masahiro komatsu - nagoya university japan first ship workshop, 10-12 june 2014, zürich...
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Masahiro Komatsu - Nagoya University JAPAN
First SHIP workshop, 10-12 June 2014, Zürich
Emulsions and scanning technologies
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Outline
Nuclear emulsionEmulsion scanning systemPerformance of Emulsion chamberEmulsion gel and productionConclusion
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DONUT in construction
Tau neutrino and emulsionTau neutrino sourceB(Ds ) is first measured by
emulsion experiment CERN WA75. (Prog. Theo. Phys. 89:131-138,1993)
Tau neutrino detectionFirst observation of tau neutrino
interactions by Fermilab E872 DONUT. (Phys. Lett. B504:218-224,2001)
First tau neutrino appearance in oscillation by OPERA. (Phys. Lett. B691:138-145, 2010) 2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 3
Nuclear Emulsion
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Nuclear emulsionAgBr crystal : size 0.2 – 0.3 micro meter in diameter.
Charged particle produce latent image, developing process make Ag grain visible.
MIP
~35 grains / 100 micro meter
Emulsion film (OPERA film)
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125mm
100mm
Plastic base (205 m)
Nuclear Emulsio
n
(44m)
Cross sectio
n Nuclear Emulsio
n
(44m)
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5D (X,Y,Z,X,Y ) Tracking detector3 dimensional coordinate X,Y,Z
Micrometer accuracyIntrinsic accuracy is sub micrometer
Depending on readout systemMultiple and different readout can be done.
Track slope X,Y mrad accuracy depending on base thicknessWe can choose on purpose
CHORUS interface film used 800 mm thick base
History of scanning system2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 8
1985 1994 1996
1998 2006
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Automated Emulsion Read-out system (Track Selector)Conceptual design by K. Niwa in mid. 70s.First system construction in 1983.First application to real experiment in 1994.
CHORUS (CERN WA95)Advanced version was developed by T.Nakano and applied to DONUT, OPERA and will be applied to future experiments.
Track Recognition by TS
Give counter shift
TV-camera
Penetrating Track
Sum and Discriminate
Tomographic 16 Images
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Track Selector (TS) 1994
20 years ago, for CHORUS.
We made big decision to change future emulsion scanning.
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Evolution of the Scanning Speed
10000
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
TS(TTL)1983
NTS(CPLD)1994
UTS(FPGA)1998
S-UTS(FPGA)2006-
Running
HTS(GPGPU)
2011-Developing
0.003
0.082
1
72
9000
0.001
Speed in cm2/ hour
×100
~2000m2/year
~20m2/year
※2 ※1
※1 Area of each layer※2 Area of the films
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Computerswith GPU board
OpticsSensor & Camera
High-speed precision stage
XY
Z
HTS
13
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Objective lens
Resolution : ~420nmN.A. : 0.65Light source : G-line (436nm) Magnitude : ×12.2F.O.V : 5.1 (H)×5.1 (V)mm
#of image plane 6(by Beam splitter)
Weight : 90kgTotal length : 844mm
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Speed and Coverage of Mosaic Imager
Divide FOV into 72 parts.Need the sensor of 2M pixel and 340fps.
