Man made Global Warming. An alternative view.

Global warming has now been replaced by climate change. This change of description is significant because in using it the claims made by the global warming lobby can be expanded by that lobby to include not only man made global warming but also changes in world weather, also said to be man made.

I have become sceptical about man made global warming and man made climate change. I set out below some matters for consideration. This is in no way scientific. I cannot prove any of it. It is based upon what I have seen and read. Either it will be persuasive or it will not. The reader must decide. However, a limited search of the internet will corroborate what I have said, if you take the trouble to do it.

1. The Atmosphere.

The increase of carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the atmosphere is said to be responsible for global warming. This is the main plank in the argument of the global warming lobby.

The atmosphere consists of water vapour (90%), and various gases including carbon dioxide. The amount of carbon dioxide contributed by mankind is 0.12%. The percentage of carbon dioxide has increased in the last 50 years or so from 240 parts per million to the present level of 380 parts per million. In the long distant past the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been as high as 1,800 parts per million. (Long before humans stated to produce carbon dioxide).

Carbon dioxide is essential for human and animal and plant life on earth. The following is an extract from, ”A Primer on Global Warming: Dispelling CO2 Myths” by Dr Jay Lehr, Science Director of The Heartlands Institute in the USA. The full article is shown in Appendix 2.

“CO2 is not a pollutant.On the contrary, carbon dioxide makes crops and forests grow faster. Satellite mapping shows the Earth has become about 6 percent greener overall in the past two decades, with forests expanding into arid regions. The Amazon rain forest was the biggest gainer, with two tons of additional biomass per acre per year”.

So, we are asked to believe that manmade carbon dioxide, which is barely one tenth of one percent of the atmosphere, is responsible for man made global warming. Ask yourself if this is really likely.

2. Is there any actual warming?

I think we can all agree that there are natural fluctuations in the temperature of the Earth from one year to the next. For example, the summers of 1975 and 1976 were long and hot and dry. In 1975 this weather lasted from spring until late summer and in 1976 from spring until the end of August. Britain literally turned brown. I know. I was there. Was this due to man made global warming? No, it was not, and nobody claims that it was. It was due to a natural variation in climate and because The Jet Stream (referred to later), another natural variation the position of which changes from year to year, was further to the North than usual.

It would be natural to expect some warming over the centuries because the Earth is still emerging from the last Ice Age and from the mini ice age that ended around 1,700 AD.

There may have been some warming in the last decade. I say may have been because there is some doubt that the published temperature figures are correct. Take, for example, The United States of America. This country was once thought to be the place to start in examining reliable temperature records going back at least 150 years. But recently doubt has been cast about the reliability of these records because of the places where temperature monitoring stations were situated. An American scientist started to survey the positions where these monitoring stations were situated. He found that most of the ones surveyed were in urban areas and most of them were in quite unsuitable places next to air conditioning units and in car parks and near other heat sources which could not help but distort the records. The U.S. authorities tried to stop this survey by refusing to provide information on where these stations were situated. There was a court case and the court ordered the information released under the Freedom of Information legislation. So, the survey continues.

Even so, let us assume that there has been some warming over the last decade. There is no evidence that any such warming is due to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or that it is man made. There is no evidence that this is not part of a natural fluctuation.

There seems little doubt that cities are getting warmer by around 1 degree Celsius over a century. This is man made, but it is to be expected. Cities have grown enormously over the last century and more people means more heat for a variety of reasons. This is known as the Urban Heat Island effect. It is not a representative part of global warming. A survey has been carried out in the U.S.A comparing temperature readings taken from monitoring stations in urban areas with those in rural areas. The results are startling. Those taken in urban areas show a small increase in temperature (the Urban Heat Island effect) whereas those from the rural areas shown no increases at all. None. Some show slight cooling. For example, New York City shows a small increase over a century but Albany in the north of New York State shows no increase at all.

3. Computer models versus empirical observational data.

The United Nations International Panel on Climate Change (I.P.C.C.) is possibly the main advocate of man made global warming and climate change. Its predictions are based on computer models which purport to predict temperature levels a century ahead. Yet they will not allow the raw data on which the computer models are allegedly based to be released for scientific analysis. This is contrary to the usual way science works. Normally, a scientist who promotes a particular theory publishes his or her findings and the raw data upon which those findings are based so that the theory can be subjected to peer review by other scientists. Either the theory stands up to scientific scrutiny or it does not. If it does it becomes part of settled science. If not, it is discarded. So responsible scientists are very, very careful in their research and findings because they know these will be subject to scientific scrutiny. So, what of the scientists who promulgate theories but refuse to publish the raw data on which those theories are based. Well, decide for yourselves.

There is great doubt, to say the least, that computer models can be used to predict the climate one hundred years ahead. Yet, the man made global warming theory depends on them. What you get out of a computer model depends on what you put into it. The information can be manipulated or just plain wrong.

So, the predictions about man made global warming and climate change depend on computer models. They are not based on actual empirical observational data, which is the only information a true scientist would accept.

4. The University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit.

This is one of four main centres in the world for climate research and it supplies, with the others, the climate information upon which the I.P.C.C. predicts disaster and catastrophe fifty to one hundred years ahead. The unit has received some $20 million dollars for its research. It has recently been thoroughly discredited. A whistleblower who works for the unit has released copies of thousands of e-mails generated by the unit over a number of years. These show that the unit has manipulated the data to conform to their theories.

The unit has consistently refused to publish or make available the raw data on which its theories and computer models are based despite the fact that legally this information should be made available under the Freedom of Information Act in the UK. It has even tried to destroy e-mails which incriminate them. This is a crime.

