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Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

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Page 1: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

MeditationUnderstanding Consciousness Through

Ancient Traditions

C. Alexander Simpkins PhD

Annellen M. Simpkins PhD

2008

Page 2: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Introduction to the West

West’s first introduction to Eastern meditation & Eastern religions – The First World Parliament of Religions – 1893 in Chicago– Brought great teachers

• Vivekananda (1863-1902) – Hindu yogi, practitioner of vedanta – Spokesman for common features in all religions– Opened the way for scientific inquiry

Page 3: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Introduction to the West continued

– D.T. Suzuki (1870-1966) – First visited the US at the 1893 conference– Sponsored to stay in the US to translate classics for Paul Carus, publisher

– Influential teacher of Zen and Buddhism for westerners

– J. Krishnamurti (1895-1986)– Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (b. 1917 )

– Founder of TM (Transcendental Meditation)

Page 4: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Early Research Arthur Deikman, (1963) opened the way

– Deautomatizing psychic structures

Questionnaire Studies• Identified factors such as self-transcendence, openness, feeling oneness with the eternal (Osis, Bokert, & Carson, 1973)

• Questionnaires before and after meditation (Kohr, 1977)

Measurement Studies• Press lever when a thought intruded• Combined with questionnaires (Nuys, 1973; Kubose, 1976)

Page 5: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Effects of Meditation– Alter involuntary processes

– Swami Rama demonstrated ability to control internal states(Green, Green, and Walters, 1970)

– Dual Effect– Increased beta for alertness & wakefulness

(Schneider & Tarsis, 1986)– Along with increased slower alpha & theta

associated with relaxation (Bhatia et. Al., 2003)

– Improved quality of attention (Lutz et.al, 2004)

– Higher gamma baseline across both hemispheres using more of brain

– The decoupling of attention from arousal brings about calmer, more receptive attention

– Meditators using more of brain (Hankey, 2006)• Increased brain coherence • Broad activation for better mental

development generally

Page 6: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Forms of Meditation Researched

– Transcendental Meditation (TM)• The Relaxation Response

• Following the breath, quieting the mind (Benson, 1978)

• Lower blood pressure• Decreased blood pressure in borderline hypertensive subjects who practiced meditation (Benson, Matzetta & Kennchuck,1974)

• Treatment for Drug Abuse• Decreased drug abuse with transcendental meditation (Benson & Wallace, 1972)

• Stress Reduction- • (Dillbeck, Assimakis, Raimondi, Orne-Johnson, & Rowe, 1986)

Page 7: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Forms of Meditation Researched

– Mindfulness • Stress (Kabat-Zinn, 1995)• Mindful learning (Langer, 1989)• Alcohol & substance abuse (Witkiewitz, Marlatt & Walker, 2005)

– Qigong • Less neurotic than non-meditators (Leung & Singhal, 2004)

– Kundalini Yoga – (Shannohoff-Khalsa, Kundalini Yoga Meditation: Techniques Specific for Psychiatric Disorders, Couples Therapy, and Personal Growth, 2006

– Depression, addiction, sleep disorders, ADHD

Page 8: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Meditation and Aging

Increased thickness of areas in prefrontal regions of the cerebral cortex associated with sustained attention (Lazar, et. al, 2005)

• Sensing of inner experiencing• Increased spontaneity• Visual and auditory sensing

– Regular meditators in normal lifestyles

– Older meditators’ cortical thickness comparable to 20 year olds in these specific areas

Page 9: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Reduction of Hostility– Large studies show decreased violence in a community (Hagelin et. Al, 1999).• TM-4000 participants in Washington DC, June 7-30, 1993

• Statistics from local police showed 15% lower crime rate

• Effects remained for 21 days following study

– Rhode Island• Decreased smoking, alcohol consumption & auto accidents (Dillbeck,et al, 1987).

– Decreased wartime hostility in Lebanon• Collective meditation study (Nader, Alexander & Davies, 1992).

Page 10: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

How To Interpret & Integrate Research

Understandings Some have operationalized the methods

• Mindfulness Siegel, D., The Mindful Brain, 2007– Abstracted from any tradition– Makes it useful and researchable

Incorporate schemas from many traditions• Simpkins, Meditation from Thought to Action, 2007

– Keep the context: like gestalt figure/ground, the ground helps define the figure

– Many meditation methods from varied traditions shown to be effective

– Utilize methods from these many traditions– Allows choice and options to treat different conditions

Page 11: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Great Meditation Traditions Yoga

More than postures Meaning of the word yoga: to yoke Ancient Hindu texts:

• the Vedas 5000-2000 BC• Upanishads (800-600 BC)

– Early reference to the mind and how to control it

• Bhagavad Gita (fifth to second century BC)– Krishna guides Arjuna to perform his life’s roles wholeheartedly through yoga

Page 12: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Krishna the Charioteer

Page 13: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Patanjali Outline of Yoga

(2nd Century AD) Yoga Sutras & Metaphor of a Tree with Eight Limbs– Yamas– Niyamas – Asanas – Pranayama– Pratyahara – Dharana– Dhyana – Samadhi

Page 14: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Buddhism– Origins in Hinduism– Began with Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 B.C.)

