School of Architecture, Building and Design Foundation in Natural and Built Environment

Mathematics (MTH30104) Project 2: Statistics

Group Members: Madeline Liew (0322150) Lee Yet Yee (0322328) Tam Zhao Wei (0322587) Heng Sy Hua (0321999) Yeap Phay Shian (0322243)

TABLE OF CONTENT

Content: 1. Introduction 2. Objectives 3. Methodology 4. Statistical Analysis 5. Conclusion 6. Appendix 7. Compilation of Survey Forms

Page 1 2 3-4 5-15 16 17 18-267

INTRODUCTION

Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (Malaysian Health Ministry) has been more concern with cardiovascular diseases due to this chronic disease being the main cause of death in Malaysia. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the death rate for cardiovascular disease in Malaysia is 36% in 2014. This disease takes up approximately 1/3 of the total deaths. Even so, Malaysians are still not aware of the negative consequences and solutions of this disease.

Cardiovascular disease is a general term that describes a disease of the heart of blood vessels. This disease is divided into four main types. It occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart which is blocked by a blood clot.

The survey conducted is to analyze the understanding level of female and male students in Taylor’s University about cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the survey forms were distributed and later gathered to analyze the statistical data collected. The data are then compiled and presented as an infographic poster to allow the public to grasp the understanding level of male and female towards this disease.

Reference: World Health Organization - Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles, 2014 http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/mys_en.pdf

OBJECTIVES

This survey allows us to be involved in collecting, interpreting and analyzing statistical data. Furthermore, it also enable us to be aware of the understanding level of male and female in Taylor’s University on cardiovascular disease by drawing a conclusion from our survey.

The objectives that we hope to achieve through this survey are:

¬ To raise the awareness of Taylor’s University students on cardiovascular disease.

¬ To collect the data and observe the level of understanding of students in Taylor’s University on cardiovascular disease in the age range of 16-20, 21-25, 26-30, <30.

¬ To analyze the data and to be able to draw a conclusion through the understanding and applying various mathematical principles.

METHODOLOGY

Preparation Before distributing the survey forms, a meeting was held to discuss on setting the questions and the topic that will be carried out in the survey. The conclusion was to investigate on cardiovascular disease as this disease causes the highest death rate in Malaysia. The questions are separated into 15 questions into 3 parts that are general questions, causes and effects and solutions. In detail, 11 questions are set for the general part and 2 questions each for causes and effects and solutions. The reason that the questions was prepared in this format is because how well the students in Taylor’s University know in which aspect, that is either general, causes and effects, or solutions has to be concluded. Lastly, 250 copies of survey forms are printed and each group member will distribute 50 copies respectively. The 250 copies of survey forms are distributed equally for both genders. Having a total of 125 survey forms distributed to the male students and 125 survey forms to the female students.

Later on, all 250 of the survey forms were sorted according to their gender. Moreover, charts and tables were created based on the statistics compiled for all 15 questions. The average for the data for each category were calculated by using the method, mean. The formula for mean is as follow:

PROCESS PICTURES

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Figure 4 Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 1-5 shows each of the group members distributing survey forms to the students and them filing it up at Taylor’s University’s library.

Figure 6 displays group members analyzing and tabulating the data from survey forms.

Statistical Analysis

General Questions:Question 1:How many main types of cardiovascular diseases are there?Answer: 4

There are four main types of CVD. They are:• coronary heart disease• stroke• peripheral arterial disease• aortic disease

32.0 % of male got the correct answer, while 32.8% of female got the correct answer. While others chose 3 for their answer due to their uncertainty.

Female has a slightly higher understanding in the types of

cardiovascular diseases.

Question 2: Which of the following is a cardiovascular disease?Answer: Stroke

A stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off.Like all organs, the brain needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutr ients  to function properly. This is provided by  the blood, so if your blood flow is restricted or stopped, brain cells will begin to die. This can cause brain damage and possibly death.

61.6 % of male got the correct answer, while 64.0% of female got the correct answer. Others chose lymphatic diseases as their answer as they do not know much about CVD.

Female has a slightly higher understanding in identifying cardiovascular diseases.

Question 1 Female Male

Answer 3 4 3 4

No. of response 46 41 49 40

Percentage (%) 36.8 32.8 39.2 32

Question 2 Female Male

Answer Stroke Lymphatic diseases Stroke Lymphatic diseases

No. of Response 80 34 77 35

Percentage (%) 64 27.2 61.6 28

0

10

20

30

40

3 4

Female Male

0

17.5

35

52.5

70

Stroke Lymphatic diseases

Female Male

Question 3: What is the most common type of heart disease?Answer: Coronary artery disease

Coronary heart disease (CHD) occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart is blocked or reduced by a build-up of fatty material (atheroma) in the coronary arteries.

