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Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment Research, University of Warwick England Across the miles: International Collaborative Research

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Page 1: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

Mark WatsonNelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversitySouth Africa

Mary McMahonThe University of QueenslandAustralia

Jenny BimroseInstitute for Employment Research, University of WarwickEngland

Across the miles:International Collaborative Research

Page 2: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research

Research Projects

Career development of children and adolescentsNarrative career counselling and qualitative career assessmentWomen’s career development

Page 3: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research

Milestones – Mark and Mary (2000 – 2011)Publications (2003 – 2011 published or in press )

Books co-edited: 1 published; 1 in pressBook chapters: 13Journal articles: 24 (4 with students)Qualitative career assessment instrument: 1 published; 1 submitted

Visits: 7 to Australia; 4 to South Africa

Co-supervision: 10 Masters; 2 Doctorates (1 NMMU; 1 UQ)

Conference Presentations: 30

Page 4: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research

Milestones – Mark , Mary and Jenny (2009 – 2011)Publications (2010 - 2011 published or in

press/preparation) Books co-authored: 1 published Book chapters: 3 in preparation Journal articles: 1 published; 2 in preparation

Conference Presentations: 8Visits: 4 (England, Australia, South Africa)

Page 5: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

Mark Watson, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South AfricaMary McMahon, The University of Queensland, Australia

Career Development of Children and Adolescents

Page 6: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchCareer Development of

Children and Adolescents

Research Output (2003 – 2011)Books: 1 co-edited in preparationBook chapters: 2Journal articles: 10Qualitative career assessment instrument: 1Computerised career guidance program for children – doctoral research; commercial product

Page 7: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchCareer Development of

Children and Adolescents

Key FeaturesRedressing a critical gap in the literature internationally and in South AfricaResearch across neglected populations – cultural, rural and low socioeconomic (South Africa, Australia, China)

RCAS – translated into Xhosa, TurkishMoved towards practical application through a computerised career guidance program

Page 8: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Career Development of Children and Adolescents

Occupational Gender Stereotyping of Black Low Socioeconomic Urban & Rural South African Children

An example of postgraduate student researchAim: To explore, describe and compare the occupational gender

stereotyping of male and female, urban and rural, Xhosa-speaking South African upper elementary children

Method: Quantitative, exploratory, descriptive, comparativeParticipants: 292 rural (154 girls, 138 boys) and 274 urban (157

girls, 117 boys) Grades 5 to 7 students

Page 9: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Career Development of Children and Adolescents

Measure Self-report questionnaire, The Revised Career Awareness

Survey (RCAS; McMahon & Watson, 2001) 2 of 5 sections used in research

Occupational gender stereotyping from self-generated lists of occupations

Occupational gender stereotyping from prescribed lists of occupations Most questions are open-ended Questionnaires provided in English and Xhosa

Page 10: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Career Development of Children and Adolescents

ResultsOccupations Men Cannot Do per Type:

Total Rural and Urban SamplesMost occupations that men could not do were of a Realistic type

for the rural and of a Social type for the urban samples The most frequently named Realistic occupations by the rural

sample were of a practical, domestic nature (e.g., washing dishes or cleaning the house)

The most frequently named Social occupations by the urban sample were gender traditional occupations such as nurse

Page 11: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Career Development of Children and Adolescents

ResultsOccupations Men Can Do per Type:

Total Rural and Urban SamplesMost occupations that men can do were Realistic for both rural

and urban samples, with construction worker, gardener, mine worker and mechanic amongst the most frequently named

There is little difference in the occupational gender stereotypes between the rural and urban samples for this question

Page 12: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchCareer Development of

Children and Adolescents

Research conclusionsBoth rural and urban Xhosa-speaking upper elementary children: Limit the occupational range they believe men and women can

and cannot do Evidence stereotyping of occupations along gender traditional

lines While there was similar evidence of occupational gender

stereotyping across rural and urban samples, emerging differences need to be contextually understood:

Rural children believed women could do Realistic occupations, but defined these largely as domestic practical activities

Page 13: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

Mary McMahon, The University of Queensland, Australia Mark Watson, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa

Narrative Career Counselling and Qualitative Career Assessment

Page 14: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research

The University of Queensland

Public UniversityFounded on 10 December 190937952 students from 113 countries2408 academic staff3 main campuses7 Faculties6 InstitutesSchool of Education27 Academics1500 students

Page 15: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchNarrative Career Counselling and

Qualitative Career Assessment

Research Output (2003 – 2011)Books: 2 co-editedBook chapters: 11Journal articles: 14Qualitative career assessment instrument: 2

Page 16: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchNarrative Career Counselling and

Qualitative Career Assessment

Key FeaturesCutting edge and innovative

Alternative to dominant paradigmOriginal formulations

Applied researchConnectedness between theory, research and practice

Culturally sensitive – international application translated into Dutch, Chinese, Icelandic, French

Page 17: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchNarrative Career Counselling and

Qualitative Career Assessment

Adolescent career development: Listening to the voices of adolescent and their parents

An example of postgraduate student researchAim: To explore systemic influences on the career

development of a sample of middle-class Black South African male adolescents from the perspectives of both the adolescents and their parents

Method: Qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, comparative

Page 18: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchNarrative Career Counselling and

Qualitative Career Assessment

Participants: 3 middle class Grade 11 students (16 years old) and their biological parents (total n = 9)

Measure

Page 19: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchNarrative Career Counselling and

Qualitative Career Assessment

Data collection: two stage processIndividual completion of the MSCI (adolescent) booklet by

adolescents and parentsIndividual follow-up of semi-structured interviews (guided by

