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An Alliance College‑Ready Public School Mastery Learning Guide This guide is a resource for teachers at Health Services Academy High School (HSA) to become familiar with the policies and expectations for implementing mastery learning in their classrooms. Mastery learning is a research‑based instructional strategy that has demonstrated significant positive effects on student achievement. Mastery learning is also a means of motivating students to be accountable for their own learning. As a nascent charter school, we hope and expect that input from school personnel may lead to revisions to these expectations/policies. Many of the principles outlined in this guide have been and will continue to be shared with parents and students when describing the instructional expectations at our school. This guide systematically outlines all aspects of mastery learning to assist teachers to implement a comprehensive approach to student instruction that is consistent across all classrooms. Administrative evaluations and observations of teachers will support teachers in identifying strengths and weaknesses of mastery learning implementation in classrooms. As always, if you have questions, please forward them. Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 2 A) Clear Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 5 How Do Students Know What They Should Learn? ........................................................................ 5 B) Consistent Feedback ............................................................................................................................. 9 How Do Students Know Their Progress? (Formative Assessments) ............................................. 9 Citizenship and Work Habits Grades ............................................................................................... 10 C) Self‑Reflection ...................................................................................................................................... 13 How Do Students Demonstrate Their Knowledge of Their Progress? ........................................ 13 D) Multiple Assessments ........................................................................................................................ 15 How Do Students Demonstrate Their Proficiency? (Summative Assessments) ........................ 15 E) Proficiency Grading ............................................................................................................................ 17 Connecting Grades to Standards ....................................................................................................... 17 Academic Grades ................................................................................................................................. 17 References .................................................................................................................................................. 18

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Page 1: Mastery Learning Guide - WordPress.com · 2 Introduction At the heart of mastery learning is the philosophy that everyone can learn given the right circumstances—aptitude is the

  

An Alliance College‑Ready Public School  

Mastery Learning Guide  

This guide is a resource for teachers at Health Services Academy High School (HSA) to become familiar with the policies and expectations for implementing mastery learning in their classrooms. Mastery learning is a research‑based instructional strategy that has demonstrated significant positive effects on student achievement. Mastery learning is also a means of motivating students to be accountable for their own learning.  

 As a nascent charter school, we hope and expect that input from school personnel may lead to 

revisions to these expectations/policies. Many of the principles outlined in this guide have been and will continue to be shared with parents and students when describing the instructional expectations at our school. This guide systematically outlines all aspects of mastery learning to assist teachers to implement a comprehensive approach to student instruction that is consistent across all classrooms.  

 Administrative evaluations and observations of teachers will support teachers in identifying 

strengths and weaknesses of mastery learning implementation in classrooms. As always, if you have questions, please forward them.  

Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 2 A) Clear Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 5 

How Do Students Know What They Should Learn? ........................................................................ 5 B) Consistent Feedback ............................................................................................................................. 9 

How Do Students Know Their Progress? (Formative Assessments) ............................................. 9 Citizenship and Work Habits Grades ............................................................................................... 10 

C) Self‑Reflection ...................................................................................................................................... 13 How Do Students Demonstrate Their Knowledge of Their Progress? ........................................ 13 

D) Multiple Assessments ........................................................................................................................ 15 How Do Students Demonstrate Their Proficiency? (Summative Assessments) ........................ 15 

E) Proficiency Grading ............................................................................................................................ 17 Connecting Grades to Standards ....................................................................................................... 17 Academic Grades ................................................................................................................................. 17 

References .................................................................................................................................................. 18  

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Introduction    At the heart of mastery learning is the philosophy that everyone can learn given the right circumstances—aptitude is the length of time it takes a person to learn, not how “bright” a person is. This matches the objective of HSA to prepare our students to attend college and to be able to major in health care related fields. For too long, urban students have been underserved because traditional grading systems have placed greater emphasis on student behavior and attitude rather than student subject‑matter proficiency. The implementation of mastery learning is designed to provide a better learning environment to support all students to achieve proficiency in the state‑mandated content standards. One of the best descriptions of mastery learning is by Garrison and Ehringhaus (2008):   

