martin s. miller d)tic memorandum report brl-mr-3739 flamespreading measurements and mechanisms ain...
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MEMORANDUM REPORT BRL-MR-3739
FLAMESPREADING MEASUREMENTS AND MECHANISMSAIN PERFORATED LOVA GUN PROPELLANTS
MARTIN S. MILLER
MAR"1989 D)TICS [LECTE
MAY 16 1989
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60. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATIONUS Army Ballicic Research (If applicable)
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11. TITLE (Include Security classification)
FLAMESPREADING MEASUREMENTS AND MECHANISMS IN PERFORATED LOVA GUN PROPELLANTS.....
1Z. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)Martin S. Miller
13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED / 14. DATE OF REPORT (Yeer, Month, Day) 15. PAGE COUNT
Final FROM Mar 85 TO Sp86 G
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION /mbustion
Published in Proceedings, 1986 JANNAF C /bustion Meeting.
17. COSAT CODES 18. SUBJECVTRMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP
p9 06 Flamespreading, LOVA Propellant, Burning Rates,
19NISTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary end identify by block number)
Flamespreading rates in simple linear arrays of individual grains have been measured for twlots of LOVA gun propellant. Differences were sought which might explain the pressurebehavior exhibited in ballistic tests. Although no significant differences were found, anabrupt pressure threshold for rapid flamespreading involving convective burning in theperforations was found. Further experiments with parallel solid strands separated by avariable gap width revealed a second mode for rapid flamespreading. Both modes are likelyto be important during the ignition transient in guns and may present opportunities forcontrol over ignition delays and reliability through grain geometry design.
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22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c. OFFICE SYMBOLDR. MARTIN S. MILLER 301-278-6156 SLCBR-IB-I
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
II. GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ...... ..... .. . ... ..... . .. .. .. . 6-. 8
III. LINEAR BURNING RATES .............o.... o........ ...... o-...
IV. FLAMESPREADING OBSERVATIONS AND RATESo............ o..o... e....9
V. CONDITIONS FOR FLASH-DOWN .... .. . . .. .... .oo . .o . .. ..... . . .10
VI. INTERSTITIAL FLAMESPREADING. . .. o .. .. . .. .- -oo .......... .o- . ... .10
VII. CONCLUSIONS ........................ .... .o . . . . .... . . .... .13
REFERENCES ................. o.oo . . .. . .. o. .. . .o .. ....-..... 15
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Comparison of Burning Rates Measured in the Closed Bomband Strand Burner .......................... ...... *.............*...7
2 Experimental Arrangement for Observing Flamespreading bythe In-Perf Mode ..................................... 0............ 9
3 Map Summarizing Conditions for Rapid Flamespreading by
the In-Perf Mode .......................... * ............... . ...... * .. 11
4 Experimental Arrangement for Observing Interstitial Mode
of Flamespreading ........... ......................... 11
5 Map Summarizing Conditions for Rapid Flamespreading inthe Interstitial Mode ........................................... 12
6 Flame Standoff Distances (Surface to Luminosity) for LOVA
Lot Al-0585-113 ................................................. 14
I. INTRODUCTION
The present work was motivated by the observation during gun firings of a
higher maximum pressure for one of two nominally identical lots of LOVA
propellant. The two lots, A2-201 and A2-202, are unimodal RDX/CAB/ATEC/NC
formulations. Due to a change in processing sequence, A2-201 was known to
contain higher agglomerations of RDX particles and was the lot which resulted
in higher maximum pressures in the ballistic tests. Closed bomb tests (see
Figure 1) indicated that the two lots had the same burning rates above 28 MPa,
but over the range 13-28 MPa the A2-201 lot appeared to burn about 30%
faster. In a strand burner, burning rates under constant pressure conditions
were measured for individual grains and found to be the same for the two lots
over the range 1-4 MJa. Note that the closed bomb data extends down to about
13.5 MPa though data below about 34 MPa is often considered unreliable due to
effects associated with ignition of the charge. Each of these data points,however, are averages of three separate runs so that the differences in
apparent burning rate are reproducible even if not necessarily the actual
linear burning rate. The hypothesis was advanced that the difference inapparent burning rates between the two curves in Figure 1 may reflectdifferences in flamespreading rates between the two lots.
BURNING RATES F1 LfVA A2-201 CD) AND A2-22 00
1.00a - - - -- I
K
LII StROw
.010
PMSSURE OeA)
Figure 1. Comparison of Burning Rates Measured in the Closed Bomb and
Strand Burner
The goal of this study was to develop a simple but controlled laboratory
flamespreading test for use as a comparative analysis tool in propellantdevelopment. Although the objective has not yet been achieved, a number of
interesting features of the phenomena have been revealed and progress has been
made toward breaking the process down into its component parts. This kind of
understanding is needed in order to insure that the lab test being developed
will reflect all of the mechanisms relevant to interior ballistic effects.