Specially ordered Mosaic Imager
15
5mm
5mm
×6
F.O.V. of HTS
~0.2mm
S-UTS
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Mosaic camera system
1
2
3
45
6
Objective lens
Illumination
Beam splitter
1
Camera1
Camera2
Camera6
5mm
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European Scanning System
ESS
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Current «legacy» system: ESS
camera
objective
Z stage
XY stage
Camera
2D Images(peak 452 MB/ s,avg. 97 MB/ s)
Vision Processor(Matrox Odyssey)
Binarized2D Images
Host PC(Dual PentiumWorkstation)RunningWinXP Grains
XYZ MotionCommands
Motion Controller(National InstrumentsFlexMotion)
Motors(VEXTA Nanostep)
Power
Stop’n’Go motion: keep X-Y axes holding steadywhile Z performs data-taking stroke15 images taken while objective moves downwards: optical tomography
m.i.p. trackstanq<1 (limitedby processing power)
highly ionizingparticle tracks,4p coverage (used in CHORUS, not used in OPERA)
Z
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Evolution of the system
Continuous motion: X (Y) axis movingwhile Z performs saw-tooth motion
30 mm overlap between views2131 images / stroke
Angular acceptance on moving axisvirtually unlimited, bound by overlapon steady axis
Tracking algorithm has no intrinsic limitation (4p version also exists for horizontal tracks)
±72 degrees!2014/6/10-12First SHIP workshop @ Zurich 19
20
New Objective, Cameras and Framegrabbers x5
Passing to new 4Mpix camera and 20x objective will allow to triple the field of view area keeping the pixel size at the same value which will allow to use already existing image processing modules. The speed of Camera Link interface is a limiting factor here
New (from 2013 on the market) 4 and 12 Mpix cameras and frame-grabbers with CoaXPress interface permits factor of 3 band increasing. The scanning speed in this configuration reach 300 cm2/h
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Multi-camera approachx2 or x4
It is possible to split optically the data coming from microscope and send it to 2 or 4 cameras, each with independent processing chain. This gives the liner gain in the scanning speed proportional to the number of heads.
Image processing chain to be multiplied:
Framegrabber GPU + CPUCamera
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How fast ESS can become?
• 1200 cm2/h means 1 m2 in 8.5 hours• Japanese HTS will be 9000 cm2/h (= 7.5 ESS@1200) (see later)
Series10
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
std HW & S&G
std HW & CM
x20+4Mpix
+ Piezo Z-drive
x20+CXP
2x multi-camera
4x multi-camera
new technique?
Ok (
2012)
New ideas to test
1-2 years R&D required
10 y
ears
ag
o
Now
in
sta
lled
HW
is t
este
d
HW
is a
vailab
le
2011-2013 R&D
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Scanning speed evolution and its
consequenceBulk emulsionFermilab E531, CHORUS
Emulsion as an imaging device
ECC (Emulsion Cloud Chamber)DONUT, OPERA
Emulsion as a tracking device
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ECC (Emulsion Cloud Chamber)ECC : Utilized in cosmic-ray exposure Discovery of Charm in 1971 (K.Niu)
Prog. Theor. Phys. 46 (1971) 1644-1646
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Detection of ντCC in DONUT All tracks in the Scanning
region ( 4179 tracks )
Reject passing through tracks
(420 tracks remained )
Reject Low momentum tracks
(114 tracks remained )
Vertex detection :
Neutrino interaction and decay of short lived particles
Interaction Point
Decay Point of
t
neutrino
t
Data taking and offline reconstruction
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<0.32>
<0.96>
<1.75>
<0.29> <0.46>
<0.76> <1.11>
<1.80><1.50>
Alignment position RMS distributions
Tracking efficiency distributions
<0.964><0.966> <0.983>
<0.910> <0.956><0.932>
<0.785> <0.904><0.814>
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Momentum measurement
in DONUT ECC
Consistent result withmomentum measuredby spectrometer.
Momentum measurement by multiple scattering.
Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A574 (2007) 192-198
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10.2 cm
12.5 cm
7.5 cm
10 X0
neutrino
The OPERA target consists of 150’000 ECC bricks.
Total 105’000 m2 of lead surface
and 111’000 m2 of film surface
(~ 9 million films)
Total target mass ~ 1.2 kton57 OPERA films, 56 lead plates
1mm0.3mm
Lead plate
(CS) 20 μm
mip
electron ~ 100 keV
sensitivity 30 grains/100 μm
high dE/dx tracks from nuclear evaporation
NIM A556 (2006) 80-86
OPERA ECC(Emulsion Cloud Chamber)
brick
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Single ECC = VTX + SPEC + EMcal
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Topological and Kinematical analysis in ECCTrack measurement accuracy
better than 1 micrometer and 1-2 mrad.