A good analogy for this is the road test that is required to receive a driverʹs license. What if, before getting your driverʹs license, you received a grade every time you sat behind the wheel to practice driving? What if your final grade for the driving test was the average of all of the grades you received while practicing? Because of the initial low grades you received during the process of learning to drive, your final grade would not accurately reflect your ability to drive a car. In the beginning of learning to drive, how confident or motivated to learn would you feel? Would any of the grades you received provide you with guidance on what you needed to do next to improve your driving skills? Your final driving test, or summative assessment, would be the accountability measure that establishes whether or not you have the driving skills necessary for a driverʹs license—not a reflection of all the driving practice that leads to it.  

Basic principals of mastery learning include: • Learning objectives should be transparent from the first day of a unit and on each assignment. • Students should have opportunities to track and reflect on their progress on the standards. • Formative assessments are not included in academic grades because these assessments are 

opportunities for students to practice the standards. • Summative assessments are the primary factor in academic grades. • Multiple summative assessments that address various learning styles should be used. • Behavior, attendance, participation, effort, and work habits are not included in academic grades. 

 As teachers, we are all challenged to improve our instruction beyond what we experienced 

during our own education. Mastery learning is an approach that few of us experienced, so it is critical for all teachers to be willing to experiment with this approach to determine how best to adapt it to your own classroom. We expect to provide as much support with professional development and mastery learning examples throughout the school year, and that support will be directly influenced by teachers’ feedback and administrator classroom observations. 

 Key aspects of mastery learning can sometimes be simplified to the point of not being correct.  It 

is important to clearly explain the concept of mastery learning to students, and to reinforce the aspects of mastery learning consistently throughout the school year. Some examples of common misconceptions about mastery learning include: 

• “Only tests count toward my grade.” – teachers should be using multiple summative assessments (e.g., traditional tests, essays, reports, performance assessments, projects, oral examinations) to measure student proficiency. 

• “I don’t need to do classwork or homework anymore because they don’t count toward my grade.” – teachers are still expected to assign and provide feedback (e.g., scores) on all formative 

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assessments (e.g., classwork, homework) to provide students with feedback on their progress toward proficiency in the standards. Classwork and homework assignments should still be entered in gradebooks (but not count toward final grades) so parents and students can track their progress. Students who do not practice the standards (i.e., complete their formative assessments) will be much less likely to perform well on summative assessments. 

• “I can turn in work late/I have as many chances as I want to re‑try completing summative assessments.” – summative assessments are the primary measure of student proficiency levels. Students who do not turn in summative assessments will be assigned ‘incomplete’ for that assignment. Students who complete summative assessments but earn ‘not proficient’ grades should have additional opportunities (after re‑teaching) to demonstrate their proficiency in the standard. Teachers may set an appropriate time period (e.g., two weeks) for students to have additional opportunities to re‑take summative assessments. 

• “I don’t test well, so I won’t perform well under this system.” – students who have earned good grades in a traditional grading system have been rewarded for completing work rather than by demonstrating proficiency in the standards. Mastery learning focuses students on learning and demonstrating their proficiency in the standards. Students generally do not test well because they have been focused on completing work quickly rather than taking the time to learn the material. 

• “As a teacher, I won’t be able to motivate students to complete their classwork and homework.” – teachers need to introduce and reinforce the importance of formative assessments and still show these assessments on their grade books. Students and parents must see the correlation between student performance on formative and summative assessments. Students should be given opportunities to regularly reflect on their progress toward the standards and to receive feedback from the teacher. 

  Administrators will develop and implement school‑wide policies to support mastery learning 

and the importance of Life Skills Grades. In the end, we believe that mastery learning will be the critical approach to ensuring that all students achieve proficiency on the state standards and reach college with the skills to succeed. This guide is divided into FIVE areas that teachers should focus on in their planning and grading to implement mastery learning in their classrooms.    

