mast presentation

Human Performance Standards for Ship MotionA review and a preliminary gap analysis

P. MatsangasM.E. McCauleyF. Papoulias

Acknowledgments

The presented work is part of the

Ship – Human Integration

Performance System (SHIPS) Project

supported by the

Office of Naval Research

The question

How well do existing standards used in ship design, address human performance issues?

The scope

Assessment of current state on◦Motion Sickness◦Sopite Syndrome◦Sleep disturbances because of

motion ◦Motion induced fatigue◦Effects of human activity◦Comfort◦Health

The approach

Induced Motion

Motion Sickness

Effects on human activity

Sleep amount and quality

Sopite Syndrome

Motion-induced fatigue (MIF)

Human Element

Motion Sickness Incidence (MSI) (vomiting)

Human Performance

Working efficiency (or performance)

Motion Induced Interruptions (MII)

Other effects

Manual Material Handling (MMH)

Occupational health and safety

Health and safety effects

Long-term exposure health effects

Short-term exposure safety effects (injury)

Comfort

Comfort or amenities

Taxonomy

Core

• ABS Doc. No. 102: 2001

• ABS Doc. No. 103: 2001

• ASTM F1166-07• BS 6841:1987• BS 14253:2003• ISO 2631-1:1997• ISO 2631-4:1997• ISO 2631-5:1997• ISO 6954:2000• MIL-STD-

1472F:1999• NATO STANAG

4154:2000• VDI 2057 part 1:

2002• Directive

2002/44/EC• Graham (1990)

“Periphery”

• Def-Stan 00-25 Part 14, Section 1, Issue 1: 2008

• ISO 2041: 1993, Ed. 2

• ISO 2631-2: 2003, Ed. 2

• ISO 4867: 1984• ISO 5348: 1998• ISO 5805: 1997• ISO 5982: 2001• ISO 6897: 1984• ISO 8041: 2005• ISO 8727: 1997• ISO 9996: 1996• ISO 10056: 2001• ISO 10326: 1992• ISO 13090: 1998• ISO 20283-3: 2006• NIOSH No. 97-141:

1997• PD CEN/TR 15172-

2: 2005• ENV 12299: 1999• BS 7482-3: 1991• HSE 2001/068:

2002

Guides and other publications

• ABCD High Speed Craft HFE Design Guide

• ABS: Application of ergonomics to marine systems

• ASTM F1337-91• Def-Stan 00-250

Part 0, Issue 1: 2008



• MIL-HDBK-1908B: 1999

• NATO ANEP-24: 1993

• NATO ANEP 25: 1991

• NATO ANEP 26: 1993

• STANAG 4194: 1993

• Human Engineering Design Data Digest

• NATO NG/6 – ST/SSD

• PD 12349: 1997• WMO:1995

Withdrawn/ cancelled

• ASIC ADV PUB 61/103/03A

• ASIC INFO PUB 61/115/05C

• ISO 2631-3: 1985• MIL-STD-

1800A:1990

Human response to vibration

According to DEF STAN 00-250, and BS 6841:1987

Major motion attributes

•Duration

•Short duration accelerations:

impact or shocks (acting 1 sec or

less)

•Sustained or continuous

accelerations (acting 1 sec or more)

•Frequency envelope

Low-frequency motion < 1 Hz

(conventional criterion)

Vibration: 1 Hz <frequencies < 80

Hz (ISO, 1996).

•Time dependency

•transient or stationary, harmonic,

periodic or stochastic

WBV effects

According to BS 6841:1987

Frequency rangeMotion sickness: 0.1 - 0.5 HzHealth effects: 0.5 - 80 HzVibration perception: 0.5 - 80 HzComfort: 0.5 - 80 HzEffects on human activity: 1.0 -

80 HzVision: 20 – 70 Hz or more.

0.0 0.1 0.5 1.0 80

Motion sickness

Health effects Perception of vibration

Comfort

Effects on human activity Vision

20 70

Assessment methods

ISO 2631-1:1997

BS 6841:1987

Maximum transient vibration

value (MTVV)

• ISO 2631-1:1997 •“A”

• Frequency-weighted RMS acceleration

• “B”

• Vibration dose value method (VDV)