– After enlightenment he was called the Buddha

– Theravada – Renounce this life for nirvana – Arhat ideal– Mindfulness

– Mahayana– Enlightenment in this life– Bodhisattva ideal– Emptiness

– Vajrayana-The Third Vehicle-Tibetan Buddhism

– Combines yoga and Buddhism– Uses symbolic practices

Page 15: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Buddha to be Sakyamuni

Page 16: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

The Four Noble Truths 1) Life is Filled with Suffering

• Not pessimistic 2) Recognize the Root of Suffering

• Self-centered desires • Impermanence

3) How to put an end to suffering• Letting go of craving for pleasure and hating pain

• Cultivate non-judgmental awareness• Appreciate things as they are

4) Follow the Eightfold Path• Right views, right intent, right speech, • right action right livelihood, right effort,

• right mindfulness, right meditation

Page 17: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Daoism Ancient Chinese philosophy Later became a religion

Based in the unformed, mystical guiding principle of Dao, the way

Legendary founder – Laozi b. 604 BC– Wrote the famous Dao De Jing

Page 18: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Daoist Themes Dao

– Undifferentiated, unknowable source for all things• The uncarved block: before it is anything can be all things

Yin and Yang– How the world appears to us

• Can’t know up without down, dark without light

Qi– All is moving, flowing, changing energy

Non-Action: Wu-wei– Take no action– Go with the flow and let be

Page 19: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Yin-Yang

Page 20: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Daoist Applications

Healing– Acupuncture & acupressure– Herbal medicine

Painting Feng-shui Qigong Martial arts

Page 21: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008
Page 22: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Zen Buddhism Zen came from a blending of Buddhism & Daoism

Bodhidharma (440-528)–Legendary founder of Zen–Also founded martial arts–Return to pure form of Buddhism without rituals and elaborate practices

–Taught meditation Zen traveled to Korea and Japan and then to the West

Page 23: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Bodhidharma painted by Zen master Hakuin (1685-1768)

Page 24: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Zen Themes– Beyond concepts

•Non-linguistic, non-rational, non-analytical thought– Finger pointing to the moon is not the moon

– Emptiness: not even nothing exists• Form is emptiness and emptiness is form

– Similar to scientific recognition that the world is not solid and real on subatomic level, but it is real and substantial

– No-self, no other– Enlightenment is wisdom’s fulfillment• Mountains are mountains

Page 25: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Patterns of Cognition in Zen

– Clearing the mind does not clear away thinking, just clears conceptual thought• Concepts are limiting • Continual re-sampling from the stream of cognitive processes– Any cognitive thought is like a sampling – Rather than focusing on any one sample, stay with the stream

• Don’t take a cup, dip it into the river and claim, this is the river.

• Zen says, don’t just sample it, stay immersed in the river, awarely

– Set aside thought or expectation– Each moment is new– Direct perception is possible

Page 26: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Zen Methods Meditation Koans

• Thought without using reason• Unconscious use of mind • Helps communicate directly the experience of Zen• “Think about nothing and don’t think anything about it

Zen Arts• Cha-no-yu, the Tea Way• Sumi-e • Flower arrangement, gardening, dry gardens• Martial arts• Haiku (poetry)

Page 27: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Samurai

Page 28: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Shriki

by

Miyamoto Musashi

Page 29: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Sumi-e- The Way of the Brush

Page 30: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Classic Meditations Paradigm: Empty the Mind and Fill the Mind

– Classic Filling the Mind Meditations • Breathing

– Counting the breaths– Attention to the breathing

•Mindfulness:– Non-judgmental awareness– Mindful of body– Mindful of emotions– Mindful of thoughts– Mindful of sitting now

Page 31: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Classic Meditations

Empty the mind

– ZaZen

– Daoist emptying

Page 32: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

Integration

Raising Qi Instant meditation

– Empty and full, neither and both– Beyond concepts, unconscious

Extending loving kindness

Page 33: Meditation Understanding Consciousness Through Ancient Traditions C. Alexander Simpkins PhD Annellen M. Simpkins PhD 2008

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