managing irrigation water:
DESCRIPTION
Managing Irrigation water:. Lyndon Kelley MSU Extension / Purdue University Irrigation Management Agent. WWW.msue.msu.edu - find St. Joseph Co. - then hit the Irrigation button. Size , Scale and Make-up. Indiana 313,000 acres. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Managing Irrigation water:
Lyndon KelleyMSU Extension / Purdue University
Irrigation Management Agent
WWW.msue.msu.edu - find St. Joseph Co. - then hit the Irrigation button
Size , Scale and Make-up
County Irrigated Acres
%
St Joseph 104,000 23.0
Montcalm 47,000 10.4
Branch 39,300 8.7
Kalamazoo 29,600 6.6
Cass 25,400 5.6
Van Buren 23,900 5.3
Berrien 19,200 4.2
Allegan 15,300 3.4
Ottawa 13,500 3.0
Calhoun 10,400 2.3
Tuscola 5,800 1.3
Sum
mar
ized
fro
m 2
002
Agr
icul
tura
l Ce
nsus
Michigan – 452,000 acres Indiana 313,000 acres
County Irrigated Acres
%
LaPorte 32,400 10.4
Knox 24,600 7.8
Elkhart 23,500 7.5
LaGrange 21,700 6.9
Jasper 20,600 6.6
St. Joseph 19,500 6.2
Pulaski 19,200 6.1
Kosciusko 19,100 6.1
Fulton 16,200 5.2
Starke 11,100 3.5
Bartholomew 9,100 2.9
11 Counties = 69.2 % of total11 Counties = 73.8 % of total
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Inch
es o
f W
ater
Corn Water UseNormal Rainfall
Crop need15.6” total
Normal rainfall34.6
Needed Irrigation5.5”
Scientific Investigations Report 2005–5284U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Estimated rainfall recharge
Water Quantity Needed
• Irrigation water replaces the plant water use (removed from soil)
• Water use is directly correlated to light interception• 50% light interception results in about 50% of the
maximum water use• Maximum water use mid-July early August, full light
interception, highest temperatures brightest and longest days.
Evapotranspiration (ET) = fn (net radiation) +fn (temperature) +fn (wind speed) +fn (air humidity)
Weighing Lysimeter
Rain and Irrigation increase weightEvapotransporation decrease weight
Crop Water use curve
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Weeks after emergence
Wa
ter
us
e (
inc
he
s)
Series1
Series2
Series3
Series4
Series5
Field beans Soys
Corn
Alfalfa
Field beans
Corn
Soys
Potato
Alfalfa
From Minnesota Extension bulletin “Irrigation Scheduling”, assuming temperature 80-89
1. Irrigation Runoff
(comparing irrigation application rate to soil infiltration rate) 0 -30 % loss
3. Evaporative loss to the air•Minimal loss in our humid area•0 – 6%•Estimated 4-6% loss in Nebraska
Catch Can Volume (ml)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Distance from Pivot (ft)
Can
Volu
me (
ml)
Catch Can Volume (ml)
Sprinkler overlap with end gun
2. Lack of system uniformity• 5-35% loss in effectivenessThree factor
reducing effective water application
Necessary application rate to achieve effective evapo-transportation rates at various application efficiencies
Average application efficiency
Desired Inches of effective application 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95%
0.16 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17
0.18 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19
0.20 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21
0.22 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23
0.24 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25
0.26 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.27
0.28 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.29
0.30 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.32
0.32 0.42 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.35 0.34
Quantity Needed
• Maximum water use for most crops is .27 - .32 in./day
• 3 gal/minute/acre pump capacity = 1”/week
• 5 gal/minute/acre pump capacity = .25 in./day
• 7 gal/minute/acre pump capacity =.33 in./day, 1”every 3 days
• 500 gal/minute pump can provide 1” every 4 days on 100 acres
Think of your soil as a bank
Intake rate:Water applied faster than the soil intake rate is lost.
Deletion:Plants can pull out only 30 - 60% of the water
Water holding capacity:The soil (bank) can hold only a given volume of water before it allow it to pass lower down.
Rooting depth:The plant can only get water to the depth of it’s roots.
Soil type :Heavier soil can hold more water / foot of depth than light soils
Water lost from the bottom of the profile can wash out (leach) water soluble nutrients and pesticides.
