meat goat 101 market goat production kipp brown - area agent 4-h livestock/meat goats mississippi...
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MEAT GOAT 101Market Goat Production
Kipp Brown - Area Agent
4-H Livestock/Meat Goats
Mississippi State University Extension Service
MEAT GOATS 101
What is a Meat Goat?
Any breed or cross breed of goat that is used in the production of
goat meat!
THE RULES!!
Identify and Secure a Market
Do Not Borrow Money to Start a Goat Enterprise
Cover Your Backside
Identify and secure a market!
Who?Where?What?When?
Don’t borrow money to start a goat enterprise!
Always Cover Your Backside!
Have a backup planKnow your limitsRefer back to rules 1 and 2
Showingseedstock
Show Wethers
The U.S. Goat Industry
Fiber
Dairy
Pets
Know where you fit.
Land management
MEAT PRODUCTIONlarge and small producers
commercial and hobby
So…What does a meat goat look like?
Types of Meat Goats• Boer is most
widely known and popular
• Kiko is gaining in popularity
Types of Meat Goats
This is a 100% full blood Boer yearling doe
Types of Meat Goats
This older doe is 75% Boer and 25% Spanish breeding
Types of Meat Goats
This young doe is 75% Boer and 25% Pygmy
Types of Meat Goats
This young doe is 75% Boer and 25% Nubian
Types of Meat Goats
This older doe is 50% Boer and 50% Nubian
Types of Meat Goats
This old doe is a typical “meat type” Spanish goat
Full Blood Boer Buck
Full Blood Buck X Commercial Doe =
Market Meat Goats!
MEAT GOATS 101What factors are important to insure a successful enterprise?
NutritionReproduction
HealthMarketingFacilities
Nutrition..
Is the Highest Cost Associated with
Production!
Nutrition..Doe Nutrition
Divide into feeding groupsDry, Lactating, BCS,
Buck NutritionCa:P ratio – Clean water
Kid NutritionCreep feed until marketed - Pelleted
feed
Doe Nutrition..Define the stage of production and feed
accordingly• Dry• Breeding• Early Gestation• Late gestation• Lactation
Dry Period.. Period between weaning and breeding Lowest nutrient requirements
Good quality pasture should meet most requirement needs
Regain weight lost during lactationNeed 2% of body weightNeed minerals free choice - salt, Ca, P
No pasture? Grass Hay and .5-1.5# 16% CP pelleted (preferred) ration
Breeding Period..• Increase feed intake 2 - 3 weeks prior
to breeding – Known as “Flushing”• Increase ovulation rate 5 - 10%
• Flushing• 1#/Hd/Day of Corn• Monitor body condition score to avoid
under or over conditioned goats• Too fat or too thin• Best at BCS 2 - Greater response
Early Gestation..• First 100 days (gestation 150 days)
• Similar to dry feeding
• Very little fetal growth
• Take advantage of forage
• Monitor body condition score
Late Gestation..• Last 50 days (gestation time 150 days)• Most critical time – 70% of fetal
growth• Poor nutrition costs production
• Low birth weights, mothering ability, low milk production, ketosis
• Utilize pasture and supplement feeding• Need 4 - 4.5% of body weight• 2# - 4# good quality hay + 2# corn
Lactation..• Doe nutrition is the key to early kid
growth
• Lactation peaks at 2 - 4 weeks
• Utilize pasture
• Feed at 4 - 5% body weight• 3# - 4# good hay + 3# - 4# grain
Buck Nutrition• Utilize pasture when available
• Monitor body condition 3-4 weeks prior to breeding• 4# of hay + 2# of grain
• Monitor body condition during breeding
What to Feed..• 14 - 16% CP ration• 50 - 60% TDN• .75 - 1% ammonium chloride• Coccidiastat• Salt and mineral• Ca:P @ 2:1 ratio
Kid Nutrition..• Start kids on creep as soon as possible
• Feed a 16% CP pelleted ration
• Contains a coccidiastat
• Maintains a 2:1 Ca to P ratio
Keep fresh water available in smaller containers that kids can reach at all
times!
Reproduction..Economic Success!