            

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Introduction to Standards‑Based Grading (a synopsis)  In a standards‑based grading system, a final grade is based on a student’s level of understanding of a concept or demonstration of a skill at the end of the grading period. Each student’s grade is based on how much he/she progresses beyond their initial level of understanding or skill. Grades for initial assignments, homework and assignments that allow students to practice their understanding/skills are not included in final grades. Students are not compared to one another but, rather, to the amount of progress they can be expected to make. Student effort, behavior, and work habits are not included in the academic grades.   

Standards‑Based Grading    Traditional Grading Publicly known learning standards  Not  Implied teaching goals/expectations Academic achievement separate  Not  Academic/non‑academics together Assessment designed from standards  Not  Assessment designed from instruction Public student work exemplars  Not  Implied ideas about student work Pre‑determined scoring criteria  Not  Emergent criteria Scoring of first efforts discounted  Not  Scoring of first efforts equally weighted Account for improvement over time  Not  Average all work together 

 Example of Standards‑Based Assessment Development:  Step 1: Identify the California State Content Standard 

Biology Standard 1c – Cell Biology – Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure. 

 Step 2: Develop a learning objective for students 

• Students will know how to identify the differences between animal and plant cells. • Students will know how to identify the differences between prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic 

cells, and viruses.  

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Step 3: Develop a rubric Example rubric for students to identify the differences between animal and plant cells: Important vocabulary terms: nucleus, vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall, vacuole, cell membrane, organelles, ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA.  

4‑ Advanced  3‑ Proficient  2‑ Basic  1‑ Not Proficient Demonstrates understanding of all vocabulary by describing the functions of and relationships between all organelles. Specifically identifies the cell shape and process of photosynthesis.  

Demonstrates understanding of most, but not all, vocabulary and is able to identify the function and relationships between some key organelles (chloroplast, cell wall, vacuole). 

Identifies differences between plant and animal cell using only one or two vocabulary terms. Is unable to describe the function of key organelles (chloroplast, cell wall, vacuole) 

Is unable to identify the differences between animal or plant cells. Uses non‑scientific terms to describe organelles and their functions. 

 Step 4: Create assessments to measure student understanding of the standard using the rubric 

• Project: Cell analogy project – students must design a model or poster showing how an animal or plant cell is similar to another object or organization (e.g., the cell is like a school/car/country because…) 

• Interview: In‑person oral exam – students must be able to explain whether a given cell is an animal or plant cell using required vocabulary terms 

• Forced‑choice exam: In‑class test – students must answer multiple choice, true‑false, and matching questions about animal and plant cells. 

 Step 5: Students are given multiple opportunities to practice the standard 

• Students watch video and answer questions about the differences between animal/plant cells • Students complete a lab looking at differences between animal/plant cells • Students read book chapter and complete notes on the differences between animal/plant cells • Students are assigned a part of a cell and need to form groups that represent an animal/plant cell • Students complete worksheet with questions about animal/plant cells 

  

1) Clear Purpose    The premise of mastery learning is that you will more efficiently and effectively meet your goals 

if you know what your goals are from the start of a learning unit. While this may seem like common sense, educational research has shown that knowing your goals before instruction can significantly improve student achievement. This section outlines some examples of strategies that should be implemented in classes to ensure that students have a clear purpose during instruction. Teachers are highly encouraged to implement these or similar strategies in their classrooms. The key is that students should know what they should be learning.  How Do Students Know What They Should Learn?  Learning Objectives 

Many standards are too broad or general for students to understand. Learning objectives break down standards into student‑friendly language and concepts. This breakdown of the standards is essential for students to be able to easily understand what is expected of them by the end of a learning 

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unit. This work also makes it easier for teachers to plan instruction throughout a unit because the learning objectives become the objectives for one or more days of instruction.   Examples: Biology Standard 1d: Students know the central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information from transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus to translation of proteins on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Possible learning objectives for biology standard 1d: 

• Students will be able to model the transcription of ribonucleic acid in the nucleus. • Students will be able to explain the process of translation in the cytoplasm. • Students will be able to use a table of codons to determine the sequence of amino acids. 