Don’t take my word for it. Read about it on the internet for yourselves.

5. The UK Meteorological Office.

The Meteorological Office has a link with the University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit. It takes their data.

Recently, the Met. Office announced that it was going to release and publish their own raw temperature data from places all over the world. Great, I thought. Some light would be shone on the climate debate at last. This information would be based on observed and recorded data and not on computer models. But no.

The information has been published but the Met. Office has said that it will take them three years to analyse the data. Now, like me, you may wonder why the raw data has not already been analysed by the Met. Office and how they can take a position on data which has not yet been analysed.

This may be why they are unable to forecast the weather more than one week ahead. The notion that they can predict the climate fifty to one hundred years ahead would be hilarious if it were not so dangerous and damaging. Does anyone remember them predicting that 2009 would be a good summer? They predicted the summer would be a hot and dry, “barbeque summer”. Do you think it was?

6. The Sun.

Hands up all those who think that the Sun might have a major effect on the temperatures of the Earth.

Call me old fashioned, but I live in Spain and I know that when the Sun is shining I am hot and when it is not I am not so hot.

Generally, there is little published science that supports any correlation between sun activity and the temperature of the Earth. This does not mean this is none, but simply that there is little scientific published work that supports it. But wait. There is something. There is an article by Stephen Wilde dated 21 May 2008 which says, inter alia, “Having observed the apparent failure of the models with their speculative CO2 component and having seen the relative success of the solar and astronomic influences at anticipating real world changes I have written this article to draw attention to what I consider to be the underlying real world process of global temperature change. Global temperature is controlled quite precisely (although it is difficult to calculate) by solar energy modulated by a number of overlapping and interlinked oceanic cycles each operating on different time scales and being of varying intensities, sometimes offsetting one another and sometimes complementing one another. Any other single influence such as an enhanced greenhouse effect from CO2 is just one of a plethora of other potential but relatively minor influences which as often as not offset one another and leave the solar/oceanic driver unchallenged in terms of scale”.Stephen Wilde is a Fellow of The Royal Meteorological Society and has been since 1968. His full article, which is quite convincing, called “The real link between solar energy, ocean cycles and global temperatures”, can be read at www.climaterealists.com

So, is it likely that the sun (and other factors not including carbon dioxide) affects the temperature of the Earth? Well, yes. Let’s go, for once, with logic and common sense.

7. The Jet Stream.

Below is an explanation of the Jet Stream provided by the UK Meteorological Office. I have included this to save time and to provide a better explanation than I could give.

“Jet streams are narrow fast flowing "rivers" of air. They are formed by temperature differences in the upper atmosphere, between the cold polar air and the warm tropical air. This abrupt change in temperature causes a large pressure difference, which forces the air to move.

In our latitude the jet stream is generally found at around 35,000 feet and is called the Polar Front Jet Stream. The polar jet stream, as its name implies, separates the cold polar air to the north and the warm sub-tropical air to the south.

With the temperature contrast of these air masses greatest in the winter time, the jet stream is stronger at this time of the year, reaching 300 miles per hour (but have been measured at over 400 miles an hour in southwest Scotland). Jet streams are typically thousands of miles long, hundreds of miles wide and a few miles deep.

Entering and leaving a jet stream can be a turbulent time for any aircraft...

With these kinds of speeds you see why aeroplanes are so keen to use them, saving both time and fuel, and therefore money. However, to navigate in a jet stream is not as easy as you might think. Entering and leaving a jet stream can be a turbulent time for any aircraft no matter how big it is.

The strong winds along the jet stream generally blow from west to east due to the rotation of the earth. That is why, especially in winter time, flights from the USA often land early in this country as they are blown along by these very strong winds. (Incidentally it is also the reason for some "bumpy" rides with clear air turbulence). Planes never land early going the other way.

Jet streams move north and south too, following the boundary between warmer and colder air. These boundaries are also where weather fronts generally develop, so when a front passes overhead, bringing wind and rain, it is quite likely that a jet stream is passing undetected too.

The wind direction in the jet stream can change from the normal west to east to almost north to south. This is one of the methods that the Earth uses to transport excess heat from the equatorial regions towards the poles, and in turn bring cold polar air southwards. It also helps to steer our Atlantic weather depressions from their normal eastward movement. At times it can even block their movements altogether. Jet streams can strengthen up or even die out so.

Jet streams do play a more fundamental role in our weather.

Many years ago meteorologists thought that the rain bearing depressions that invade us from the Atlantic, formed at the sea level and "grew" up through the atmosphere. It now seems more likely that they start to form around the jet streams and percolate downwards.

The winds in the jet stream do not necessarily blow at a constant speed or in a straight line. Within this fast moving air there are accelerations and decelerations as the air speeds up, slows down or in fact changes direction. It is at these points in the atmosphere that high and low pressures starts to form, and either moves quickly in the wind flow, or develops into a bigger depression or anticyclone. These positive or negative acceleration points are very important to the weather forecaster and these occur at the entrance and exits of the jet stream.

Meteorologists used to spend a long time looking for them on the high level weather maps. Now this task is performed by a computer. By looking at a simple diagram of a jet stream it is possible to pick out the areas below which a depression or anticyclone is most likely to form.

This is the fundamental way that forecasters use jet streams to try to predict whether and where a rain-bearing depression will form, and if it forms whether it will develop into a full blown storm which may cause structural damage as it rushes in from the Atlantic, or whether it will just be a little blip in the fine weather that rushes along at 60 miles per hour”.