• Running RMS method

• VDI 2057 Part 1: 2002• Running RMS method

Motion Sickness IRelated Standards

• ABS Doc. No. 103: 2001

• ASTM F1166-07• BS 6841:1987• ISO 2631-1:1997• ISO 2631-4:1997• MIL-STD-1472F:1999

• NATO STANAG 4154:2000

• VDI 2057 part 1: 2002

Symptomatology

• Malaise• Discomfort• Pallor• Sweating• Nausea• Vomiting

HFR model

Motion Sickness II

Ref: ISO 2631-1:1997, BS 6841:1987

Assessment Methods Criteria

(1)

(2)

Measure acceleration at Z-axis

•10%

• ABS 103 (passengers)

• ASTM F1166-07 (personnel)

• ISO 2631-3:1985 (cancelled)

•20% @ 4 hrs

• STANAG 4154:ed.3

•“Minimize motion sickness”

• MIL-STD-1472F

MSI

What MSI?

Visual inputAxesInduced

motionSelf-

motionSympto

mRespon

se

Motion sickness

Discomfort

Nausea or

malaise

Emesis

No

Real

x-axis

y-axis

z-axis

Static

Movingmulti-axes

Apparent

Yes

Comfort

Related Standards

• ABS 102: 2001• ABS 103: 2001• ASTM F1166-

07• BS 6841:1987• ISO 2631-

1:1997• ISO 2631-

4:1997• MIL-STD-

1472F:1999• ISO 6954:200• VDI 2057 part

1: 2002

Criteria

Range Reaction< 0.315 Not uncomfortable0.315 – 0.63 A little uncomfortable0.50 – 1.0 Fairly uncomfortable0.8 – 1.6 Uncomfortable1.25 – 2.5 Very uncomfortable> 2.0 Extremely uncomfortable

Table 1: Indicative comfort reaction according to ISO 2631-1:1997 and BS 6841:1987 (RMS acceleration in m/s^2)

Ship areaAdverse comments

are not probableAdverse comments are

probable

Classification “A”(i.e. passenger cabins)

< 0.0715 > 0.143

Classification “B”(i.e. accommodation areas)

< 0.107 > 0.214

Classification “C”(i.e. working areas)

< 0.143 > 0.286

Table 2: Criteria proposed by ISO 6954:2000 (RMS accelerations in m/s^2)

VDV ~ 15 m/s1.75 will usually cause severe discomfort.

Crew◦ ≤ 0.4 m/s2 RMS acceleration,

preventing crew severe discomfort

◦ ≤ 0.315 m/s2 RMS acceleration improving crew comfort

Passengers◦ ≤ 0.315 m/s2 RMS

acceleration, For passengers comfort

◦ ≤ 0.20 m/s2 RMS acceleration Optimal passenger comfort

Health

Related Standards

• ASTM F1166-07• BS 6841:1987• BS 14253• ISO 2631-1:1997• ISO 2631-5:1997• MIL-STD-

1472F:1999• Directive

2002/44/EC• VDI 2057 part 1:

2002

Figure 2: Health guidance zones for limited exposures according to ASTM F1166-07

Figure 1: Health guidance caution zone according to ISO 2631-1:1997

•Type 1 (ASTM F1166-07)• < 4G

• 0.5 MPa (low pr)• 0.8 Mpa (high

pr)• > 4G

• 3.9 MPa (low pr)• 4.7 Mpa (high

pr)

Effects of human activity I

Criteria setPerformance limitation

Parameter Criterion LocationDefault Roll 4°

Pitch 1.5°Vertical Acceleration 0.2 g BridgeLateral Acceleration 0.1 g Bridge

Recommended MSI 20% of crew @ 4 hrs Task locationMII 1/min Task location

Table 1: Human performance criteria according to NATO STANAG 4154:Ed.3

Risk Level MIIs per minutePossible 0.1Probable 0.5Serious 1.5Severe 3.0Extreme 5.0

Table 2: Preliminary values for MIIs risk levels in ship deck operations

Related Standards

• ABS 102:2001• ABS 103:2001• BS 6841:1987• MIL-STD-

1472F:1999• NATO STANAG

4154:2000• Graham (1990)

Effects of human activity IIManual Material Handling (MMH)

Handling taskPopulation

Male and female Male onlyLift an object from the floor and place it on a surface not greater than 152 cm above the floor