World History Standard 10.3.6: Students will analyze the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern and the responses to it, including Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and Communism. Possible learning objectives for world history standard 10.3.6: 

• Students will describe the economic patterns of capitalism, Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and Communism. 

• Students will explain the practical implications of different economic patterns using real‑world examples. 

• Students will analyze the relationship between government and economics under different economic patterns. 

 Unit Goals 

While it is important for teachers to have learning goals, it is equally important to communicate those learning goals to students. One easy way to plan and communicate learning objectives for students is to create a unit goals page that is distributed to students at the beginning of each unit (See Marzano, Pickering, and Pollock 2005). Unit goals pages can clearly identify the following for students:  

• Key unit vocabulary • Learning objectives for the unit • Connections between learning objectives and the textbook 

The page below provides one example of a unit goals page. Teachers are welcome to vary the format and content of unit goals pages, but the key is to provide students with a guide so that they know exactly what will be on the summative unit assessments. One useful inclusion is to use the back of a unit goals page to have students write each formative assessment for the unit or to allow students to track their progress toward the unit goals.  

Example – Unit Goals Page Unit 5 Gas Laws

Unit Learning Goal 1: Vocabulary I will… understand key unit terms including:

Chapter 9 Stoichiometry

stoichiometry molar volume limiting reactant

excess reactant actual yield

Chapter 12 Gases

pressure pascal standard temperature and pressure Boyle’s law Charles’s law Gay-Lussac’s law

Avogadro’s law diffusion ideal gas ideal gas law partial pressure

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Chapter 2-1 Energy

temperature Kelvin temperature scale

Celsius temperature scale

Unit Learning Goal 2: Molar Volume

I will… be able to use molar volume to calculate between volume and moles of gases. Unit Learning Goal 3: Stoichiometry

I will… be able to calculate the masses and volumes of reactants and products in a chemical reaction. Unit Learning Goal 4: Temperature Scales

I will… be able to convert between the Kelvin and Celsius temperature scales. Unit Learning Goal 5: Gas Laws

I will… be able to apply the gas laws to relations between pressure, temperature, and volume of any amount of an ideal gas or any mixture of ideal gases. Personal Learning Goals: During this unit, I will… Class Participation:

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3

Daily Objectives   Teachers are required to post daily learning objectives for students. The whiteboard configuration will be decided upon by the teachers, but should include the date, the learning objective, the daily agenda, and the homework. The whiteboard configuration should be clearly visible throughout the entire period because students should be able to remind themselves about the tasks and objectives for the day, and administrators and visitors will need to be able to quickly ascertain the purpose and tasks for the lesson. Some important points to consider when creating and using your daily objectives: 

• Objectives should be written in complete sentences. One or two word objectives are not sufficient. • Objectives should connect to the lesson or activities for the day. • Take time at the beginning of the period to introduce the objective for the day. • Reinforce the daily objective by referring to it during the lesson or before starting new activities 

within a lesson. • Take time at the end of the period to review the objective for the day and discuss it with students. • Objectives help you to plan your lesson and to make sure students are working toward their unit 

learning objectives. • Reflect on your daily objectives at the end of each period to determine whether students reached 

those objectives and how to adjust future planning to support student learning.  Rubrics   Having a clear purpose in the classroom requires that students know not only what the objectives are for a unit, but also what the expectations are for meeting those objectives. Students can only master a standard if the teacher is clear about what constitutes “mastery.” Under traditional grading systems, students are often graded on curves or are measured against the performance of other students. The mastery learning approach focuses students on meeting a clear level of performance, rather than trying to outperform their peers. The traditional grading system is like a moving target for students, whereas mastery learning clearly provides students with a target that is set based on state performance levels. Students should receive a rubric for each summative assessment. Rubrics are recommended, but not required, for formative assessments. 