The position of the Jet Stream has a major effect on weather in the Northern Hemisphere and elsewhere. Generally, it brings bad weather to countries below it. It is sometimes at higher latitudes and sometimes at lower ones. The position of the Jet Stream is determined by atmospheric pressure over the Azores in mid-atlantic. Higher pressure pushes the Jet Stream further north and lower pressure allows it to be further south. Whether atmospheric pressure over the Azores is high or low depends on whether a large body of water along the west coast of South America is warm or cold. Sounds bizarre does it not? But it is true.

For example, when the Jet Stream is further north the countries in northern Europe do not get its bad weather and vice versa. This is the reason why some countries like Spain get consistently good weather. The Jet Stream rarely descends to that latitude.

So, shall we blame carbon dioxide in the atmosphere for some of the bad weather or shall we blame the Jet Stream? You decide.

8. El Nino.

Again, I show below a copy of an article on this phenomenon. I know it is long but I urge you to read it.

“The El Niño Effect

El Niño is a severe atmospheric and oceanic disturbance in the Pacific Ocean that occurs every seven to fourteen years. It is called El Niño, meaning “the Child”, because it usually appears near the Christmas season. Warm surface waters flow from the central Pacific towards the eastern Pacific, suppressing the cold, nutrient-rich upwelling of the Humboldt Current off the coast of South America. This disturbance leads to a fall in the number of plankton, wreaking havoc upon the entire ocean food chain and devastating the fishing industry. The influence of these currents also leads to a complete reversal of the trade winds, bringing torrential rain, flooding, and mudslides to the usually dry coastal areas of Peru and Ecuador. Another result is the collapse of the monsoons in Asia, which can bring severe drought to Indonesia and northern Australia. The phenomenon also causes severe weather disturbances in other parts of the world, such as droughts in areas of Africa and central North America.

Nature's Vicious Cycle (by National Geographic)

It rose out of the tropical Pacific in late 1997, bearing more energy than a million Hiroshima bombs. By the time it had run its course eight months later, the giant El Niño of 1997-98 had deranged weather patterns around the world, killed an estimated 2,100 people, and caused at least 33 billion [U.S.] dollars in property damage. Peru was where it all began, but El Niño’s abnormal effects on the main components of climate—sunshine, temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind, humidity, precipitation, cloud formation, and ocean currents—changed weather patterns across the equatorial Pacific and in turn around the globe. Indonesia and surrounding regions suffered months of drought. Forest fires burned furiously in Sumatra, Borneo, and Malaysia, forcing drivers to use their headlights at noon. The haze traveled thousands of miles to the west into the ordinarily sparkling air of the Maldive Islands, limiting visibility to half a mile [0.8 kilometer] at times.

Temperatures reached 108°F [42°C] in Mongolia; Kenya’s rainfall was 40 inches [100 centimeters] above normal; central Europe suffered record flooding that killed 55 in Poland and 60 in the Czech Republic; and Madagascar was battered with monsoons and cyclones. In the U.S. mudslides and flash floods flattened communities from California to Mississippi, storms pounded the Gulf Coast, and tornadoes ripped Florida.By the time the debris settled and the collective misery was tallied, the devastation had in some respects exceeded even that of the El Niño of 1982-83, which killed 2,000 worldwide and caused about 13 billion dollars in damage.And that’s not the end of it. It is not uncommon for an El Niño winter to be followed by a La Niña one—where climate patterns and worldwide effects are, for the most part, the opposite of those produced by El Niño. Where there was flooding there is drought, where winter weather was abnormally mild, it turns abnormally harsh. La Niñas have followed El Niños three times in the past 15 years—after the 1982-83 event and after those of 1986-87 and 1995. Signs of another La Niña began to show up by June 1998.Over the years, the appearance of La Niña has been less predictable than that of El Niño, and fewer of its effects have been recorded. But both patterns are now far better understood than ever before. That is because the most recent El Niño will be the first to be remembered for more than just a litany of disasters. The 1997-98 El Niño marked the first time in human history that climate scientists were able to predict abnormal flooding and droughts months in advance, allowing time for threatened populations to prepare. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) first announced a possible El Niño as early as April 1997; Australia and Japan followed a month later. By summer detailed predictions were available for many regions”.

There is also a report from The World Health Organisation on El Nino.

“El Niño and its health impact

Every few years, an unusually warm current flows off the western coast of South America. Its appearance after Christmas lead sailors in Peru to christen it El Niño, the Christ-child in Spanish.Like a child, it is sometimes unpredictable, and sometimes creates havoc. In El Niño's case, it brings natural disasters such as storms, floods and droughts and famine in far-flung parts of the world.The term El Niño is nowadays used to refer to the periods of strong and prolonged warm weather, which influence the climate worldwide. The

periods of the warm waters in eastern Pacific (El Niño) and periods of cooler waters (La Niña) are accompanied by changes of air pressure in the east and west Pacific: these are called the Southern Oscillation. The whole cycle is now referred to as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The effects of La Niña are generally less pronounced and tend to be the opposite of those of El Niño.

El Niño events occur irregularly, about every 2-7 years. They last from 12 to 18 months. The El Niño event begins with the weakening of the prevailing

winds in the Pacific and a shift in rainfall patterns. The events are associated with extreme weather (floods and

drought) in countries surrounding the Pacific and much further afield.

Prolonged dry periods may occur in South-east Asia, Southern Africa and Northern Australia and heavy rainfall, sometimes with flooding, in Peru and Ecuador.

During a typical El Niño, the Asian monsoon usually weakens and is pushed towards equator, often bringing summer drought to north-west and central regions of India and heavy rainfall in the north-east.

The regions where El Niño has a strong effect on climate are those with the least resources : southern Africa, parts of South America, South-east Asia.