• Estrous cycle is 18 - 21 days• Short day breeders (Oct. - Dec.)• Flushing
• ½ - 1# per head per day of corn• Deworm prior• Turn on to new pasture
• Monitor BCS (1 - 5)• BCS of 2 for best results
Reproduction..• The Buck effect
• Synchronizing
• Controlled breeding season• Efficient management of facilities
• Puberty• 6-10 months
• Breed doe kids – weight (80#)• Separate buck kids
Reproduction..• Accelerated Kidding
• 3 crops in 2 years
• High input
• BSE on Bucks• Semen, libido, testicles, health
• Trim feet
• Good body condition
Health..• Diseases and Problems
• Ketosis
• Overeating
• Parasites (worms)
• Coccidia
• Foot rot or scald
• Pinkeye
• General sickness
Health..Last Trimester
• Ketosis• Feeding management
• Vaccinate for Clostridial organisms, tetanus (CD/T) 2-4 weeks prior • Gives immunity to the kids
• Vitamin E and Selenium (if needed)
• Deworm – periparturient rise (check dewormer for abortion possibility)
Health..Deworming
Establish a program Check fecal samples Use FAMACHA
Deworm only when neededRotate wormers yearly or when there
is no response“Families” or classes of products
Give orally
Health..Deworming
Hold feed - leave in pen (12-48 hrs) Rotate to clean pastures Do not under dose
Metabolism is 3.5 times that of larger species
Rule of thumb – Use at 2.5 X cattle rate Calculate rate based on the heaviest doe
Select animals with resistance
HealthKidding Time
• Kid in clean areas• Dip – Snip – Strip
• Iodine navel• Trim navel• Inspect udder
• Give 1ml BoSe• See that kid gets colostrum
Health..Kids 1 to 4 weeks of age
• Disbud (7 - 10 days)
• Castrate (club goats after 8 weeks)
• Vaccinate with CD/T (14 – 28 days)
• Watch for scours• E-coli
• Coccidia
Health..Kids at Weaning
• Give booster vaccinations• Deworm• Treat for Coccidia (corid or other
preventative)• Get on full feed as quickly as possible
(medicated if feasible)• Reduce feed and water to does• Trim does feet
Other Diseases of Concern
• Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)• Internal and
lymph node abscesses
• Chronic, contagious
Other Diseases of Concern
Caprine Arthritic Encephalitis (CAE)•Arthritis, encephalitis•Colostrum is primary mode of
transmission
Marketing..Identify your market
• Club Goat or Meat Goat?• Time of year to market• Type and size of animal
• Weights and sex• Ethnic demand• Commercial market
• 50 - 60# carcass = 100# goat
Goat and Goat Meat Marketing
● Marketing of goats and goat meat is not well characterized
● Purchasers of goat meat are generally ethnic consumers
● Different ethnic groups prefer different types of goat meat (animal age, cut, preparation)
Marketing Options
Live Meat- direct to consumer - licensed plant- market channel - inspected facility,
* trader animal, & product* auction* market coop* local slaughter plant
Marketing channels and meat inspection provide utility or they would not exist
Goat Market Channels
Regional Auctions
LocalAuctions
IndividualConsumers
Local Producers
Traders
Processors
WholesalersRetailers Restaurants
General Consumers
MarketingCooperatives
Marketing Strategies● Use an existing marketing channel● Integrate market channels into your
enterprise– retained ownership through processing– special markets (direct sales)
● Partner with other segments of the marketing channel
A specific marketing channel provides utility or it would not exist !!
Facilities..• Corrals should be 5-6 feet tall
• Net wire or 4 X 4 welded wire
• Chutes• 12” wide, smooth sides, slightly
curved• Well lighted
• Movement uphill
Fencing..• Net Wire
• 12” vs 6” wire; 48” tall
• Barbed wire on top and bottom
• Electric Fencing• High maintenance
• Good for temporary
or rotation systems
• Combination of net and electric
• Goat proof?
Facilities..• Sheds
• 5 sq. ft. per animal
• Two sides minimum with one side movable
• Kidding area• Jugs or hutches
Predators..• Dogs, coyotes, feral hogs• Fencing is your best deterrent• Guard animals
• Dogs, llamas, donkeys
• Night penning• Kidding in protected areas• Traps, snares, hunting
Estimated Annual Expenses for a Meat-Type
Goat Operation in Mississippi, 1996
*Does on pasture with supplement during breeding and kidding*Kids are creep-fed grain and sold at 6 to 7 months of age,
weighing an average of 90 pounds
Production Parameters:
• Acres per doe 0.25
• # of does40.00
• # of bucks 1.00
• # feed/day(b/d) 2.00
• Days fed (b/d)74.00
• Av. # fed (kids) 2.50
• Days fed (kids) 150
• # hay/day (b/d) 3.00
• Days fed (b/d) 150
• # hay/day (kids) 1.00
• Days fed (kids) 150
• Kids sold/doe 1.50
• Investment/doe $150
• Investment/buck $500
Item UnitPrice
(Dollars) QuantityAmount(Dollars) Per doe
Yourfarm
Direct Expenses
Feed
Does and bucks Cwt $ 9.00 60.68 $ 546.12 $ 13.65 _________
Kids Cwt 12.00 225.00 2,700.00 67.50 _________
Hay
Does and bucks Bale 2.00 369.00 738.00 18.45 _________
Kids Bale 2.00 180.00 360.00 9.00 _________
Pasture maintenance Acre 10.00 10.00 100.00 2.50 __________
Salt and minerals Doe 0.65 40.00 26.00 0.65 __________
Vet/health management Doe 2.50 40.00 100.00 2.50 __________
Utilities Month 5.00 12.00 60.00 1.50 __________
Gas, fuel, oil Month 10.00 12.00 120.00 3.00 __________
Repairs Dollar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 __________
Labor Hour 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 __________
Misc. Supplies Doe 2.00 40.00 80.00 2.00 __________
Marketing Kid 2.00 60.00 120.00 3.00 __________
Insurance Dollar 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 __________
Dues Year 35.00 1.00 35.00 0.88 __________
Interest on operating capital
Dollar 0.09 1,869.42 168.25 4.21 __________
Total direct expenses $5,153.37 $128.83 __________
Total fixed expenses Dollar $6,000.00 0.09 $540.00 $13.50 __________
Total specified expenses $5,693.37 $142.33 __________
Break-even point in dollars/cwt sold (direct expenses only)
$95.00
Notes: 1.This budget is for planning purposes--use only as a guide. Use column on the right to adjust these figures to fit your operation. 2.The market for goats in Mississippi is not well-defined. Income figures depend on location and individual access to market outlets. 3.Expense items are based on the production parameters specified.
