps

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• Components of an information system

are:

– Computer hardware

– Computer software

– Database

– Procedures

– People

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• Types of information systems:

– Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)• Automate handling of data about business activities

– Management Information Systems (MIS)• Converts raw data from transaction processing system

into meaningful form

– Decision Support Systems (DSS)• Designed to help decision makers and provides

interactive environment for decision making

– Expert Systems (ES)• Replicates decision making process and describes the way an

expert would approach the problem

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• Stakeholders of information systems:

A stakeholder is any

person who has an

interest in an existing

or new information

system. Stakeholders

can be technical or

non-technical workers.

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• System owners as stakeholders

System owners are the information system’s

sponsors and chief advocates. They are

usually responsible for funding the project to

develop, operate, and maintain the information

system.

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• System users as stakeholders

System users are the people who use or are

affected by the information system on a regular

basis - capturing, validating, entering,

responding to, storing, and exchanging data

and information.

Types include: Internal users

External users

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• System analysts as stakeholders

A systems analyst studies the problems and

needs of an organization to determine how

people, data, processes, communications, and

information technology can best accomplish

improvements for the business.

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• System designers as stakeholders

System designers translate system users’

business requirements and constraints into

technical solutions. They design the computer

files, databases, inputs, outputs, screens,

networks, and programs that will meet the

system users’ requirements.

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• System builders as stakeholders

System builders construct the information

system components based on the design

specifications from the system designers. In

many cases, the system designer and builder

for a component are one and the same.

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• IT vendors & consultants as stakeholders

IT vendors & consultants sell hardware,

software and services to businesses for

incorporation into their information

systems or are business partners.

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People

perspective

for Systems

Development

(Whitten et al,

2000, Fig 1.1)

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(Information Systems Development)

• Information systems projects are usually

triggered by

1.Problems

2.Opportunities

3.Directives

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• Goal of systems development is to

produce a quality system

• on time

• within budget

• that meets the user’s requirements.

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• A system development process is a set of

activities, methods, best practices,

deliverables, and automated tools that

stakeholders use to develop and maintain

information systems and software.

• It is often known as system development

life cycle (SDLC) because every IS

system is ‘born’ and eventually ‘dies’.

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• Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

is the series of steps used to manage the

phases of development for an information

system

– Phases are not necessarily sequential

– Each phase has a specific outcome and

deliverable

– Individual companies use customized life

cycles

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• SDLC consists of four phases:

Systems Planning

Systems Analysis

Systems Design

Systems Implementation

Planning

Analysis

Design

Implementation

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• SDLC – Planning

Organization’s total information system needs are identified, analyzed, prioritized, and arranged.

• Defining the Problem

• Developing the Project Schedule

• Staffing the Project

• Launching the Project

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• SDLC – AnalysisSystem requirements are studied and structured.

• Determining System Requirements

• Modeling System Requirements

• Selecting the Best Alternative

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• SDLC – DesignDescription of the recommended solution is converted into logical and then physical system specifications.

• General Design

• Designing Databases

• Designing Inputs, Outputs and Controls

• Designing Interfaces and Dialogues

• Designing System Architecture

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• SDLC – ImplementationInformation system is coded, tested, installed, and supported in the organization.

• Application Development

• Installation

• Support and Maintenance

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• Teams for systems development

• Characteristics of successful teams• Diversity in backgrounds, skills, and goals• Tolerance of diversity, uncertainty• Clear and complete communication• Trust• Mutual respect and putting one’s own views

second to the team• Reward structure that promotes shared

responsibility and accountability

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• Teams for systems development

• Team members for project based IS

development

• IS Managers

• Systems Analysts

• Programmers

• Business Managers

• Other IS Managers / Technicians

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(Role of Systems Analyst)

• Systems Analyst

• Analytical Skills

• Technical Skills

• Management Skills

• Interpersonal Skills

• Systems Analysis as a

Profession

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IS Development Environment(Role of Systems Analyst – Systems Analyst)

• Systems analyst

• Studies the problems and needs of a

organization to determine how people, data,

processes, communications, and information

technology can best accomplish improvements

for the business.