The number of people killed, injured or made homeless by natural disasters is increasing alarmingly. This is partly due to population growth and the concentration of population in high-risk areas like coastal zones and cities. Their vulnerability to extreme weather conditions is also increasing. For example:

Large shanty towns with flimsy habitations are often located on land subject to frequent flooding.

In many areas the only places available to poor communities may be marginal land with few natural defences against weather extremes.

Large year–to-year fluctuations of natural disasters, some of which can be explained by El Niño, are described as the El Niño disaster cycle.

The risk of a natural disaster is highest in the years during and after the appearance of El Niño and lowest in the years before.

El Niño events 1982-83 and 1997-98, the most recent, were the largest this century.

El Niño is associated with death and disease, most of which result from weather-related disasters such as floods and droughts.

In 1997 Central Ecuador and Peru suffered rainfall more than 10 times normal, which caused flooding, extensive erosion and

mudslides with loss of lives, destruction of homes and food supplies.

In the same year nearly 10% of all health facilities in Peru were damaged.

The 1991-92 El Niño brought the worst drought in southern Africa this century, which affected nearly 100 million people.

Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia suffered serious malaria epidemics after heavy rainfall in 1983 El Niño. The epidemic in Ecuador was badly exacerbated by displacement of population owing to the flooding.

The most expensive natural disaster ever, Hurricane Andrew, happened during the same 1991-92 El Niño although El Niño usually reduces hurricane activity.

During the 1997 El Niño droughts hit Malaysia, Indonesia and Brazil, exacerbating the huge forest fires. Smoke inhalation from these fires was a major public health problem in these countries, with countless people visiting health facilities with respiratory problems”.

Wow! The terrible destruction caused around the world by “deranged weather” and storms, flooding, drought and famine in 1997/98 was caused by El Nino and La Nina and not by carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and global warming. I wonder if anyone told the I.P.C.C. and the global warming lobby. I think I’ll send them an e-mail.

You may say that the 1997/98 El Nino was over ten years ago and what about the present. Well, as stated above, El Nino occurs every 2 to 7 years and lasts from 12 to 18 months. It is almost always with us. It is a question of extent.

9. Rising Sea Levels.

Below are part of an article by Dr Tim Ball and an article by William Robert Johnston, both of which are self-explanatory.

“ Sea Level Rise; A Major Non-existent Threat Exploited by Alarmists by Tim Ball Tuesday, July 7th 2009, 4:26 AM EDT (Dr Tim Ball is former Professor of Climatology at the University of Winnipeg).

Sea level has risen as the vast continental glaciers formed during the last ice age melted. It was some 150 meters (490 feet) lower 18,000 years ago and has risen since that time. The massive glaciers were built up by water

evaporating from the oceans and accumulating as snow on the land that changed to ice. Melt began 18,000 years ago but most occurred from 15,000 to 8000 years ago and sea level rose at an average rate of 14 mm a year. From 3000 to 100 years ago the rise was approximately 0.2 mm. Now sea level rise is directly and simplistically linked to melting glaciers and in turn linked to global warming.

Originally a grossly simplistic theory asked how much would sea level rise if the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets melt completely; the total water was then added to current sea level. The problem is much of the ice is already in the ocean so won’t add to the level. In addition, water expands by about 6% when it freezes so the space occupied by ice below sea level will hold 6% more water. Similarly, ice above sea level will produce 6% less water by volume. Then there are the adjustments the land will make as the weight of the ice is removed. But all this is assumes total melt and is unlikely for thousand of years if at all because the average temperatures of both Greenland and Antarctica are below –20°C (-4°F)”

“Facts and figures on sea level rise by Wm. Robert Johnstonlast updated 5 April 2002

Those that allege that climate change poses an imminent threat often cite rising sea level and/or its indirect effects. Rising sea level is, of course, said to result from rising global temperatures caused by man-made emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases. This article will present some facts and figures relating to the specific claims regarding sea level rise. The scientific facts regarding climate change in general should be pointed out. The global warming hypothesis claims that man-made emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases have caused global temperature to increase in the 20th century and will cause further increase in the 21st century, with abundant negative side effects. This hypothesis is not supported by scientific observations. The 20th century temperature increases largely occurred prior to the largest increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The widely acclaimed temperature increases in the 1980s and 1990s most likely are flawed readings affected by urban heat-island effects: independent atmospheric readings show relatively constant global temperatures for the past 50 years. Despite claims to the contrary, a majority of scientists (both in general and in fields related to atmospheric physics) do not accept the global warming hypothesis as fact.

Even though the claims of future sea level rise hinge on this hypothesis, examination of these claims is useful to clarifying some popular misconceptions. The United Nations International Panel on Climate Change is an international group of scientists, politicians, and others which have met several times, each time producing a "consensus" statement regarding predictions and proposed responses regarding climate change. The last few statements are tied to the Kyoto Protocol treaty, which would selectively restrict carbon dioxide emissions and other activities. The politicized nature of this "scientific" conference has been addressed by others; what follows are its claims regarding sea level rise. The IPCC's 2001 report predicts that global average sea level will rise by 10 to 80 centimeters (median estimate 48 centimeters) by the year 2100. This will result from thermal expansion of ocean waters, net melting of glaciers, and net melting of polar icecaps. Predicted consequences include coastal flooding, incursion of salt water into coastal freshwater supplies, and a host of other effects. It might also be noted that environmental organizations have extended these predictions. For example, the UCS and ESA recently predicted sea level increases of up to 1 meter along the U.S. Gulf Coast by combining IPCC predictions with ground subsistence projections. By combining well-established effects with highly questionable predictions, they prevent straightforward testing of their predictions. Currently there are 28,700,000 cubic kilometers of icecaps and glaciers in the world. This includes grounded ice in Antarctica and Greenland; floating ice shelves in the Arctic Ocean and seas near Antarctica; and glaciers in various mountain regions of the world. This represents the remaining unmelted ice from the last ice age, when total ice volume was about 3 times greater (and world sea levels about 120 meters lower). Calving of icebergs from floating ice sheets is periodically cited as an indicator of climate change. Regardless of the cause, even the complete melting of the ice sheets would have no effect on sea level. This is a consequence of Archimedes' principle of buoyancy. The mass of floating ice (above and below water both) is identical to the mass of the water displaced. If the ice melts into water, its density decreases but is mass is the same, and water level is unchanged. There are potential side effects to large scale melting of ice sheets. One is a decreased reflectivity of the Earth's surface; due to clouds and low sunlight angles near the poles the consequences are minimized. Another is a change in ocean currents in the Arctic Ocean. Those that express concern over an increase in sea level make the implicit assumption that the current stability in sea level is normal. Currently the Earth is exiting a period of glaciation. As seen in the graph, rising sea

