measuring effectiveness of phytoremediation for a tce ... · pdf filemeasuring effectiveness...

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Measuring Effectiveness of Measuring Effectiveness of Phytoremediation for a Phytoremediation for a

TCETCE--Contaminated Contaminated Groundwater Plume Using Sap Flow Groundwater Plume Using Sap Flow

InstrumentationInstrumentation

Third International Third International Phytotechnologies Phytotechnologies Conference Atlanta, GAConference Atlanta, GA

April 2005April 2005

R

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Presentation PlanPresentation PlanSite Setting and HistoryMonitoring MethodsSap Monitoring ResultsConclusions

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Site Setting and History Site Setting and History

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Portsmouth Uranium Enrichment FacilityPortsmouth Uranium Enrichment Facility

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Site Site LocationLocation

Plant Construction 1952 - 1956

Uranium Enrichment Production Ceased -

2001

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1990-1993 RCRA Facility Investigation identified five separate groundwater TCE plumes

1994-1997 Corrective Measures Study developed alternatives for remediation

–Phytoremediation selected for two plumes X-740 and X-749/X-120

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XX--740 History740 History1952-1956 – Construction Switchyard (likely source)1982-1992 – X-740 Waste Oil Handling facility operated1999 – Phytoremediation System installed

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XX--740 Phytoremediation System740 Phytoremediation SystemInstalled 113 8 in. dia. sand-filled borings 30+ ft to bedrockPlanted 240 Trees in 2 ft wide trenches excavated 10 ft deepRemaining 526 trees planted in 2 ft diameter 10 ft deep boringsTotal Trees Planted 766

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Installing Trenches Installing Trenches at at

XX--740 740 Phytoremediation Phytoremediation

AreaArea

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XX--740 Tree Growth740 Tree Growth

First leaves appear by 6/3/99

(one week after planting)

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XX--740 Tree Growth740 Tree GrowthSome trees are 6 feet tall by 8/3/99

(9 weeks after planting)

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Same tree on 10/27/99

(22 weeks after planting)

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Same tree over 25 ft tall by 6/6/01

(two years after planting)

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Same tree 7/3/03 (five years after planting)

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XX--740 Tree Growth740 Tree GrowthX-740

X-109 A

5

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9111315171921232529333739414345 35 31 27

More than 10 cm Less than 3 cm Dead Between 3 and 10 cmMarch 2005 Tree Diameter

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PHYTOREMEDIATIONTRENCHES

XX--749/X749/X--120 Overview120 OverviewThree likely source areas: X-749 Landfill, X-120, Old Paint Shop2002-2003 – Phytoremediation System installed

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XX--749/X749/X--120 Trench 120 Trench Planting DesignPlanting Design

Installed 1500+ 8 in. dia. sand-filled borings 25+ ft to bedrockPlanted over 3300 trees in 2 ft wide trenches 10 to 15 ft deep

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XX--749/X749/X--120 Phytoremediation System120 Phytoremediation SystemPhytoremediation System covers over 21 acres

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Monitoring Methods Monitoring Methods

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Phytoremediation System Monitoring Phytoremediation System Monitoring ToolsTools

Collect monitoring well data

– Water levels– Analytical

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Collect tree core samplesCollect transpired stem gas

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Collect weather dataCollect soil moisture

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Phytoremediation System Monitoring Phytoremediation System Monitoring Dynagage Dynagage SapSap--flow Collarsflow Collars

Measures change in temperature as sap flows past heated collar

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Phytoremediation System Monitoring Phytoremediation System Monitoring Thermal Dissipation Probe (TDP)Thermal Dissipation Probe (TDP)

Measures temperature dissipation between a heated probe and a reference probe

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Objectives of the Sap Flow Objectives of the Sap Flow MonitoringMonitoring

1. Develop hydrologic budget• Determine sap flow relative to tree diameter• Determine sap flow relative to weather (ET)• Determine groundwater usage for plantation

2. Refine MODFLOW model input to more accurately predict remedial progress

3. Determine monitoring plan for next season at X-740 and adjust for X-749/X-120 area

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Sap Flow Data CollectionSap Flow Data Collection

Using Dynamax Flow32 System

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Sap Monitoring Results Sap Monitoring Results

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EvapotranspirationEvapotranspirationMay 29, 2004May 29, 2004--June 5, 2004June 5, 2004

0

5

10

15

20

25

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5/29/04 0:00 5/30/04 0:00 5/31/04 0:00 6/1/04 0:00 6/2/04 0:00 6/3/04 0:00 6/4/04 0:00 6/5/04 0:00

Date

Tem

p (c

)

0.00

0.17

0.33

0.50

(mm

)

Temp (C) ETo (mm) Rain (mm)

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Sap Flow ComparisonSap Flow Comparison

05

10152025303540

5/29/04 5/30/04 5/31/04 6/1/04 6/2/04 6/3/04 6/4/04 6/5/04

Date

Flow

(mL/

hr/c

m2 )

TDP North TDP South SGB 50 SGB 25

TDPs 12.7 cm diam.

Dynagages 5 cm diam. 2.1 cm diam.

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Putting It All TogetherPutting It All Together

Measure Average Daily Sap Flow for

Test Trees

Indexing to Stand - TrunkCross-Sectional Area

61.9 cm2 x 0.203 L/cm2/day = 12.6 L/day

Sap Flow/Stem Area= 0.203 L/cm2/day

Measure Test TreesCross-Sectional

Areas

Measure Stand TreesCross-Sectional Area705 Trees averaging

61.9 cm2

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Putting It All Together (cont.)Putting It All Together (cont.)Sap Flow/Land Area12.6 L/d x 877 trees =

11,000 L/ha/d(1.1 mm/day)

Measure Weather Station ETo4.4 mm/day

Apply Crop CoefficientFor Seasonal Water Use

Tot. seasonal ET x KC858 mm x 0.25 = 215 mm

(2,150,000 L/ha)

Measure Trees/Land Area

3m x 3m and 6m x 3m result in 877 trees/ha

Index Sap Flow / ETo = KCCrop Coefficient

1.1 mm/d / 4.4 mm/d = 0.25

The values shown above are averaged from July 23 through August 29, 2004 data.

Modified from Dynamax

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Conclusions Conclusions

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ConclusionsConclusions1. Sap flow monitoring quantifies and adds

confidence to remediation predictions2. Trees in X-740 Phytoremediation Area

remove 11,000 liters of water/hectare/day (1176 gal/acre/day)

3. Total water consumption during 2004 growing season is 2,146,000 liters/hector (229,000 gal/acre)

4. Results and experience from X-740 may be used to refine assumptions and approach at X-749/X-120 area

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Future WorkFuture Work1. Continue sap flow monitoring to determine

groundwater usage by the trees2. Conduct soil boring program to determine

root extent3. Collect additional tree core samples4. Finalize hydrologic budget to determine

groundwater extraction rate5. Update groundwater flow model to better

predict remediation

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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsOrganizations– DOE, Ohio EPA, Bechtel Jacobs Company LLC,

Pro2ServeAuthors– Russ Vranicar (DOE)– Maria Galanti (OEPA)– John Sokol & Sandy Childers (BJC)– Dave Rieske, Joe Ritchey, Steven Thompson (P2S)

Contributors– Michael van Bavel (Dynamax)– Joel Burken (University of Missouri-Rolla)

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