44.0% of male got the correct answer, while 46.4% of female got the correct answer. Others chose irregular heart rhythm as their answer as this type of disease is more recognisable to the public.

Female has a slightly higher understanding in recognising common type cardiovascular diseases.

Question 4: Cardiovascular disease takes up the largest portion of death in Malaysia that is:Answer: 36%

56.8 % of male got the correct answer, while 46.8 % of female got the correct answer. Others chose 21% as they do not keep in track

of health report datas.

Male has a higher understanding in the latest statistic of cardiovascular disease.

Question 3 Female Male

Answer Irregular Heart Rhythm

Coronary artery disease

Irregular Heart Rhythm

Coronary artery disease

No. of Response 23 58 17 55

Percentage (%) 18.4 46.4 13.6 44

Question 4 Female Male

Answer 21% 36% 21% 36%

No. of Response 24 61 22 71

Percentage (%) 19.2 46.8 17.6 56.8

0

12.5

25

37.5

50

Irregular Heart Rhythm Coronary Heart diseases

Female Male

0

15

30

45

60

21% 36%

Female Male

Question 5: What are the symptoms? Answer: All of the above (Chest pain, shortness of breath, pain in upper abdomen or back)

Cardiovascular disease is caused by narrowed, blocked or stiffened blood vessels that prevent your heart, brain or other parts of your body from receiving enough blood. Cardiovascular disease symptoms may be different for men and women. For instance, men are more likely to have chest pain; women are more likely to have symptoms such as shortness of breath, nausea and extreme fatigue.

60.0 % of male got the correct answer, while 68.0 % of female got the correct answer. While some of them chose chest pain as they do not know the other symptoms.

Female has a higher understanding in the symptoms of cardiovascular diseases.

Question 5

Female Male

Answer Chest Pain

Shortness in breath

Pain in upper abdomen or back

All of the above

Chest Pain

Shortness in breath

Pain in upper abdomen or back

All of the above

No. of Response

25 12 6 82 23 14 13 75

Percentage (%)

20 9.6 4.8 65.6 18.4 11.2 10.4 60

0

17.5

35

52.5

70

Chest

Pain

Shortn

ess in

brea

th

Pain in

uppe

r abd

omen

or ba

ck

All of th

e abo

ve

Female Male

Question 6:CT Scanning and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be used to detect cardiovascular disease.Answer: True

The MRI test can show your heart’s structure (muscle, valves and chambers) and how well blood flows through your heart and major vessels. MRI of the heart lets your doctor see if your heart is damaged from a heart attack, or if there is lack of blood flow to the heart muscle because of narrowed or blocked arteries.  A CT scan can be used to visualize nearly all parts of the body and is used to diagnose disease or injury as well as to plan medical, surgical or radiation treatment.

70.4 % of male got the correct answer, while 66.4 % of female got the correct answer.

Male understand more about diagnosing cardiovascular disease using latest technology.

Question 7:The statistic of women dying due to a heart attack in Malaysia is 1/4.Answer: True

In Malaysia, one in four women die of a heart attack, a trend that has remained consistent over the last decade. The total number of deaths from heart disease is reportedly 2.5 times higher than that of all types of cancers combined.The older a woman gets, the more likely she is to get heart disease, especially during the menopause.

49.6% of male got the correct answer, while 63.2% of female got the correct answer. Other are not sure of the statistic in Malaysia as most of the articles features US’s data.

Female understand more about the statistics of women dying due to heart attack.

Question 6 Female Male

Answer TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

No. of Response 83 42 88 37

Percentage (%) 66.4 33.6 70.4 29.6

Question 7 Female Male

Answer TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

No. of Response 79 46 62 63

Percentage (%) 63.2 36.8 49.6 50.4

0

20

40

60

80

True False

Female Male

0

20

40

60

80

True False

Female Male

Question 8:The golden time in rescuing a patient suffering in a sudden cardiovascular disease is 2 hours.Answer: False

The Golden Hour is a critical time because the heart muscle starts to die within 80-90 minutes after it stops getting blood, and within six hours, almost all the affected parts of the heart could be irreversibly damaged according to Dr Manoj Agarwal.

36.8 % of male got the correct answer, while 53.6 % of female got the correct answer.

Female can identify the golden time better than male.

