Market Economies, the Mexican Revolution and the

“Mexican Problem”

Mexicans in the United States,

1910-1929

Major Themes The U.S. and the Mexican national projects had a profound

impact on the lives of Mexicans in the U.S., especially between 1910-1920.

Between 1910-1930 the segregation of Mexicans in the U.S. was completed, its establishment was marked by extraordinary violence.

Memories of the Mexican-American War of 1848 were reshaped during the Progressive Era in ways that negatively affected Mexicans.

Mexicans were negatively affected by the use of popular scientific theories such as eugenics.

After WWI and into the 1920s many Mexicans in the U.S. pursued an American identity and rights.

Key Questions How are different groups portrayed in the film,

Martyrs of the Alamo? What is historical memory? What impact did violence have on establishing

segregation? What were the main causes of the Mexican

Revolution? What effect did the Mexican Revolution have on

Mexicans in the U.S.? What was “The Mexican Problem”? What effects did World War I have on Mexicans in

the U.S.?

Nationalism, The Alamo and Historical Memory Martyrs of the Alamo

Lynching of Mexicans What is lynching? How prevalent was the lynching of Mexicans?

Rates of Mexican and African American Victims of Lynching

Time Period Mexican Victims per 100,000

African American Victims per 100,000

1880-1930 27.4 37.2

Lynching, continued

Responses to Lynching

Lynchings of Mexicans by State, 1848-1930

State Number of Lynchings

Texas 282

California 188

Arizona 59

New Mexico 49

Colorado 6

The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)

From top left clockwise: Porfirio Diaz-deposed Mexican President, Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata-revolutionary leaders, revolutionary fighters, both men and women.

Effects of the Mexican Revolution

Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magon

“The Mexican Problem”

Clarence Barron

Press Release opposing Mexican immigration due to eugenic concerns from C.M. Goethe. Goethe was a prominent California businessman and founder of California State University-Sacramento. This document is representative of Eugenicists’ beliefs about racial difference. Goethe held onto such beliefs long after eugenics’ popularity declined.

World War I(1914-1918) & the League of United Latin American Citizens

(LULAC) founded 1929

For Further ReadingCarrigan, William D. The Making of a Lynching Culture: Violence and Vigilantism in Central Texas, 1836-1916. Urbana: University of

Illinois Press, 2004.Carrigan, William D., and Clive Webb. “The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin or Descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928.”

Journal of Social History 37, no. 2 (Winter 2003): 411-438.Cole, Stephanie, Alison Marie Parker, and Laura F. Edwards. Beyond Black & White: Race, Ethnicity and Gender in the U.S. South and

Southwest. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.Flores Magón, Ricardo. Dreams of Freedom: A Ricardo Flores Magón Reader. Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2005.Flores, Richard R. Remembering the Alamo: Memory, Modernity, and the Master Symbol. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2002.Gonzales-Day, Ken. Lynching in the West, 1850-1935. Durham: Duke University Press, 2006.Gonzalez, Gilbert G. Culture of Empire: American Writers, Mexico, and Mexican Immigrants, 1880-1930. Austin: University of Texas

Press, 2004.Harris, Charles H., III, and Louis R. Sadler. The Texas Rangers and the Mexican Revolution: The Bloodiest Decade, 1910-1920.

Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007.León, Arnoldo De. They Called them Greasers: Anglo Attitudes toward Mexicans in Texas, 1821-1900. Austin: University of Texas

Press, 1983.Montejano, David. Anglos and Mexicans in the making of Texas, 1836-1986. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987.Orozco, Cynthia. No Mexicans, Women, or Dogs Allowed: The Rise of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Austin: University

of Texas Press, 2009.Pfeifer, Michael James. Rough justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874-1947. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.Poniatowska, Elena. Las Soldaderas: Women of the Mexican Revolution. El Paso: Cinco Puntos Press, 2006.Romo, David. Ringside Seat to a Revolution: An Underground Cultural History of El Paso and Juárez, 1893-1923. El Paso, Tex: Cinco

Puntos Press, 2005.Rosales, Francisco Arturo. Pobre Raza!: Violence, Justice, and Mobilization among México Lindo Immigrants, 1900-1936. Austin:

University of Texas Press, 1999.Stern, Alexandra. Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America. Berkeley: University of California Press,

2005.