level has been the norm for the last 20,000 years, not the exception. The average rate of sea level rise in this period was 60 centimeters per century.

Fig. 1: Rate of sea level rise (in cm/century) vs. year (from 18000 BC to 2000 AD); derived from graph by Lambeck cited in IPCC's Climate Change 2001

Consider the following: in the IPCC's predictions, 20% of the expected sea level rise over the next century is due to net melting of continental ice (outside Greenland and Antarctica). This would require that 20% of the Earth's continental ice melt in the next century. This ice is the remnant of the ice cover from the last ice age; what remains is 0.4% of the ice cover at the last peak of glaciation. On one hand, for this ice to melt in the next century would involve a rate of melting only one-fourth of the average over the last 20,000 years. Probably more relevant is the fact that this ice has apparently been hard to melt. Limited data suggests that around the mid 1800s the rate of sea level rise increased to about 15 centimeters per century. This rate has apparently remained constant for the past 150 years; various tidal gauge measurements during the last two decades give results comparable to this rate. While some suggest a link between this and current man-made carbon dioxide emissions, note the following: the observations suggest a constant rate of sea level rise for the past 150 years, while rate of man-made carbon dioxide emissions has increased over 100-fold. Additionally, most of the cumulative rise in sea level preceded the majority of cumulative carbon dioxide emissions. Global temperature change and sea level rise do correlate with each other, but not with human

activities; thus it appears that both temperature and sea level are changing principally due to natural phenomena. Note that there are uncertainties even with these modern measurements of sea level change. Tide gauge measurements for the past 150 years show rising sea level at some locations and dropping sea level at others. The primary factor is sinking and rising of the ground, respectively. The 15 cm per century sea level rise incorporates model-based adjustments for these ground motions. Parts of Europe and North America are still rising in adjustment to the removal of the ice sheets by melting over the past several thousand years. Some sources question the accuracy of these sea level rise rates because of limits in our understanding of this isostatic rebound. The IPCC predictions heavily depend on models that have limitations. It is first necessary to model global climate change; these models make assumptions regarding future increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and proceed to model global and regional changes in temperature, precipitation, and other climatic factors. Models of sea level rise use these results and further model mass-balance for the icecaps (considering precipitation and melting) and thermal expansion of the oceans (requiring modeling of changes in temperature-depth relations for the global oceans). These models involve a high degree of uncertainty. The models for temperature change fail miserably to predict temperature changes for the last 20 years, yet their predictions for the next 100 years are still assumed valid. Nearly all the models require "fudge" factors to correctly simulate a steady state situation. The fact that the various models cited by the IPCC give relatively consistent predictions does not reflect reliability; the models have been adjusted to conform to each other, but fail to conform to real world observations. When regional climate changes are considered, the models give inconsistent and sometimes dramatically contradictory results. Further, the models are modeling global carbon dioxide balance, which is very poorly understood at this time. Sea-level change models likewise attempt to model icecap mass balance, also poorly constrained by current observations.

© 2001, 2002 by Wm. Robert Johnston.Last modified 5 April 2002”.

So, small increases in sea level are entirely due to natural factors and have been ongoing for thousands of years. Over the last 20,000 years there has been an average rise of 60 centimeters per 100 years (i.e. not 60 centimetres per year – 60 centimetres in 100 years).

Yet we are told all the time by the global warmists that sea ice is melting at an alarming rate due to global warming and that this will cause sea levels to rise so much that disasters will result all over the world including the complete disappearance of small island nations. Al Gore predicts an increase of 20 feet by the end of the century. But, hey, let’s not allow the facts to get in the way of a good scare.

10. Melting Ice.

Of the world’s ice, 90% is in Antarctica, 6% is in Greenland and the Himalayas and the Alps and the remaining 4% is at the North Pole in the Arctic. Generally speaking, the ice in Antarctica is not melting; it is getting thicker.

The Greenland and Himalayas and Alps ice is not melting except as it always does due to temperature variations as between summer and winter.

That leaves the remaining 4% at the North Pole. There has been some melting in recent years but this is nothing new and relates to floating ice and not land based ice. It is due to the natural variations in the climate of the Earth and changes in the Arctic Ocean currents and not due to carbon dioxide and global warming. It has happened before, for example, in 1939 when sailors were able to navigate the North West Passage along the northern coast of Canada. There is evidence that over the last two years there has been a recovery in the extent of floating sea ice. One is bombarded almost daily by the media with pictures of arctic ice collapsing into the sea with dire warnings that this will increase sea levels with catastrophic consequences for many parts of the world. These claims are false and alarmist. Even if the entire floating ice cap melted it would not result in any increase in sea levels. This is because Archimedes Principle says that the volume of anything floating in water is exactly the same as the volume of water it displaces. So, even if all the ice were to melt it would add nothing to sea levels because the volume of ice (both above and below the sea level) is exactly the same as the volume of water it has occupied. The density of the ice would change but not its volume. So, think about this one example of where the global warming lobby cannot be correct. The logic is inescapable.