Question 9:Cardiovascular disease can occur in children.Answer: True

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a defect, or abnormality of the heart or blood vessels near the heart, and not a disease, so many people use the term “congenital heart defect”. The majority of children born today with CHD will survive and with proper treatment be able to lead a normal or near-normal life.  Some kinds of CHD are mild and may not be diagnosed in infancy according to the World Heart Federation.

72.8 % of male got the correct answer, while 76.8 % of female got the correct answer. Some thinks that CVD only occurs in adults so that chose the wrong answer.

Female’s understanding is slightly better than male about the occurring of cardiovascular disease in children.

Question 8 Female Male

Answer TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

No. of Response 67 58 46 79

Percentage (%) 53.6 46.4 36.8 63.2

Question 9 Female Male

Answer TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

No. of Response 96 29 91 34

Percentage (%) 76.8 23.2 72.8 27.2

0

17.5

35

52.5

70

True False

Female Male

0

20

40

60

80

True False

Female Male

Question 10:The heart stops beating during a heart attack.Answer: False

A heart attack is when blood flow to the heart is blocked, the heart usually does not stop beating during a heart attack.Most of the people believe that the heart stops during a heart attack, but actually it is a myth.

Both male and female with percentage of 48 got the correct answer.

Both gender have the same understanding towards the general fact of heart attack.

Question 11:Obesity has the largest risk factor for heart disease.Answer: False

The important risk factors for heart disease are uncontrolled high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking. Staying inactive is also one of the risk factor.

Both gender have a lower percentage of getting correct answer, that is male 30.4 % and female 20.8 %.

This may be their misunderstanding about obesity and it’s relation with heart disease. Thus, this is the question that most of them got wrong.

Question 10 Female Male

Answer TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

No. of Response 60 65 60 65

Percentage (%) 48 52 48 52

Question 11 Female Male

Answer TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE

No. of Response 26 99 38 87

Percentage (%) 20.8 79.2 30.4 69.6

47

48.25

49.5

50.75

52

True False

Female Male

0

20

40

60

80

True False

Female Male

Causes & Effects Questions:

Question 12: What causes cardiovascular diseases?I. InheritanceII. Exposure to UV raysIII. Lack of exerciseAnswer: i. Inheritance iii. Lack of exercise

Physical activity protects you by regulating your weight and improving your body’s use of insulin.  Being active is beneficial for your blood pressure, which is powerful promoter of cardiovascular disease. If both parents have suffered from heart disease before the age of 55, the risk of developing heart disease can rise to 50% compared to the general population.

48.0 % of male got the correct answer, while 47.2 % of female got the correct answer.

Male’s understanding is slightly better than female regarding the causes of cardiovascular disease.

Question 12 Female Male

Answer i,iii ii,iii All i,iii ii,iii All

No. of Response

59 26 40 57 23 45

Percentage (%)

47.2 20.8 32 45.6 18.4 36

0

12.5

25

37.5

50

i,iii ii,iii All

Female Male

Question 13:What are the effects of this disease?i. Irregular heart rhythmii. Congestive heart failureiii. CancerAnswer:i. Irregular heart rhythmii. Congestive heart failure

The indirect effects of cardiovascular disease stem from changes in the heart muscle as a result of sudden decreased blood flow, which leads to cardiac arrest and some irregular heart rhythms, or gradually decreased flow, which can cause congestive heart failure and other irregular heart rhythms.

51.2 % of male got the correct answer, while 53.6 % of female got the correct answer.

Female’s understanding in the effects of cardiovascular diseases is slightly better than

male.

Question 13 Female Male

Answer i,ii ii,iii All i,ii ii,iii All

No. of Response

67 24 34 62 20 43

Percentage (%)

53.6 19.2 27.2 49.6 16 34.4

0

15

30

45

60

i,ii ii,iii All

Female Male

Solutions Questions:Question 14: What are the physical treatments that can be performed at home?i. Do more exerciseii. Eat healthy foodiii. Stay indoorsAnswer: i. Do more exercises ii. Eat healthy food

Exercise helps you achieve and maintain a healthy weight and control diabetes, elevated cholesterol and high blood pressure — all risk factors for heart disease. A heart-healthy diet based on fruits, vegetables and whole grains — and low in saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium and added sugar — can help you control your weight, blood pressure and cholesterol.

56.8 % of male got the correct answer, while 64.0 % of female got the correct answer.

Female understand more in the physical treatments that can be performed at home of cardiovascular diseases than male.