7
II. GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
All of the work reported here was performed with a low pressure strandburner operated at approximately constant pressure. This apparatus consists
of a steel vessel with four acrylic windows. In normal operation a mechanical
pressure regulator is used to maintain a constant pressure by regulating theflow of nitrogen into the chamber. Nitrogen enters the chamber at its bottomand forms an axial shroud about the sample. The exhaust flow, consisting ofnitrogen and combustion gases, exits at the top of the vessel and is
constricted by a removable sapphire orifice, the diameter of which is selectedto provide the desired flow rate through the chamber. In all of the presentmeasurements the orifice diameter was 0.44 mm resulting in flow rates between
17 and 68 slpm over the pressure range 1-4 MPa. All measurements were made atambient temperatures (21-25*C). Ignition of the LOVA grains (whose dimensionswere about 0.8 cm diameter x 0.8 cm long) was in all cases effected by means
of an M30 pellet (1.7 mm thick x 6.4 mm dia.) glued to the top of the grain.
The thickness of the pellet, which determines the vigor of ignition, wascontrolled by a micrometer-drive wafering saw and therefore should be thecause of negligible variation in ignition stimulus. The M30 pellet was
ignited by a hot wire.
The combustion events are recorded by a 30 Hz, shuttered videocamera/recorder to which a 10 microsecond strobe is synchronized. A time codegenerator superimposes the elapsed time on each video frame. Motion analysisis permitted by an on-screen X-Y coordinate digitizer.
III. LINEAR BURNING RATES
Measurements of the linear burning rate were first performed on
individual grains. The ends of each grain were first cut normal to the axis
of the grain, then glued to a plastic mount. The perforations were thusblocked at one end. Previous experience with perforated LOVA grains hadindicated that inhibition of the perforation walls was not necessary at thepressures used here. Reproducibility in the burning rates was good despite
the shortness of the grain. Results are given in Table 1 and shown in Figure
1.
Table 1. Measured Linear Burning Rates for Three Lots of LOVA Propellant
Lot Pressure (MPa) Rate (mm/s)
A2-201 1.0 0.501 * 0.017
A2-201 2.0 0.883 * 0.020A2-201 4.0 1.73 * 0.136
A2-202 1.0 0.507 * 0.027A2-202 2.0 0.937 * 0.019
A2-202 4.0 1.78 * 0.044
AI-0585-113 2.0 0.81Al-0585-113 2.5 1.11Al-0585-113 3.0 1.39
Al-0585-113 4.0 1.70
IV. FLAMESPREADING OBSERVATIONS AND RATES
Figure 2 shows the arrangement for the first set of tests. A linear,vertical arrav of six grains is ignited at the top and the flame observed to
spread downward. The grains were affixed to a pair of alumina rods usingcyanoacrylate adhesive allowing about a 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) gap between endfaces of adjacent grains. An attempt was made to align the perforations of
the grains but, because of the small perf size (0.38 mm) and large number ofperfs (19), this goal could only approximately be met.
MQITIGN WIRE
M30 PELET
ALLI.4NA R=S
PR O _LANT
Figure 2. Experimental Arrangement for Observing Flamespreading bythe In-Perf Mode
The test was conducted at 1, 2, 3, and 4 MPa. Below 4 MPa the grains inthe array burned one by one at the same rate measured above. At 4 MPa flamepenetrated the perforations quickly and plumed out of the gap between thefirst and second grains before much change in the side dimension could
occur. This process was repeated in subsequent grains of the array. In somecases this cascade of flame occured quickly enough that the last (bottom)grain was ignited before the first grain was consumed. The thickness andvigor of the flame emerging at each gap suggested that small changes in gap
width would not influence the result although this was not checkedexperimentally. Chamber pressure during these events was monitored by a Heise(bourdon type) gauge and observed to rise by about 30%. However, since the
gauge was connected to the chamber by several meters of small gauge tubing,
the actual chamber pressure rise would have been higher. This lack ofconstancy in pressure leads to some variability in the quantitative
flamespread measurements. If we define the flamespreading rate as the length
of the grain divided by the difference in times between first light insuccessive gaps, the rate at 4 MPa is 3.7 * 1.1 cm/s for A2-201. For a givenrun this rate is computed only over the interior 4 grains to eliminate endgrain effects. The measurements for each of these grains is then averaged.The averages for each of 7 runs are averaged to give the above rate. Becausevery little propellant was available from the A2-202 lot, only 2 runs weremade giving 4.4 * 0.8 cm/s.