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 Many resources for writing rubrics are available (see www.rubistar.com or Marzano references in 

this document). One example of a generic rubric is given below:  Example ‑ Complete Scoring Rubric (Marzano, 2006) 

  Topic Score on Scale 

 Description of Place on Scale 

Advanced  4.0  In addition to Score 3.0 performance, in‑depth inferences and applications that go beyond what was taught 

Proficient  3.0  No major errors or omissions regarding any of the information and/or processes (simple or complex) that were explicitly taught 

Basic  2.0  No major errors or omissions regarding the simpler details and processes but major errors or omissions regarding the more complex ideas and processes 

Not Proficient 

1.0  With help, a partial understanding of some of the simpler details and processes and some of the more complex ideas and processes 

  0.0  Not able to demonstrate understanding or skill  

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2) Consistent Feedback  In order for students to know whether they are on track to reach proficiency in course standards, 

students need consistent feedback. Although mastery learning requires students’ proficiency to be measured using summative assessments, formative assessments are still necessary and expected in the classroom. Formative assessments such as classwork, groupwork, and homework all constitute strategies that teachers can use to help students “practice” the standards. A good analogy to use with students is that they are like academic “athletes” who need to train using formative assessments before a competition (summative assessments). Teachers will determine whether late formative assessments will be accepted, and marks of “incomplete” should be entered into gradebooks instead of zeroes for any missing assignments—this will help teachers, students, parents, and administrators to understand student effort and progress in class.  

 How Do Students Know Their Progress? (Formative Assessments)  Learning Objectives on Assignments   One of the simplest strategies to provide students with consistent feedback is to ensure that learning objectives are clearly indicated on every assignment. Whenever new assignments are explained to students, teachers should reiterate the learning objective for the assignment and how it connects to the learning objectives for the unit.  Grades and Formative Assessments   Under mastery learning, teachers are still responsible for informing students and parents about student progress toward the standards. However, mastery learning is clear that formative assessments should not count toward final grades for students because these assessments are practice. Just like the analogy of preparing for the driving test, you would likely be very discouraged to practice driving if you knew that any mistake you made while practicing would adversely affect your overall ability to earn a driver’s license. Students should be encouraged to practice and make mistakes using formative assessments. Some important points: 

• Formative assessments should not count toward students’ overall academic grades. • Formative assessments should still be graded and returned to students so they are receiving 

constant feedback about their progress toward meeting the standards. • Grades for formative assessments should still be entered into the online gradebook so students 

and parents can track student progress in class; however, grades for formative assessments should not count toward students’ final grades. 

• Teachers should reiterate to students and parents that students’ performance and effort on formative assessments are directly correlated to students’ performance on summative assessments. If you don’t practice, you won’t perform well. 

• Students are still expected to complete and try to complete all formative assessments. EVERYTHING STUDENTS DO IN CLASS AFFECTS THEIR GRADES! 

 Homework Policy   Teachers are still expected to provide students with opportunities to practice standards at home, and students are still expected to make every effort to complete those assignments. However, teachers must guarantee the validity of assessments by providing all students with an equitable learning environment and by ensuring that student work demonstrates only their proficiency in the standards. Teachers can only guarantee this within their own classrooms.  

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• Homework as formative assessments should not be included in the final grades of students.  • Students can still be required to complete summative assessments at home. For example, a 

research project for Spanish could require students to complete a poster at home as part of their summative unit assessment. 

 Life Skills Grades    Teachers are expected to update life skills grades on a regular basis (every five weeks). As part of mastery learning, academic grades are not allowed to include any life skills grades (e.g. participation, work completion, behavior). Academic grades should be a measure of students’ proficiency in the standards.  Below is the rubric that teachers will be using to assign life skills scores that students will earn in each class. Students/parents who have questions should discuss the scores with the appropriate teacher.  Participation 

Score 4.0 In addition to score 3.0 performance, the student demonstrates in-depth inferences and applications that go beyond what is taught.

Score 3.0 While engaged in classroom activities, the student meets identified expectations regarding participation, such as: • Asking questions for clarification (e.g., asking “why” and “how” questions to better

understand a math topic that is confusing); • Offering ideas without waiting for a question to be asked (e.g., providing possible

interpretations of a poem being discussed in a literature class); • Staying focused during whole-class activities (e.g., taking notes of key points in order to

actively participate in a discussion about the topic presented); • Staying focused during individual activities (e.g., setting and working toward a goal as to

what will be accomplished during in-class activity); and • Being open-minded about comments and questions from peers (e.g., honestly considering

the validity of other students’ opinions; providing constructive reasons for disagreeing with another student’s opinion during a class discussion).