16.8 kg 25.4 kg

Lift an object from the floor and place it on a surface not greater than 91 cm above the floor

20.0 kg 39.5 kg

Carry an object 10 m or less 19.0 kg 37.2 kgCarry an object more than 10 m 13.6 kg

Table 3: Maximum weight limits derived from ASTM F1166-07 and MIL-STD1472F

Horizontal force Task Comments

100N (25 lb)Push or pull with both hands or one shoulder or the back

Low traction: 0.2<μ<0.3


Medium traction: μ ~0.6

250N (55 lb) Push with one handif braced against a vertical wall 51–152 cm from and parallel to the push panel


Low traction: μ>0.9


if braced against a vertical wall 51–178 cm from and parallel to the panel or anchoring the feet on a perfectly nonslip ground

750N (165 lb) Push with the back

if braced against a vertical wall 51–178 cm from and parallel to the panel or anchoring the feet on a perfectly nonslip ground

Table 4: Maximum weight limits derived from ASTM F1166-07 and MIL-STD1472F

Effects of human activity IIManual Material Handling (MMH)

Description Roll PitchTrainable Missile Systems: Missile handling – manual operation (during TAP)

2.5° 2.5°

Loading torpedoes on Dollies (during TAP or NAO) 1.3° 1.3°Loading torpedoes by hand (during TAP, NAO, or WRL) 1.5° 1.5°Weapon and Sensor Systems support equipment (ordnance handling, arming, maintenance) (during TAP, NAO, or WRL)

1.8° 1.8°

Generic Helicopter and STOVL handling (during NAO) 1.8° 1.8°Move a sample actual helicopter using lashings when the helicopter is traversing (during NAO)

2.0° 0.5°

Move a sample actual helicopter using lashings when the helicopter is stationary (during NAO)

3.0° 5.0°

MMH related criteria according to STANAG 4154:ed 3 (RMS amplitude values)

Sopite Syndrome

Related Standards

Sleep Disturbances

Related Standards X

Affected tasks

• Complex• Uninteresting• Lengthy• Vigilance• Subsidiary• Work-paced

Effects

• Concentration• Lapses• Vigilance• Action• Memory• Comprehension• Disorientation

Motion Induced Fatigue (MIF)

Related Standards

Overview

StandardHealthEffects

Vibration Perception Comfort

Effects on Human ActivityMotion Sickness Sopite

SyndromeSleep

DisturbancesMotion Induced

Fatigue(MIF)

MIIs/Other MMH

ABS 102 [1]

ABS 103

ASTM F1166-07 [2]

BS 6841 [3]

BS 14253

ISO 2631-1

ISO 2631-4

ISO 2631-5 [4]

ISO 6954 [5]

MIL-STD 1472F [6]

STANAG 4154 [7] [8]

2002/44/EC

VDI 2057 part 1

Graham (1990)

[1] Crew task interference in general[2] Lifting, carrying, pushing[3] Hand (or finger) manipulation and control, and vision[4] Cumulative lumbar spine response[5] Habitability related to vibration[6] Visual tasks and major body resonances[7] Related to naval tasks, and missions[8] Related to naval tasks, and missions

Response criteria

Sea Spectrum

System Performance

System (Ship) Ship’s dynamics

Motion response

criteria

Derived response

criteria

Seakeeping Analysis

Human Element

Operator Maintainer Passenger

Human Performance Criteria

Roll, pitch, yaw angles Displacements Velocities Accelerations

Derived response

criteria

Human Performance

Trade-off analyses

Human Hardware Software

Task Performance

Task

Attributes

Operational Criteria

Operational Considerations

Operational Environment Description

Self – generated vibration

Design Evaluation

System Effectiveness

Standards Utility

Conclusions No standards or guidance on

◦ Sleep◦ Sopite syndrome◦ Motion induced fatigue

No standards for military passengers “Motion sickness” not just vomiting MMH standards do not include motion Limiting criteria

◦ Motion response (1st order): Many◦ Derived response (human performance): Some◦ Derived response (task related): A few

Significant gap in task specific limiting criteria ISO 2631-1:1997 vs BS 6841:1987. Differences in

◦ Methods◦ Distinguishing between methods◦ Weighting coefficients

mast presentation

Documents

human response

human performance standards

motion motion

human performance criteria

human performance issues

response criteria

lowfrequency motion

naval tasks