Soil Name
Depth
Inches
Available water holding capacity
Average Available water holding capacity
Ave. Available water holding capacity
( 24 in.)
Ave. Available water holding capacity
( 36 in.)
Oshtemo 0 - 14
14 – 35
35 - 60
0.10 – 0.15
0.12 – 0.19
0.06 – 0.10
0.125
0.155
0.08
14” x 0.125=1.75
10” x 0.155=1.55
-----------------------
= 3.3
14” x 0.125= 1.75
21” x 0.155= 3.26
1” x 0.08 = 0.08
-----------------------
= 5.09
Spinks 0 – 10
10 – 26
26 - 60
0.08 – 0.10
0.08 – 0.10
0.04 – 0.08
0.09
0.09
0.06
10” x 0.09= 0.9
14” x 0.09= 1.26
-----------------------
= 2.16
10” x 0.09= 0.9
16” x 0.09= 1.26
8” x 0.06= 0.48
-----------------------
= 2.64
Calculating Water Holding Capacity
Calculating drought capacity• Crop ET. was 0.30 in./day
• Available water capacity of 03.0 in. (AWCI
• Irrigation system can apply 0.20 in./day.
• Started irrigating when the AWC was 1.0 in. down
• 3.0 in. (AWC) - 1.0 in. = 2.0 in. available capacity
• 2.0 in. available capacity / 0.10 daily deficit = 20 days
• 20 days of drought capacity- Not Considering down time
Limited water supply Irrigation Management
• Diversify the crops sharing the water supply between high and low water use.
• Stager planting date to stager peak water need times.
• Plant part of irrigated area to a sacrifice crop to neglect during extended drought.
• Start irrigating early to bank water ahead.• Stager forage crop cutting dates to avoid
simultaneous peak use.
1109’
1320’
Field #10
20 acres
20 acres
30 acres
30 acres
Jun 21Jun 22Jun 23Jun 24Jun 25Jun 26
757585857575
.15
.15
.18
.18
.15
.15
501.5
3.0
-0--0--0--0--0--0-
2.001.851.701.521.341.941.79
0.75
corn 6-1-08SW 1/4
36”
Available
Date- July 1Stage/
ET.Estimate
July 2Stage/
ET.Estimate
July 3Stage/
ET.Estimate
July 4Stage/
ET.Estimate
July 5Stage/
ET.Estimate
July 6Stage/
ET.Estimate
Corn
Emerged
May 1
.19
1st. Tassel
.20 .20 .20 .20
full tassel
.22
Corn
Emerged
May 7
.17
10 leaf
.17 .19 .19 .19
1st. Tassel
.20
Corn
Emerged
May 14
.15
8 leaf
.15 .15 .16
.16
10 leaf
.17
Soybean
Emerged
May 7
6th. Trifolliate
.18
.18 .18 .20 .20
First flower
.21
Soybean
Emerged
May 14
4th. Trifolliate
.15
.16 .16 .16 .18
6th. Trifolliate
.18
Grass -reference
crop
4” standard
.17
4” standard .20
4” standard .17
4” standard
.20
4” standard .20
4” standard
.20
Mendon Estimated Evapotranspiration (ET) for July 4, 2008Irrigation scheduling links:•Historical E.T. for this site•MSU Scheduler IS 4•MichIana Irrigation Scheduler•MSU Scheduler Excel•MSU Paper check book system
Explanation of estimated E.T..Corn – 105 day maturity emerging on the listed date in 30” rows.Soybean – for grow 3.0 emerging on the listed date.E.T. have been estimate for two days in the future based on future weather forecast.
www.agry.purdue.edu/irrigation/IrrDown.htm
MichIana Irrigation Scheduler: Purdue Agronomy web site –Est. From High / Low temp. & date
MichIana Irrigation Scheduler – out put
Irrigation Scheduling Checkbook Challenges
Errors will accumulate over time -Weekly ground truthing needed
Rainfall variability is more than often considered
Only "effective” rainfall and irrigation should be considered - Only water entering root zone uniformly is "effective”
Corn crop mature in program by calendar, not heat
?? Soil Moisture ??