The student exhibits no major errors or omissions. Score 2.0 The student is successful with the simpler details and behaviors, such as…

• Having a strategy for asking questions for clarification (e.g. restating key points in the form of a question to check understanding of the topic; asking for key information to be repeated; asking for the definition or meaning of confusing terms);

• Having a strategy for offering ideas without being called on (e.g. locating related information from notes taken from a previous discussion or course material that has been read;

• Having a strategy for staying focused during whole-class strategies (e.g. trying to anticipate the main ideas during a lecture; trying to anticipate a few questions that will be answered during a classroom discussion; establishing a participatory mood with attentive expression and posture);

• Having a strategy for staying focused during individual activities (e.g., setting a goal as to what will be accomplished during seatwork); and

• Explaining what it means to be open-minded about comments and questions from peers (e.g., explaining the part of being open-minded is refraining from criticizing another student’s comments or questions without having a valid, constructive reason for the critique).

However, the student exhibits major errors or omissions with score 3.0 elements. Score 1.0 With help, the student demonstrates partial understanding of some of the score 2.0 elements and

some of the score 3.0 elements. Score 0.0 Not able to demonstrate understanding or skill.

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Work Completion

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Score 4.0 In addition to score 3.0 performance, the student demonstrates in-depth inferences and applications that go beyond what is taught.

Score 3.0 The student meets all required expectations regarding assignments and work completion, such as… � Following formal written format specifications for assignments without being

reminded (e.g., following The Chicago Manual of Style, school format guide); � Developing and implementing comprehensive time-management plans for

assignments (e.g., determining component tasks required to complete an assignment, determining reasonable due dates for each component task, and tracking the completion of each task to help ensure completion of the assignment on time); and

• Completing assignments on time and providing acceptable explanations when assignments are not handed in on time (e.g., turning in assignments on time and complete; when assignments are not turned in on time, having a plausible explanation that meets established classroom policy regarding late assignments).

The student exhibits no major errors or omissions. Score 2.0 The student is successful with the simpler details and behaviors, such as…

� Being aware of formal written format specifications for assignments (e.g., describing the format required for a given assignment);

� Developing and implementing basic time-management plans for assignments (e.g., creating a homework organizer to track due dates for various assignments); and

� Monitoring her effectiveness at turning in assignments on time (e.g., using the agenda book to keep track of when assignments are turned in).

However, the student exhibits major errors or omissions with score 3.0 elements. Score 1.0 With help, the student demonstrates partial understanding of some of the score 2.0

elements and some of the score 3.0 elements. Score 0.0 Not able to demonstrate understanding or skill.

 Behavior 

Score 4.0 In addition to score 3.0 performance, the student demonstrates in-depth inferences and applications that go beyond what is taught.

Score 3.0 While engaged in classroom activities, the student follows all classroom rules and procedures, such as: • Following routine and spontaneous classroom rules and procedures (e.g. following the

procedure for cleaning up the classroom; following a spontaneous direction by the teacher regarding how to behave during a presentation);

• Helping others follow classroom rules and procedures (e.g. courteously reminding other students about established rules and procedures);

• Not teasing or bullying others (e.g. treating other students in a courteous and respectful manner; following the school honor code);

• Helping others who are being teased or bullied (e.g. behaving in a supportive way to students who are being teased and intervening when feasible by challenging the behavior directly or indirectly, or reporting the incident to an adult).

The student exhibits no major errors in judgment. Score 2.0 The student is successful with the simpler details and behaviors, such as:

• Explaining the unique contribution of each classroom rule and procedure to student learning (e.g. explaining how each classroom rule and procedure would affect student learning if it had not been established);

• Explaining the characteristics of helping others follow classroom rules and procedures (e.g. describing what it looks like to help others follow established classroom rules and procedures);

• Explaining the detrimental effects of teasing and bullying others (e.g. describing how teasing and bullying negatively affect the self-esteem of the student being teased for bullied); and

• Explaining the characteristics of helping others who are being teased or bullied (e.g. describing what it looks like to help others who are being teased or bullied).