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• Synonyms for systems analyst

•A business analyst

•A programmer/analyst

•Systems consultant

•Systems architect

•Systems engineer

•Information engineer

•Information analyst

•Systems integrator

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• Problem solving approach of systems analyst

•Identify the problem

•Analyze and understand the problem

•Identify solution requirements and expectations

•Identify alternative solutions and decide a course of

action

•Design and implement the “best” solution

•Evaluate the results. If the problem is not solved,

return to step 1 or 2 as appropriate.

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IS Development Environment(Role of Systems Analyst – Analytical Skills)

• Four Sets of Analytical Skills– Systems Thinking

– Organizational Knowledge

– Problem Identification

– Problem Analyzing and Solving

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• Systems Thinking – To be able to identify something as a system

which involves recognizing each of the system’s characteristics

– Applying systems thinking to information systems

– Information systems can be seen as subsystems in larger organizational systems, taking input from, and returning output to, their organizational environments.

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• Organizational Knowledge

– Understanding of how organizations work

– Knowledge of specific functions and

procedures of organization and department

– How work officially gets done

– Internal policies

– Competitive and regulatory environment

– Organizational strategies and tactics

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• Problem Identification

– Problem is the difference between an existing

situation and a desired situation

– Identification is process of defining differences

– Differences are defined by comparing the

current situation to the output of a model that

predicts what the output should be

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• Problem Analyzing and Solving– Intelligence

• All relevant information is collected

– Design

• Alternatives are formulated

– Choice

• Best alternative solution is chosen

– Implementation

• Solution is put into practice

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• Constant re-education is necessary as

technology changes rapidly

• Activities to keep skills up-to-date are to

be realized

• Understanding of a wide variety of

technologies is required

IS Development Environment(Role of Systems Analyst – Technical Skills)

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IS Development Environment(Role of Systems Analyst – Management Skills)

• Four categories of management skills– Resource Management

– Project Management

– Risk Management

– Change Management

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• Resource Management– Systems analyst needs to know how to get the

most out of the resources of an organization,

including team members

– Includes the a lot of capabilities such as predicting

resource usage, tracking resource consumption,

effective use of resources, etc.

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• Project Management– Prevent projects from coming in late

– Prevent projects from going over budget

– Assists management in keeping track of project’s

progress

– Consists of several steps such as decomposing

project into independent tasks, determining

relationships between tasks, assigning resources

and personnel to tasks

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• Risk Management– Ability to anticipate what might go wrong in a

project

– Minimize risk and/or minimize damage that might

result

– Placement of resources

– Prioritization of activities to achieve greatest gain

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• Change Management– Ability to assist people in making transition to new

system

– Ability to deal with technical issues related to

change

• Obsolescence

• Reusability

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IS Development Environment(Role of Systems Analyst – Interpersonal Skills)

• Four types of skills– Communication skills

– Working alone and with a team

– Facilitating groups

– Managing expectations

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• Communication Skills– Effective communication helps to establish and

maintain good working relationships with clients and colleagues

– Skills improve with experience

– Three types used by Systems Analyst

• Interviewing and Listening

• Questionnaires

• Written and Oral Presentations

– Steps to improve communication skills should be followed

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• Working Alone and With a Team– Working alone on aspects of project involves

managing:

• Time

• Commitments

• Deadlines

– Team work involves establishing standards of

cooperation and coordination

– Characteristics of a high-performance team should

be considered

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• Facilitating Groups– Involves guiding a group without being a part of

the group

– Useful skill for sessions such as Joint Application

Development (JAD)

– Guidelines for running a successful meeting

should be followed

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• Managing Expectations– Managing expectations is directly related to

successful system implementation

– There are a lot of skills for successful expectation

management

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IS Development Environment(Role of Systems Analyst – Systems Analysis as a Profession)

• Standards have been established for education,

training, certification and practice

• Several aspects:

– Standards of Practice

– Ethics

– Career Paths

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• Standards of Practice– Endorsed development methodology

– Approved development platforms

– Standardization of roles

– Development of a common language

• Ethics– Professional Ethics

– Business Ethics

• Stockholder approach

• Stakeholder approach

• Social contract approach


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• Career Paths– Consulting

– Information systems within a large corporation

– Software vendors

– Other opportunities outside of systems analysis


meltem Özturan · –transaction processing systems (tps) ... (mis) •converts raw data ......

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