11. The Polar Bears.

We are told that the population of polar bears in the arctic is declining and that they are facing extinction due to melting arctic sea ice so that

they can no longer effectively hunt seals which are their main food source. This is simply not true.

“Polar bear expert barred by global warmists – Daily Telegraph 27 June 2009.

Mitchell Taylor, who has studied the animals for 30 years, was told his views 'are extremely unhelpful’ , reveals Christopher Booker

According to the world’s leading expert on polar bears, their numbers are higher than they were 30 years ago. Photo: AP

Over the coming days a curiously revealing event will be taking place in Copenhagen. Top of the agenda at a meeting of the Polar Bear Specialist Group (set up under the International Union for the Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission) will be the need to produce a suitably scary report on how polar bears are being threatened with extinction by man-made global warming.

This is one of a steady drizzle of events planned to stoke up alarm in the run-up to the UN's major conference on climate change in Copenhagen next December. But one of the world's leading experts on polar bears has been told to stay away from this week's meeting, specifically because his views on global warming do not accord with those of the rest of the group.

Dr Mitchell Taylor has been researching the status and management of polar bears in Canada and around the Arctic Circle for 30 years,

as both an academic and a government employee. More than once since 2006 he has made headlines by insisting that polar bear numbers, far from decreasing, are much higher than they were 30 years ago. Of the 19 different bear populations, almost all are increasing or at optimum levels, only two have for local reasons modestly declined.

Dr Taylor agrees that the Arctic has been warming over the last 30 years. But he ascribes this not to rising levels of CO2 – as is dictated by the computer models of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and believed by his PBSG colleagues – but to currents bringing warm water into the Arctic from the Pacific and the effect of winds blowing in from the Bering Sea.

He has also observed, however, how the melting of Arctic ice, supposedly threatening the survival of the bears, has rocketed to the top of the warmists' agenda as their most iconic single cause. The famous photograph of two bears standing forlornly on a melting iceberg was produced thousands of times by Al Gore, the WWF and others as an emblem of how the bears faced extinction – until last year the photographer, Amanda Byrd, revealed that the bears, just off the Alaska coast, were in no danger. Her picture had nothing to do with global warming and was only taken because the wind-sculpted ice they were standing on made such a striking image.

Dr Taylor had obtained funding to attend this week's meeting of the PBSG, but this was voted down by its members because of his views on global warming. The chairman, Dr Andy Derocher, a former university pupil of Dr Taylor's, frankly explained in an email (which I was not sent by Dr Taylor) that his rejection had nothing to do with his undoubted expertise on polar bears: "it was the position you've taken on global warming that brought opposition".

Dr Taylor was told that his views running "counter to human-induced climate change are extremely unhelpful". His signing of the Manhattan Declaration – a statement by 500 scientists that the causes of climate change are not CO2 but natural, such as changes in the radiation of the sun and ocean currents – was "inconsistent with the position taken by the PBSG".

So, as the great Copenhagen bandwagon rolls on, stand by this week for reports along the lines of "scientists say polar bears are threatened with extinction by vanishing Arctic ice". But also check out Anthony Watt's Watts Up With That website for the latest news of what is actually

happening in the Arctic. The average temperature at midsummer is still below zero, the latest date that this has happened in 50 years of record-keeping. After last year's recovery from its September 2007 low, this year's ice melt is likely to be substantially less than for some time. The bears are doing fine”.

In the 1950’s the polar bear population was estimated at 5,000. In the 1960’s the population dropped due to over-hunting. When restrictions were imposed on hunting in the early 1970’s the populations rebounded. Today the populations have risen to 20,000 to 25,000.

You will not get this information from the global warming lobby. They want you to think that polar bears are in peril. They brook no dissent. Their minds are firmly made up to the exclusion of all else. Note above that Dr Mitchell Taylor, a world expert on polar bears, was excluded from the Polar Bear Specialist Group because of his views on global warming.

12. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

This phenomenon may well be a major force in climate change. However, it is far too complicated for me to attempt to describe it.

See Appendix 3 - Global Warming as a Natural Response to Cloud Changes Associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)by Roy W. Spencer, Ph.D.October 20, 2008 (updated December 29, 2008)

13. Carbon capture and storage.

There are plans, well under way, to prevent carbon dioxide gas from escaping into the atmosphere by trapping it and then turning it into liquid gas. Experimental plants have already been set up and are operating. This is already big business and it will become bigger.

The plan, then, is to bury all this liquid gas underground. The liquid gas is to be forced underground in huge mountains containing non-porous rock at the upper levels and porous rock at lower levels so that once injected the gas cannot escape. The cost of this will clearly be enormous and someone is going to make a great deal of money out of it.

Can anyone see the absurdity of this? Huge amounts of money, time and effort are to be expended to prevent a natural gas from escaping into the

atmosphere when there is not a shred of evidence that carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming or climate change.

In addition, we see, even now, that the industrial nations of the world are not really serious in their intention to limit the production of carbon dioxide, despite their rigid adherence to the man made global warming and climate change myths. They intend to go on producing it but will trap it and bury it.

