MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS

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LIST ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE AIR WAY AMBU BAG FOLEYs CATHETER NASOGASTRIC TUBE INTRAVENOUS CANNULA LUMBER PUNCTURE NEEDLE LIVER BIOPSY NEEDLE

LARYNGOSCOPE CHEST TUBE BONE MARROW NEEDLE ESR TUBE OPHTHALMOSCOPE

ENDOTRACHEAL TUBEETT

INDICATIONS Protection of airway Removal of secretions Mechanical ventilation Cardio pulmonary resuscitation During general anesthesia CONTRAINDICATIONS Cervical spine fracture

AIR WAY

FEATURES It is a curved instrument The proximal end has a collar These are available in all sizes to be

used in infants and children INDICATIONS Use to keep airway patent in

unconscious patients Helps to prevent backward falling of the

tongue

Helps to prevent tongue bite in patients with convulsions

Helps removal of secretions from the mouth

It is used in patients during general anesthesia

It is used in patients during post anesthesia recovery period

NASOGASTRIC TUBE

FEATURES Soft plastic tube It is available in different diameters

measured in french unitsa It has marking at 18,22,26,and 30

inches There are two to three holes few mm

proximal to tip along the lateral side

INDICATIONS Diagnostic Intragastric bleed Pyloric stenosis Collection of gastric lavage for AFB Achlorhydia Therapeutic Gastric lavage in cases of poisoning Decompression in cases of acute

pancreatitis , acute peritonitis , intestinal obstruction and gastric surgery

Feeding Unconscious patient In cases of dysphagia: stricture esophagus tumour esophagus bulbar palsy CONTRAINDICATIONS Corrosive poisoning COMPLICATIONS Stricture esophagus

FOLEY CATHETER

FOLEY CATHETER FEATURES Soft tube of latex Has a rounded tip and two holes

proximal to the tip The size is measured in french unit Proximal end may have two or three

channels in two or three way cathter respectively

INDICATIONS Acute retention of urine Chronic retention of urine with overflow In cases of neurogenic bladder In surgery involving bladder and prostrate In all perineal operations In management of incomplete rupture of urethra Intra vesical chemotherapy To carry out urethrography To monitor urine output

CONTRAINDICATIONS Blood at meatus Acute urethritisCOMPLICATIONS Blockade Cathter leak Bacteriuria

INTRAVENOUS CANNULA

FEATURES PARTS Cannula Stylet Wings Lock The cannulas are color coded for different sizes Grey:14 G Orange: 16G Green:18G Pink:20G Blue:22G Yellow:24G

IV cannulas are used to cannulate the veins for intravenous injections, infusions and transfusions

Adequate aseptic measures are taken before the cannulas are inserted

OPHTHALMOSCOPE

FEATURES Handle System of lenses Illuminating partIt is a self illuminating type of direct

ophthalmoscopeIt is used to examine the fundus of the eyeFollowing structures are seen: Optic disc Macula lutea Retinal vessels

To examine the right eye of the patient instrument is held in the right hand and the examiner looks with the right eye keeping it as close to the patient as possible

Various parts of the ratina can be visualised by changing the direction of the light beam

LARYNGOSCOPE

FEATURES It is a metallic instrument used for visualization

of larynx and vocal cords PARTS: Main body handle Blade Blades are made of curved steel and have blunt

distal end USES: To perform direct laryngoscopy To intubate the patient with ETT To clean the upper respiratory tract for

removal of blood or secretions

LP NEEDLE LUMBER PUNCTURE NEEDLE

INDICATIONSA. DIAGNOSTIC Meningitis and its etiology in some cases. Subarachnoid haemorrhage Encephalitis Guillain – Barre Syndrome Multiple Sclerosis Neurosyphilis For Myelography For Pneumoencephalography Unexplained Coma Cases of pyrexia of unknown origin.

B. THERAPEUTIC Intrathecal administration of drugs: Methotrexate Certain immunoglobulinsC. ANESTHESIA Spinal anesthesia CONTRAINDICATIONS Raised ICP as indicated by papilledema Suspicion of tumor or mass lesin of brain or

spinal cord Shock Local sepsis Bleeding disorder e.g thrombocytopenia Gross spinal lesion

COMPLICATIONS Herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum Headache Hypotension Chronic adhesive arachdonitis

LIVER BIOPSY NEEDLE INDICATIONS Cirrhosis Chronic active hepatitis Unexplained hepatomegaly Infiltrative disorders Haemochromatosis CONTRAINDICATIONS Gross ascities Prolonged PT Thrombocytopenia Extrahepatic cholestasis

COMPLICATIONS Intraperitonial bleed Biliary peritonitis Haemobilia Septicemia

CHEST DRAINCHEST TUBE

PARTS It’s a plastic tube about 30 _ 50 cm long It is avilable in various diameters measurable in french unit Commonly used sizes are 28 to 32 fr It’s a thick and stiff tube It has a rounded, blunt end It has 2_3 holes on the side at distal endINDICATIONS To drain intrapleural cavity Haemothorax Pneumothorax

Haemopneumothorax Pyothorax Pleural effusion After thoracotomy After the diaphragm injuries and repair

BONE MARROW BIOPSY NEEDLE

BONE MARROW ASPIRATION BIOPSY NEEDLE

TREPHINE BIOPSY NEEDLE

INDICATIONS DIAGNOSTIC: Megaloblastic anemia Dimorphic anemia Iron defeciency anemia Sideroblastic anemia Pancytopenia Leukemia Multiple myeloma Chronic malaria P.U.O PROGNOSTIC: Aplastic anemia Agranulocytosis

SITE Posterior iliac crest First piece of body of sternum Lumber spinous process Medial aspect of the upper end of the

tibiaCONTRAINDICATIONS Derranged coagulation profile Local sepsis at site of biopsy

E.S.R TUBEERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE

E.S.R TUBE WITH STAND

E.S.R is the time taken by the blood corpuscles to settle down in a glass tubeof uniform bore when it is kept undisturbed and uncoagulated

This is due to The force of gravity The phenomenon of rouleaux formationIt is graded in millimeters from 0 at the upper end

an d200 at the lower endTube is fitted in the stand and left undisturbed for 1

hourReading is taken after 1 hourNormal value :

Male upto 7 mm Female upto 10 mmRAISED E.S.R: Tuberculosis Malignancy Multiple myeloma Anemia Pregnancy Rheumatoid arthritis Connective tissue disorderDECREASED E.S.R Dehydration CCF Polycythemia

AMBO BAG

FACE PIECE BAG

Ambu bvag is the most commonly used manual resuscitation kit and consist of

. A bag . A valve . A facepieceThe bag is made up of rubber.When the bag is

squeezed the valve closes and allows the air to pass to the face piece

The air in the bag is enriched with oxygen via a tube

When the pressure is released the bag fills automatically.

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