However, the student exhibits major errors in judgment with score 3.0 elements. Score 1.0 With help, the student demonstrates partial understanding of some of the score 2.0 elements and

some of the score 3.0 elements. Score 0.0 Not able to demonstrate understanding or skill.

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3) Self‑Reflection  Mastery learning requires students to be more reflective about their own progress. This 

requirement encourages students’ metacognitive processes as they examine their own ability levels and accomplishments. Teachers who include self‑reflection in their instruction will quickly find that students can identify their own strengths and weaknesses, which can provide teachers with valuable data on how to modify instruction to improve student proficiency. 

 How Do Students Demonstrate Their Knowledge of Their Progress?  Direct Reflection   Teachers can easily implement direct self‑reflection in the classroom using very simple questioning or organizational strategies. These are often best utilized during the first and last 15 minutes of class as warm‑ups or closings. Direct reflection can include: 

• Simply asking students to respond about how they feel about their proficiency level for a standard – either by describing their level in their own words or by rating themselves and a scale/rubric 

• Including an area/section on an assignment to ask students to reflect on how they felt they performed on the assignment’s learning objectives 

• Exit slips that ask students to reflect on their progress or rate themselves on the day’s learning objectives 

• Listing the standards or learning objectives covered to date on a unit and asking students to reflect on or rate their progress on each one 

 Progress Tracking   Teachers are highly encouraged to implement systems to help students track their progress toward the standards/learning objectives. Direct reflection provides students and teachers with the opportunity to view a snapshot of student progress, but progress tracking allows students and teachers to see how students are improving over time. Progress tracking can include tables such as the one below:  

  (on a 4‑point rubric) Standard/Learning 

Objective Day 1  Day 2  Day 3  Day 4  Day 5  Day6  Day 7  Day 8 

1.1.2 (or description) 

2  1  2  2  3  3  3  3 

1.1.3 (or description 

3  2  2  3  3  3  3  3 

   Another simple method to allow students to track their progress toward standards is to regularly provide students with their grade printouts (including all formative assessments), then having students complete a table or describe their own progress toward the standards.  Systematic Unit Review   At the end of units but before summative assessments, it’s valuable for students to reflect on their progress toward the standards. Students should be given an opportunity to share their strengths and weaknesses with the teacher even before the summative assessments so teachers can adequately address students’ needs during review time. Some simple formats for systematic unit reviews include: 

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• Unit review handouts such as: Learning Objectives  Practice Problem  Proficiency Level 

(4‑pt rubric) Additional Practice 

Problems        

• Unit take‑home questions linked to learning objectives that may be included on the summative assessments 

• Using stations for each learning objective for the unit to allow students to assess their own proficiency levels and to practice the objectives they need to 

• Listing all of the learning objectives for the unit (or referring to the unit goals page) and asking students to link assignments to each learning objective: 

Learning Objectives  Examples of Assignments Completed  Proficiency Level (4‑pt rubric)      

 

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4) Multiple Assessments  The shift to mastery learning requires teachers to give more attention to summative assessments. 

Beginning with the “end in mind” becomes even more important when summative assessments become the primary contributor to students’ grades. Teachers implementing mastery learning should use a minimum of two assessments to measure student proficiency in the essential standards. Please note that standards deemed not essential do not need to be measured using two assessments. The key principle to convey to students and parents is that multiple assessments will be used to determine student proficiency in the standards, and that these assessments should address different levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy and various learning styles/multiple intelligences of students. 