Another example of the intention of the industrial nation to go on producing carbon dioxide is carbon credits. As I understand it, the underdeveloped nations of the world will be awarded carbon credits which they will probably not need because they are undeveloped and are unlikely to produce their own carbon dioxide emissions. Then they will be free to sell their carbon credits to the industrial nations which will use them to go on producing more carbon dioxide of their own.

14. The Motive of the global warming and climate change lobby.

This is the most difficult topic to cover. When considering the arguments put forward to challenge the theories and predictions of the warmists, people ask what possible motives could most governments of the world and The United Nations and large numbers of scientists and many millions of people have to pursue an agenda so which is not supported by the science and where there is absolutely no evidence that carbon dioxide causes global warming and climate change and a dramatic rise in sea levels. It is simply incredible, is it not? In other words, people do not approach the matter in a balanced logical way and examine the arguments on both sides. They simply accept what the global warming lobby says because they think that most governments, scientists, etc, could not be pursuing such a bogus agenda. It is unthinkable, isn’t it?

Well, I do not have the answer. Some say it gives governments control over their populations. That it promotes fear. That it allows taxation. That environment fanatics are intent on scaling back industrial production. That it allow many scientists to get large money grants to pursue their research. I do not know. I can only wonder at it.

15. The cost in money.

The money cost of pursuing the agenda of the warmists will be absolutely enormous. Recently, the European Union has committed 6.5 billion euros to the help developing nations overcome the effects of global warming

and climate change, of which 1.5 billion is to come from the United Kingdom. They say that as much as 100 billion will be needed in due course. And that is by the European Union alone. Wonder about how much will be spent by all the other developed countries of the world.

Consider what such large amounts of money could be used for. To feed the hungry. To provide clean water supplies. To provide medicines and medical treatment. To eradicate disease. To provide education. To provide proper housing. Etc. etc. etc.

But not to worry, they say. The funds to be made available will not affect the money available for aid to the third world. I do not believe it. The record of the first world in providing aid to the third world is already lamentable. Tiny amounts are promised and much of this never gets there.

16. The cost to humanity.

If the objectives of the warmists are to be achieved the economies of the developed world countries would have to be severely restricted, as would those of the third world. In order to meet their carbon emission targets, governments would have to severely limit their industries, the generation of power supplies which there is no hope in hell of replacing by renewable sources of energy, car production and use, transport, aviation, defence, shipping etc. etc. etc. Standards of living would fall. Large unemployment would result.

The third world would not be able to develope. They would not be able to become richer with all the consequences this would bring in respect of health, education, living standards, food production etc. etc. etc.

17. The climate sceptics.

There is nothing wrong with being a sceptic. Sceptic is not a dirty word as it is to the warmists. It is quite respectable. It is what thinking people are supposed to be. Sceptics are anathema to the warmists. They hate them. They will not listen to them. They castigate them. Only a few days ago, Gordon Brown, the British Prime Minister said on BBC news that climate sceptics were, “flat earthers”. How absolutely appalling. My own Prime Minister calls me, and millions like me, a flat earther simply because I, and they, have a different but perfectly legitimate point of view. To me, there is an irony in one of the actual flat earthers calling climate sceptics flat earthers. But he is a warmist. He is firmly on the bandwagon and he cannot get off without disastrous consequences. He is

totally committed. His mind is totally made up. He will not listen to any alternative point of view on global warming and climate change however persuasive that point of view may be.

Much is made of the fact that some 4,000 scientists have signed up to man made global warming and climate change. This is not entirely surprising because they make a good living from it and they get large amounts of money in grants for their research.

However, there are many, many more scientists who are climate sceptics. I have read that there are as many as 30,000. These are not “Loony Tunes” scientists. They are perfectly respectable scientists working in the fields of meteorology, climatology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology etc.

The following is a copy of an open letter sent to the Secretary-General of the United Nations signed by around 150 eminent scientists.

Open Letter to Secretary-General of United Nations Wednesday, December 9th 2009, 2:07 AM EST Co2sceptic (Site Admin)

Dear Secretary-General,

Climate change science is in a period of ‘negative discovery’ - the more we learn about this exceptionally complex and rapidly evolving field the more we realize how little we know. Truly, the science is NOT settled.

Therefore, there is no sound reason to impose expensive and restrictive public policy decisions on the peoples of the Earth without first providing convincing evidence that human activities are causing dangerous climate change beyond that resulting from natural causes. Before any precipitate action is taken, we must have solid observational data demonstrating that recent changes in climate differ substantially from changes observed in the past and are well in excess of normal variations caused by solar cycles, ocean currents, changes in the Earth's orbital parameters and other natural phenomena.

We the undersigned, being qualified in climate-related scientific disciplines, challenge the UNFCCC and supporters of the United Nations Climate Change Conference to produce convincing OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE for their claims of dangerous human-caused global warming and other changes in climate. Projections of possible future scenarios

from unproven computer models of climate are not acceptable substitutes for real world data obtained through unbiased and rigorous scientific investigation.

Specifically, we challenge supporters of the hypothesis of dangerous human-caused climate change to demonstrate that:

Variations in global climate in the last hundred years are significantly outside the natural range experienced in previous centuries;

Humanity’s emissions of carbon dioxide and other ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHG) are having a dangerous impact on global climate;

Computer-based models can meaningfully replicate the impact of all of the natural factors that may significantly influence climate;

Sea levels are rising dangerously at a rate that has accelerated with increasing human GHG emissions, thereby threatening small islands and coastal communities;

The incidence of malaria is increasing due to recent climate changes;

Human society and natural ecosystems cannot adapt to foreseeable climate change as they have done in the past;

Worldwide glacier retreat, and sea ice melting in Polar Regions , is unusual and related to increases in human GHG emissions;

Polar bears and other Arctic and Antarctic wildlife are unable to adapt to anticipated local climate change effects, independent of the causes of those changes;

Hurricanes, other tropical cyclones and associated extreme weather events are increasing in severity and frequency; Data recorded by ground-based stations are a reliable indicator of surface temperature trends.