Question 14 Female Male

Answer i,ii ii,iii All i,ii ii,iii All

No. of Response

80 16 29 72 19 34

Percentage (%)

64 12.8 23.2 57.6 15.2 27.2

0

17.5

35

52.5

70

i,ii ii,iii All

Female Male

Question 15: What are the treatments that can be performed at the hospital? i. Clot Buster Drug ii.Heart Transplant iii. Antiplatelet DrugsAnswer: All of the above

Antiplatelet drugs are used to treat heart disease. They are a group of powerful medications that prevent the formation of blood clots.Clot buster drugs, or thrombolytic therapy, are a type of heart medication given in the hospital through the veins (intravenous) to break up blood clots.A heart transplant is an operation to replace a damaged or failing heart with a healthy human heart from a donor who has recently died.

46.4 % of male got the correct answer, while 56.8 % of female got the correct answer.

Female understand more in the treatments that can be performed at the hospital of cardiovascular diseases than male.

Question 15 Female Male

Answer i,ii ii,iii All i,ii ii,iii All

No. of Response

20 28 77 33 34 58

Percentage (%)

16 22.4 61.6 26.4 27.2 46.4

0

17.5

35

52.5

70

i,ii ii,iii All

Female Male

Conclusion

In a nutshell, our main purpose for this survey is to investigate and analysis on the level of understanding of cardiovascular disease among students in Taylor’s University. We targeted 250 students where 125 are males and 125 are females. We also categorized the age range of all the target to 4 groups (aged 16-20, 21-25 ,26-30, >30) .As for the question , we divided it into 3 parts , general , causes and effects and preventions .However, It is a shocking result where the overall marks for all 250 targets is only 8/15 .

Apart from that, we also can conclude that female students in Taylor’s University has a higher understanding of Cardiovascular disease than male students where the percentage is 54.03% over 50.99% . Through the statistic that we have obtained, we also found that there is a misconception in female students as they think that the golden time in rescuing a patient suffering in heart attack is 2 hours where the correct answer is 80 minutes instead of 2 hours. This observation can be clearly shown through question No.8 where the percentage of female students answer true is 53.6% but the percentage for false (which is the true answer is only 46.4%). Additionally, there is also question where the percentage of female and male students answered correctly is the same .This is question No. 10 and the percentage is 52.0%.

Moreover, the overall number of questions which female understand more is far higher than male which is 13/15 over 2/15. This is a disappointing result as we can conclude that most of the male students in Taylor’s University do not have enough knowledge in cardiovascular disease. This can be dangerous as they may not able to prevent themselves from having cardiovascular disease effectively in the future. For example, question No.11 in the survey stated that the greatest risk for heart disease is obesity which is false but only 69.6% of male students answered it correctly in compared to female students whose percentage is 79.2%. It is beyond shadow of a doubt that, this survey has clearly shown the level of understanding of cardiovascular disease among students in Taylor’s University. The statistics are not quite where and this proved that the authorities still need to work hand in hand and improve the current situation drastically so that the youth can prevent themselves from being a victim in cardiovascular disease in the future .

Appendix: Cardiovascular disease . (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2015 from http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cardiovascular-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx

World Health Organization - Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles , 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2015. from http://www.who.int/nmh/countries/mys_en.pdf

Heart disease. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/basics/symptoms/con-20034056

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (2015, September 3). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/SymptomsDiagnosisofHeartAttack/Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging-MRI_UCM_441632_Article.jsp#.VipnR0JUQnU

CT scan. (2015, March 25). Retrieved October 15, 2015 from http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/ct-scan/basics/definition/prc-20014610

FIONA, H. (2013, September 29). Healthy hearts - Health | The Star Online. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.thestar.com.my/Lifestyle/Health/2013/09/29/Healthy-hearts/

Agarwal, M. (2012). Golden Hour for Heart Attack Patients. Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://apollopharmacy.apollolife.com/articles/Heart_ Golden Hour for Heart Attack Patients.aspx

Cardiovascular disease in children and youth. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.world-heart-federation.org/heart-facts/fact-sheets/cvd-in-children-and-youth/

Heart Attack or Sudden Cardiac Arrest: How Are They Different? (2015, August 19). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/MyHeartandStrokeNews/Heart-Attack-or-Sudden-Cardiac-Arrest-How-Are-They-Different_UCM_440804_Article.jsp

Cardiovascular disease risk factors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/

Cardiovascular Disease Causes and Treatments. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.healthcentral.com/heart-disease/faq-44666-69_2.html

How To Prevent and Control Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors. (2015, June 9). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hd/prevent

Heart Disease: Treatment & Care. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2015, from http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/heart-disease-treatment-care