Methods to Estimate Soil Moisture
• Feel an Appearance
• Electrical resistance – electrodes on blocks in soil
• Tensiometers – measures soil moisture tension
DEVICENP TDR GS AP AQ TM GB WB
INITIAL COST 3 1 8 2 7 8 8 8
FIELD SITE SETUP REQUIREMENTS
7 3 10 3 10 7 6 6
OBTAINING A ROUTINE READING
8 8 1 8 4 10 8 8
INTERPRETATION OF READINGS
10 10 10 10 3 5 3 5
ACCURACY 10 10 10 8 2 7 2 3
MAINTENANCE 9 9 8 9 7 3 9 9
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 2 8 5 8 9 7 5 8
COMPOSITE RATING 49 49 52 48 42 47 41 47
NP - Neutron ProbeTDR -Time Domain ReflectometryGS - Gravimetric SamplingAP - Troxler Sentry 200-AP
AQ - Aquaterr ProbeTM - TensiometerGB - Gypsum BlockWB - Watermark Block
Qualitative evaluation of soil water monitoring devices.
A score of 1 is least favorable while a score of 10 is most favorable.
Gravimetric Sampling
• Wet weight – Dry weight of a know volume of soil.
• Often refered to as a “can test”
Have you seen yield map patterns that match the irrigation system
configuration?
Catch Can Volume (ml)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Distance from Pivot (ft)
Can
Volu
me (
ml)
Catch Can Volume (ml)Tower
1Tower
3Tower
5Tower
7 Tower 8
Sprinkler overlap with end gun
WWW.msue.msu.edu/St Joe /Irrigation
Greatest improvement needed
• End gun stop adjustment
• Water supply over or under design
• End gun orifice, too little or too much
• Wrong sprinkler or tip
• Leaks, plugs and no turn sprinklers
Water supply over or under designsupply over design yield tail up, supply under design yield tail down
Example of Water supply under volume for sprinkler design
165’
825’
1320’1155’
8 acres
6 acres330’
495’
660’
990’
2 acres
18 acres31 acres
49 acres
71 acres
96 acres126acres
10 acres
13 acres
18 acres
22 acres
25 acres
30 acres
Total Acres
Feet from center
4145’3109’
2072’
5181’6217’
7253’8290’
circumference
Over and under
application issue affect the majority
of the application
area
Most system apply within 85% of the expected application
Application is 4 %
under expectation
Measure flow at desired pressure prior to ordering sprinkler package
Poor performance:
Ask dealer to measure flow at peak water use season and compare to design parameters.
Assure the best plant stand
possible
• Irrigate, if necessary, to make sure to get maximum germination and uniform emergence.
• Wet down 2.5” within five days of planting, ½” in most irrigated soil
• Maintain a moist surface,0.10” to 0.20” applications, till spike.
• Are you ready to irrigate the day you plant?
Using irrigation to get the most from pesticides and nutrients
Timely application of irrigation water:• Improves incorporation of herbicides. • Improves activation of herbicides. • Improves activation/reactivation of
insecticides.
• Reduces nitrogen volatilization.• Maximizes yield to utilize the resources.
• Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation system.
• If available, sprinkler irrigate within 2 days after application. Apply ½” -1” of water. Use lower water volumes (½” ) on coarse-textured soils, higher volumes heavier soils (1”) on fine-textured soils.
Are appropriate backflow prevention devices in place and properly maintained if fertigation or chemigation is used?
2.9 Irrigation Management Practices
Backflow prevention safety devices are used and properly maintained if fertigation or chemigation are used.
Are appropriate backflow prevention devices in place and properly maintained if fertigation or chemigation is used?
2.11 Irrigation Management Practices
Distance requirements between well and contamination, and agricultural chemical/fertilizer storage and preparation areas are at least 150 feet from the well.
Irrigation management to Protect Groundwater
• Backflow protection with Air gap and vacuum relief
-required for chemigation and fertigation- good idea for all systems.-Interlocks between nitrogen pump and
irrigation pump.-Backflow protection between injection point
and supply tank.
Chemigation / Fertigation Systems - Safety Interlock
Are split applications of nitrogen fertilizer
used when nitrogen is used in irrigated field?
2.8 Irrigation Management Practices
Split applications of nitrogen fertilizer are used when nitrogen is used in an irrigated field. N application does not exceed MSU recommendation.
Chemigation – Application of pesticide via irrigation water.
Fertigation – Application of fertilizer via irrigation water.