Momentum measurement by Multiple Coulomb ScatteringBoth angular and coordinate methods 20~30% accuracy
Topological analysis to detect short lived particle within a mmEmulsion can detect decay parent. Very strong for 1-prong
decay.
Particle IDElectron and gamma identification by EM shower
Electron – gamma separation
Extreme two particle separation to identify e-pair
Hadron ID by its re-interaction
dE/dX is also applicable for low momentum proton.
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Useful references
*Momentum measurement by the Multiple Coulomb Scattering method in the OPERA lead emulsion target New J.Phys. 14 (2012)
*Momentum measurement of secondary particle by multiple Coulomb scattering with emulsion cloud chamber in DONuT experiment NIM A574 (2007)
*Electron/pion separation with an emulsion cloud chamber by using a neural network JINST 2 (2007)
*Charge identification of highly ionizing particles in desensitized nuclear emulsion using high speed read-out system NIMA556 (2006)
*pi / p separation at 1.2-GeV/c by an emulsion cloud chamber NIMA516 (2004)
Emulsion gel and film
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Sulfur : 200 GeV/nucleon
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A box contain 2030 films
Emulsion film (OPERA film)Films prepared by “Fuji film” for OPERA
9,000,000 films : 4500 boxes : 112,500 m2
FUJI accept order
more than 3,000 m2.
125mm
100mm
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Re-use of OPERA films?5,000 m2 is only 5% of OPERA
From year 2015, OPERA will be in dismantling stage
OPERA film has “refresh” capabilityAll OPERA film has been refreshed to erase
uncorrelated cosmic tracks accumulated while in production.
We need to investigate refresh capability for 10 year old films.
30 degree98% R.H.3 days
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Emulsion Gel R&D and ProductionStarted Nuclear Emulsion R&D in Nagoya (2010~ )
With the help of retired engineers of FUJI film.
( KUWABARA, TSUYUKI)
Modern Emulsion Gel production machine was introduced.
R&D of OPERA Type Gel by NAGANAWA
→ Normal use. (Neutrino exp., Radiography)
R&D of Fine Grain Type Gel by NAKA, ASADA
→ Dark Matter detection
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Nuclear Emulsion Gel Production System
Nagoya University
~1kg/lot
Capable to produce 100-300m2/year
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Type Sensitivity [grains/100 m] BG [fog grains/ (10mm)3] OPE206(Nagoya ) 41.5±3.1 1.3±0.3 OPERA (Fujifilm) 35 ~ 3
Nuclear Emulsion produced in Nagoya
High E
nerg
y Elec
tron
2010 Sept.: Reached to the quality better than OPERA film
NAGANAWA
KUWABARA
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ConclusionMore than 20 years of experience
CHORUS : Large scale neutrino event analysis (150k events)
DONUT : Tau neutrino detection in ECC
OPERA : Largest emulsion experiment ever built.
Large enough scanning powerJapanese HTS provide 2,000m2/year
10 ESS is more than one HTS
Emulsion film productionFUJI film accept order for more than 3,000m2.
We need to investigate re-use of OPERA film.
We are capable to produce better film than OPERA .Current production capability is 100-300m2/year.
Thank you
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Tau event in DONUT ECC
cGeV
cGeV
cGeV
/208.09.18
/401.034.3
/132.077.7
7.2079.6
16.171.0
62.396.1
semi-automatic scanning in late 1980’s.
Fermilab E531,E653,
CERN WA75 analysis has been done with these systems.
Up to 1994, we used these systems for emulsion analysis.
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History of scanning system
Basic concepts of SySal for emulsion readout
• Multi-tracking: recognize tracks in a wide, tunable angular range, allowingalso on-line detection of interactions
• Strongly software-oriented systems, possibly running the same code on different HW configurations – cheap systems enhance sharing expertise and know-how
• Modular structure allows plugging in specific algorithms for specific data-takingconditions (fog, single/double-coated films, distortion, etc.)
• Data processing and event reconstruction software shares algorithms and classeswith the DAQ system
BUT
• Storage formats independent of algorithms (allow independent off-line SW)
Sy Sal = System of Salerno
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