Meat Goat vs. Club Goat? What’s the difference?
Meat goat - sold by the poundMarket dictates price per #
Club goat - sold by the headMarket dictates price per headSold by the # at end of project
Understanding Differences..• Club Goat
• Structural correctness
• Heavy muscled
• Volume and capacity
• Style and balance
• Predictable growth
• Meat Goat• Heavy muscled
• Rapid growth and performance
• Easily maintained
Ideal Meat Goat?
Influences on Lean Meat Yield
● Conformation- relative shape of body comparing size, mass, and shape of muscles compared with size, mass, and shape of body
● Relative proportion of muscle to fat/bone
● Relative body size (weight or circumference of heart girth, barrel, or limbs)
Selection Classes 199 highest conformation Selection 1 150 middle conformation 100 lowest conformation
299 highest conformation Selection 2 250 middle conformation 200 lowest conformation
399 highest conformation Selection 3 350 middle conformation 300 lowest conformation
Selection 1Superior meat-type conformationThickly muscled as indicated by
●Pronounced (bulging) outside leg●Full (rounded) back strip (rib
and loin, L. dorsi)●Moderately thick outside
shoulder
Selection 2Average meat-type conformation
Moderately muscled as indicated by
●Slightly thick and slightly pronounced outside leg
●Slightly full (flat or slightly shallow) back strip (rib and loin, L. dorsi)
● slightly thick to slightly thin outside shoulder
Selection 3Inferior meat-type conformation
Moderately muscled as indicated by
●Narrow legs, back, shoulders in relation to body length
●Very angular and shrunken appearance
●Deficient muscling in leg, back strip (rib and loin, L. dorsi), shoulder
Selection 150
Selection 250
Selection 370
Comparisons
Goat Carcass Selection Classification
150 250 350
Side carcass views
150 250 350
Other Carcass Evaluation Criteria
● Flank lean color – consumers desire light pink meat color
● Kidney, heart, and pelvic fat- fat is left in carcass to prevent drying, but is waste
● Subcutaneous fat cover score – – external fat deposited behind shoulder
and over ribs, not over back or legs– depth is not uniformly distributed for
measurement
Lean Flank Color
Kidney, Heart and Pelvic Fat, %
Subcutaneous Fat Over Score
Goat Carcass Fabrication and Cuts● Foodservice and many retail companies
want standardization of primal and retail cuts, usually portion controlled
● Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications (IMPS) provide for portion control and uniform cutting/fabrication
● IMPS for fresh goat (IMPS series 11) were developed for goat meat based upon carcass sizes, resulting in 5 different cutting styles
Fresh Goat IMPS Purchaser Specified Options
● Style (platter, roasting, barbeque, food service, hotel)
● Cut identification (primal cut or location on carcass)
● Boneless or bone-in, tail length, special cutting instructions
● Added ingredients such as enhancement solutions (marinades; salt/water/phosphates)
● Conformation selection (1, 2, 3)
● Class (buck, doe, wether)
● Maturity (kid, yearling, goat)
Fresh Goat IMPS Purchaser Specified Options
● Breed type, forage type, organic certification
● Slaughter (Halal, Kosher, other)
● Refrigeration (fresh/refrigerated or frozen)
● Weight or thickness of portion cut● Fat trim level on cut● Netting/tying ● Packaging and packing requirements● Quality assurance requirements
Fabrication Guide to IMPS Cuts
IMPS Style
Carcass Weight Range
Platter 15 lb. or less
20-40 lb.
40 lb. or more
30-40 lb.
15-30 lb.Roasting
Barbeque
Food Service
Hotel
Recommended Skeletal Cuts
Recommended Muscular Cuts
Meat Goat Class
Meat Goats 1 2 3 & 4
Meat Goats 4 3 2 & 1
Meat Goats 1 2 3 & 4
Meat Goat Loin Eye 2
Meat Goat Loin Eye 3
Meat Goat Loin Eye 1
Meat Goat Loin Eye 4
Ideal Club Goat?
The Club Goat Project
The Club Goat Project Fastest growing project in the Junior
Livestock ProgramNumber increased over 500% since first
showing at Dixie National Junior Roundup
Least expensive project in the programAverage price @ $100 - $300Feed and maintenance @ $100 - $150
Club Goat Projects..• 16 – 18% CP fed free choice
• Feeders - goat proof• Creep feed to 80# - then hand feed
• 2:1 Ca:P, salt and mineral• 1% ammonium chloride• Coccidiastat
• Hay-small amounts• Clean fresh water daily
The End!