9
In relation to the experimental precision of these measurements (about30%), there is no discernible difference in flamespreading rate between thetwo lots. Although the outer surfaces of the grains were not chemicallyinhibited, flamespreading on the outer surfaces played no role in theseexperiments. The orderly axial arrangement and perforation alignment of thearray is also such that we are probably measuring the maximum rate offlamespread. Nevertheless, it seems likely that other arrangements would giveproportional results.
On the other hand, the above experiments reveal interesting phenomenarelevant to an understanding of interior ballistic processes. At 3 MPa thereis no perforation involvement and the flamespread rate (for this grainarrangement) is the same as the linear burning rate, i.e., slow (0.17 cm/s).With just a 30% increase in pressure, the flame spreads (again, for thisarrangement) at some 20 times the linear burning rate. Such an abrupt anddramatic change in behavior could have important implications for earlyflamespreading rates in guns.
V. CONDITIONS FOR FLASH-DOWN
In order to define the circumstances under which the flame flashes downthrough the perforations, experiments were conducted on single grains mountedas in Figure 2. The center perforation was drilled out to larger diametersand ignited at different pressures to determine a go/no-go map for flash-downas a function of these variables. The results are shown in Figure 3. It isclear that flash-down occurs at lower pressures when the perf diameter isincreased. This observation is consistent with that of Margolin and Chuiko3
who described the go/no-go boundary as a constant product of pore diameter andburning rate. Similarly, Belyaev, et. al., 4 described the boundary as aconstant product of diameter and pressure. These relations suggest that, inaddition to its classical function in gun performance, the perforation sizemay play an important role in determining the length and character of ignitiondelays in guns (at least with LOVA propellants). Ballistic simulator tests''
2
with LOVA propellant have established that relatively long delays occur atabout 2 MPa during the ignition transient. It may be possible to shorten thisdelay by either increasing the chamber pressure caused by the primer orincreasing the perforation diameter.
VI. INTERSTITIAL FLAMESPREADING
As pointed out above, the linear array tests did not allow an examinationof flamespreading along the lateral surfaces of the grains. From the singlegrain tests of Section V, it was found that the flame does not propagate alongthe outer surfaces at a rate faster than the linear burning rate; however, onecould imagine that cooperative burning between adjacent surfaces might enhancethe rate of flamespread. This mode of propagation might be termedinterstitial flamespreading. In order to test this possibility, two solidstrands of LOVA propellant (A1-0585-113), with compositions nominallyidentical to A2-201 and A2-202 except for a bimodal distribution of REJ(particle sizes in the Al, were positioned parallel to one another with agiven gap size between them, as shown in Figure 4. The twin strands (each0.38 cm in diameter by 3-5 cm long) were oriented vertically and ignited atthe top with a bridge of M30 pellets.
10
GO/NO-GO IN-PERF FLA5ESPREAOING NAP
5.00
FL. OOW
x
400 0
Z. GO NO LAA5C0Ut
0
12.00-
FE,.F DIAMETER 04M)
Figure 3. Map Summarizing Conditions for Rapid Flamespreading bythe In-Perf Mode
IGNITION WIRE
-MS0 PELLET
PROPEL.LAN4T
IERT MOUNIT
IT IINITROGEN FLOw
Figure 4. Experimental Arrangement for Observing the InterstitialMode of Flamespreading
11
The result of this test was that for sufficiently small gaps and highpressures the flame propagated rapidly (20 times the linear burning rate atone set of conditions) down between the two strands. This was surprising asthere was no confinement, such as in a perforation, to sustain local pressureincreases and no convective flow in the downward direction ahead of the flamefront. The purge flow, in fact, was counter to the direction of flamespread.The observations are summarized in Figure 5. The go/no-go boundary (dashedline) is only suggestive in view of the incompleteness of the data; however,it is consistent with the observations and is arguably plausible. Theexistence of a maximum gap width beyond which flashdown cannot occur for anypressure is certainly reasonable. The low pressure portion of the boundary isrelated to the existence of a pressure threshold for the appearance of thevisible flame. This threshold is observed to be about 2 MFa for thispropellant. The points in Figure 5 at the 2 mm gap are assigned from a singlerun. At the beginning of the run, ignition of the M30 pellet caused about a10% increase in test chamber pressure and cooperative burning occurred betweenthe two strands. (Transient chamber pressure measurements were made in thisset of experiments.) As the pressure (controlled by a mechanical regulator)stabilized to 2.0 MPa, the strands began to burn independently of each other.At 2 MPa and a 0.8 mm gat, cooperative burning occurred over the entire lengthof the strands although the flamespreading rate was only a few times thelinear burning rate, this point is therefore probably close to the boundary.The flame bridging the gap in this case was much brighter than that for anisolated strand at this pressure (which is barely visible). Thus, the visibleflame appears to be an important factor in the flashdown phenomenon.