 How Do Students Demonstrate Their Proficiency? (Summative Assessments)  Examples of Summative Assessments 

Examples of effective and model summative assessments will be discussed throughout the upcoming school year during professional development. Some examples of effective summative assessments utilized by CRAHS #4 and Stern MASS teachers include: 

• Traditional forced‑choice exams • Essay exams • Projects • Research papers • Oral examinations or one‑on‑one interviews • Individual presentations • Portfolios (e.g., collections of student work throughout the unit, different iterations of drafts for a 

paper) • Authentic assessments (e.g., writing grants/proposals, letters) • Performance assessments (e.g., having students demonstrate how to use a microscope or how to 

solve a problem)  Summative Assessment as Iterative    Late Work:  

• Students who miss or are late submitting summative assessments should be given an opportunity to re‑submit their completed assessments within a clear time interval (e.g., two weeks). Another alternative is that students will need to demonstrate their proficiency in the assessed standards on the summative assessments in future units or on alternative assessments. 

 Re‑Taking Assessments:  

• Students should be given an opportunity to re‑take summative assessments within two weeks as long as they are provided with additional feedback and instruction on standards in which they performed poorly. 

• Example: Test corrections assignments may ask students to reflect on their assessment and then to solve and explain the problems that they did incorrectly: 

o What is my initial reaction to my score and the test? o Solve incorrect problems and explain why you did not complete the problems correctly. o Analysis questions: 

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What did you do that helped you succeed? (reference study guide reflection or unit goals) 

What learning objectives do you know well from this unit? How do you know?  Which learning objectives are still not clear or do you feel you are not proficient 

at?  What is your action plan based on the results of this test? (What will you do to 

make up the points and make sure you understand the material?) o Student signature for “I understand that I am responsible for the learning objectives 

covered on this test. I have been given the opportunity to correct my mistakes.”   Spiraling Assessments:  

• Student proficiency levels on any single standard may improve or decline throughout a semester. Teachers should continue to assess prior standards in new units to accurately gauge students’ proficiency levels over the course of a semester. It is possible for students’ proficiency levels to drop over the course of a semester. 

• As a rule of thumb, teachers should average student proficiency levels if their grades for a standard have been inconsistent. Teachers should take the final grade for a standard if students have shown improvement in their proficiency in the standard throughout a time period. 

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5) Proficiency Grading  The final key to mastery learning is the assignment of students’ grades based on students’ 

proficiency levels on the standards. This is by far the most challenging aspect of implementing mastery learning because it requires the technology to match the requirements for what teachers need to accomplish. All assignments should still be entered into the gradebook. However to reiterate, formative assessments should not be included in the final grades, only summative assessments should be included in the final grades. 

 Connecting Grades to Standards   As you enter each assignment in the gradebook, you should also link or label each assignment with the corresponding standard. Summative assessments will likely need to be separated into multiple “assignments.” For example, a project may assess standards A, B, and C, so a grade may be assigned to project A, a separate grade may be assigned to standard B, and another grade may be assigned to standard C.   Academic Grades   Students’ academic grades should reflect their overall proficiency in the standards. The following is the grade scale for HSAHS:  

% of Standards Proficient or Advanced  Overall Grade 84‑100%  A 67‑83%  B 50‑66%  C 

Below 50%  Not Proficient (NP)    Please note that this grade scale is based on the percentage of standards in which a student is proficient/advanced. The percentages are aligned to the percentages identified for proficient and advanced on the annual California Standards Tests. On the CSTs, students must score between 60%‑80% for proficient and above 80% for advanced. The grading scale will be further discussed during preservice professional development.  

Grades in gradebooks should be aligned by standards and not by “categories” such as homework, classwork, projects, and quizzes.  

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References Bloom, B. (1987) Presentation at the Association for California School Administrators (April, 1987). Garrison, C., and M. Ehringhaus. (2008) Formative and summative assessments in the classroom. 

National Middle School Association website (January 22, 2008) http://www.nmsa.org/Publications/WebExclusive/Assessment/tabid/1120/Default.aspx 

Marzano, R.J. (2006) Classroom Assessment and Grading that Work. ASCD: Alexandria, VA. Marzano, R.J., Pickering, D.J., and J. E. Pollock. (2005) Classroom Instruction that Works: Research‑Based 

Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement. Pearson Education, Inc.: Upper Saddle River, N.J.