MSCI findings) with all adolescents and parents

Data Analysis: two-step processMSCI – themes were identified within and across participant

groups (sons, fathers, mothers)Semi-structured interviews – qualitative analysis using

Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

Page 20: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Narrative Career Counselling and

Qualitative Career Assessment

Page 21: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchNarrative Career Counselling and

Qualitative Career Assessment

An Example

Gary Collett

Aim: To explore systemic influences on the career development of a sample of middle-class Black South African male adolescents from the perspectives of both the adolescents and their parents

Method: Qualitative, Exploratory, descriptive, comparative

Participants: 3 Grade 11 students (16 years old) and their biological parents (total n = 9)

0

1

2

3

Adolescent Participants Mother Participants Father Participants

Page 22: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchNarrative Career Counselling and

Qualitative Career Assessment

Thematic AnalysisSuperordinate Themes

Family DynamicsThe Ghost of ApartheidGreat Expectations“Coconuts Fall Far from the Tree” *

* a metaphor used by all parents in the present research in their attempt to redress the phenomenon of acculturation

Page 23: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchNarrative Career Counselling and

Qualitative Career Assessment

Results: Great Expectations Considerable parental pressure for adolescent

to choose careers that gain parental improvement“It has happened. It really has happened! I can’t lie that it started. I think it was last or the year before, my dad started mapping out my (career) decisions for me and it was kind of weird because it was really not the stuff that I wanted to go into.” Patrick (16 years, pseudonym)

Page 24: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative ResearchNarrative Career Counselling and

Qualitative Career Assessment

Research conclusions16 years since the demise of apartheid and the birth of

the present adolescents, the impact of apartheid is still evident in individual career development

The research relationship between the Systems Theory Framework (STF) of career development, its career assessment measure (the MSCI), and Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) suggests innovative methodologies for qualitative career research

Page 25: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

Jenny Bimrose, Institute for Employment Research,University of Warwick, England

Mary McMahon, The University of Queensland, Australia Mark Watson, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa

Women’s Career Development

Page 26: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research

University of Warwick

22,648 students (Undergraduate 12,823;

Postgraduate 9,825; 6,088 overseas)Established 1965 979 academics & 692 researchers5 Faculties35,131 applicants: 4,142 intake (2010)7th in the RAE (2008) out of 110Institute for Employment ResearchEstablished 1981 – specialist research

Page 27: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Women’s Career Development

Research Output (2010 – 2011)Books: 1 co-authoredBook chapters: 3 in preparationJournal articles: 1 published; 2 in preparation

Page 28: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Women’s Career Development

Key FeaturesCutting edge and innovative

Focused on a neglected population i.e., older womenApplied research

Connectedness between theory, research and practiceChallenges established theoretical paradigms and research

methodologiesInterdisciplinary (psychology, education, sociology)International application

Semi-structured interview translated into Italian, Spanish, and German

Page 29: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Women’s Career Development

Older Women’s Work and Learning Pathways: Stories of Transition and Adaptability

Aim: To investigate the career stories of older women in contrasting labour market contexts

Method: Qualitative, cross-country case study comparison

Page 30: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Women’s Career Development

ParticipantsAged 45 – 65 45 - 50 (25); 51 - 55 (17); 56 - 60 (8); 61 – 65 (10)Marital status Married (31); Divorced (5); Widowed (3); Single (21)Educational level Sub-Degree (14); Degree (22); Postgraduate (17); Doctorate

(7)Employment status Full time (32); Part time (11); Self-employed (6); Retired (3); Unemployed (4); Vocation (1); Student (3)

Page 31: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Women’s Career Development

Data analysisThematic analysis: Master Codes

Learning across the lifespanTransitions and responsesIntrapersonal InfluencesWork InfluencesFinancial InfluencesSocial InfluencesRelocationAdvice to OthersFuture Planning

Page 32: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Women’s Career Development

Research conclusionsPossibilities for career guidance and counselling

supportHow relevant is career theory?

Page 33: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Women’s Career Development

Research conclusionsWhat could be the role of professional career support?

Holistic approachesNarrative approachesApproaches that value the subjective and emotional experience

of career transitionA safe spaceSystemic interventions (e.g., familial, organisational, policy

levels)Range of roles for career development practitioners (e.g.,

advocacy)

Page 34: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Women’s Career Development

Research conclusionsUnderpinning philosophies that inform career guidance need to

be considered in relation to the cultural context, before considering practice implications.

Tension between the need for mass outreach and the need for individualised focus needs resolution in practice.

Need to find a resolution between imposed theory and grounded theory - Our research on women in developing and developed countries is definitely framed in a grounded theory approach.

Page 35: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research Women’s Career Development

Research conclusionsTimeframe expectations for developing career guidance

frameworks.

Implementation of career guidance will involve considering macro and micro-systemic contextual pressures in terms of delivery, theory, research and policy.

Need to consider role definitions in the provision of career guidance in developing country contexts, specifically the role of activist in relation to career development practitioners, educationalists and policy makers.

Page 36: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research

BenefitsCollaborationResearch outputInternational profileFriendship

DifficultiesDistance, distance, distance

Page 37: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research

What we have learned:

The importance of a strong foundationThe importance of processBuilding a strong working relationshipCommitment to mutual goalsLook for opportunities

Page 38: Mark Watson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University South Africa Mary McMahon The University of Queensland Australia Jenny Bimrose Institute for Employment

International Collaborative Research

Thank youEnkosi

Baie dankie

[email protected]@uq.edu.au

[email protected]