GO/<G-GG 1NtMTITIAL FLM4SPREADINc NAP5. DO
N/N
N/
NN
4.00X X
WN 0
NOWt~cW
.c ~ x. x
Figure 5. Map Summarizing Conditions for Rapid Flamespreading
in the Interstitial Mode
12
The behavior in the high pressure part of the boundary would seem to bedue to the interplay of two factors: radiation and convective heating. At agiven pressure, radiative heating of one strand by the other should diminishwith increasing gap, in agreement with Figure 5. However, at a fixed gap,radiative heating should increase with pressure as the flame burns morebrightly, in contradiction to Figure 5. The other factor, convective'heatingof one strand by the visible flame of the other, seems to be in completeaccord with the high pressure leg of the flashdown map. At a given pressure,increasing the gap eventually removes the heating effects. Since the flamestandoff distance decreases with increasing pressure, at a given gap theincrease of pressure may eventually decrease the overlap and interactionbetween the flame zones of the two strands. This may be the explanation ofthe observed behavior at 3 and 4 MPa for the 1.6 mm gap.
The linear burning rates for A1-0585-113 (See Table 1) were measured fora few strands and found to be in good agreement with the values for thegranular material. At 4 MPa the flame speed in the gap (0.8 mm) was clocKedat 2.5 ± 1.8 cm/s. At 3 MPa flame speeds were 2.7 ± 1.3 cm/s in the 0.8 mmgap and 1.6 ± 0.5 cm/s in the 1.6 mm gap.
To further investigate the plausibility of the flame zone convectiveheating effect, the flame standoff distances (surface to beginning of visibleflam,) as a function of pressure were measured. Results are given in Figure6. At 3 MPa the standoff distance is 1.1 mm and flashdown is observed at gapwidths of 0.8 and 1.6 mm. Thus, if flashdown can occur when the gap is lessthan, say, two standoff distances, an extrapolated standoff distance at 4 MPaof 0.4 mm allows flashdown in the n.8 mm gap but not in the 1.6 mm gap, inagreement with observation. These arguments, while plausible, are ratherspeculative in view of such scanty data; however, they do give direction tofollow-up work.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Differences in the interior ballistics of nominally identical lots ofLOVA propellant prompted the design of controlled laboratory experimentsdesigned to detect differences in flamespreading rates between the two lots.The tests showed no significant differences but led to further study of theflamespreading process and conditions under which it was distinguishable fromlinear surface regression.
Flamespreading rates in excess of 20 times the linear burn rate weremeasured in simple linear arrays of LOVA propellant grains at pressures near 4MPa. This phenomena is therefore likely to play a critical role in theignition of propelling charges in guns. Two significant modes of rapid flamepropagation have been identified in this work: in-perforation andinterstitial flamespreading. The in-perf mechanism onsets abruptly when thepressure exceeds a threshold value which increases with decreasing perfdiameter. The interstitial mechanism appears to have more complex criteriabut can occur for gaps smaller than some threshold value which decreases withpressure in some cases. This behavior is consistent with convective heattransfer from the flame zone of one burning surface to an adjacent one.Though the data is rather incomplete, the trend is still clear thatinterstitial flamespreading is a potentially important mode of flamespreadingin both granular and stick propelling charges and is governed by different
13
criteria than the in-perf mode. An understanding of these two modes may leadto constraints on grain geometry (perf diameter and external shape) whichminimize ignition delays and maximize ignition reliability in addition to theclassical function of grain design.
VISIBLE FLAME STANIOFFS FOR LOVA AI-113
4.00
X\
Lii
z
.00 2.000 - .0 5 OI d
C\
PRESSURE CMPA)
Figure 6. Flame Standoff Distances (Surface to Luminosity) for L.OVA
Lot Al-0585-113
14
REFERENCES
1. L.M. Chang, "Early Phase Ignition Phenomena Observed in a 105-mm Tank Gun
Chamber," Proceedings of the 21st JANNAF Combustion Meeting, CPIA
Publication No. 412, Vol. II, pp. 301-311, 1984.
2. L.M. Chang and J.J. Rocchio, "Pressure-Flamespread Correlation in the
Diagnostics of a Tank Gun Simulator," Proceedings of the 22nd JANNAFPropulsion Meeting, 1985.
3. A.D. Margolin and S.V. Chuiko, "Combustion Instability of a Porous Charge
with Spontaneous Penetration of the Combustion Products into the Pores,"
Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 2, pp. 119-124, 1966.
4. A.F. Belyaev, A.I. Korotkov, A.A. Sulimov, M.K. Sukoyan, and A.V. Obmenin,"Development of Combustion in an Isolated Pore," Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva,Vol. 5, pp. 8-14, 1969.
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