It is not the responsibility of ‘climate realist’ scientists to prove that dangerous human-caused climate change is not happening. Rather, it is those who propose that it is, and promote the allocation of massive investments to solve the supposed ‘problem’, who have the obligation to convincingly demonstrate that recent climate change is not of mostly

natural origin and, if we do nothing, catastrophic change will ensue. To date, this they have utterly failed to do so”.

The above is self explanatory. It is reproduced in full in Appendix 4 which contains a full list of the scientists who signed. Look at who they are and the positions they hold.

You will note that they are asking for convincing observational evidence not based on computer models but on factual raw observational data on the matters listed. What could be more reasonable? If there is any such evidence why would it not be released for scrutiny if there is nothing to hide? Who could refuse such a reasonable request? But he will.

Why would any rational person take any notice of any organisation which makes predictions which affect the entire world and its populations and which refuses to support its position with actual evidence? This is science turned on its head.

The Manhattan Declaration is similar to the above and was signed or endorsed in 2008 by around a thousand scientists. The full declaration and lists of endorsers is shown on Appendix 5. Again. Look at the names and the positions they hold.

18. The Media including the BBC.

It is surprisingly easy to create mass hysteria if the media is with you and very difficult to reverse it if they are not. Some years ago, a doctor in the UK linked the triple vaccine MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) with the incidence of autism in children. He maintained that the single vaccines were safe but that the triple one was not. At the time, there had been an increase in autism in children. He was believed, despite the fact that medical scientist all over the world had said that there was no link with autism and that the MMR vaccine was safe. The result was that parents stopped having the MMR triple vaccine for their children and had the single vaccine instead leaving out vaccination against measles. Who could blame them? The number of children vaccinated against measles fell dramatically and even now has reached only 70%. Measles can be a killer and many more children are now dying from measles.

The same has happened with global warming/climate change. The media is firmly in the warmist camp and has been for many years. As far as they are concerned the matter is settled. They have convinced most of the world. Their reporting is entirely one sided and no effort is made to

publish alternative points of view. They report climate change as a fact. The science is never examined or challenged. Recently, the editors of 52 newspapers have signed a declaration stating that they support the global warming and climate change lobby. I naively thought that newspapers and other media were supposed to be fiercely independent and report the news in a considered and balanced way. To be fair, there are some exceptions. The Daily Telegraph in the UK is allowing its reporters to investigate and report alternative points of view. Perhaps this is to be expected from the newspaper that exposed the scandal of parliamentary expenses.

Unfortunately, the BBC is one of the main culprits. They, too, are firmly in the warmists camp and they report global warming/climate change as a fact. Despite their enormous resources, they do not investigate alternative views and they do not broadcast in a balanced way. I am tired of seeing, on the BBC, pictures of glaciers collapsing into the sea coupled with dire warnings of rising sea levels and pictures of “stranded” polar bears facing extinction.

The BBC used to have an unparalleled reputation for honest reporting. At one time, if you heard it or saw it on the BBC you knew it was true. Alas, no more. This despite the fact that the BBC is a public service broadcaster funded entirely from public funds. It should be fiercely independent and report in a balanced non partisan way. It does not. Its first duty should be to the public and not political expediency.

The BBC had the story of the leaked e-mails from the East Anglia University Climate Research Unit a month before the news was leaked on the internet. They have admitted so. They did nothing. They sat on the story. In fact, the whistleblower who leaked the e-mails made the mistake of sending them to the media first thinking, no doubt, that they would publish the story. They did not and so he had to leak them again onto the internet.

I do not know about you, but I find this very scary. Have we reached a point where we cannot rely on the media for the truth and where we have to get it from the internet?

19. The information available and bias.

I have to caution the reader against bias. Mine. Everyone has a bias whether they admit it or not. Bias tends to cause you to look for information whish supports or confirms your own point of view. I have

tried not to do this but it has been difficult. On the one hand I can find no evidence which supports the global warming/climate change lobby. This is because there appears, incredibly, not to be any. This is illustrated by the fact that the I.P.C.C. continues to rely on computer models for its predictions and will not publish any evidence supporting their case. Thus the open letter by the scientists to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The University of East Anglia has refused to publish the raw data upon which their computer models are based to the point where they have destroyed documents and may face prosecution under The Freedom of Information Act in the UK for failing to comply with the law by destroying documents they have a legal obligation to release. Their refusal to release information is completely against normal scientific protocol. One must draw ones own conclusion as to why these bodies refuse to release their data.

The information provided by some warmists is too ludicrous to take seriously. For example, Al Gore says that sea levels will rise 20 feet by the end of the century. Not even the I.P.C.C. makes that claim. I saw him on CNN on 14 December and he said that all the ice in the world was melting and that there were droughts and fires and all sorts of other disasters all over the world as a result of global warming. Clearly, he has never heard of El Nino. This man has won a Nobel Prize for his utterances on global warming (worth over a million pounds) and has made an absolute fortune from his book and after dinner speeches peddling his nonsense.

On the other hand, I have found a wealth of information from global warming sceptics which I have found very persuasive. The internet is full of it. Thank God for the internet. I cannot reproduce it all here. If you are interested you will have no trouble finding it yourselves. Either it will convince you or it will not.

20. The good news.

The first bit of good news is that there is no man made global warming or climate change. None. Absolutely none. In addition, I believe that the balance of debate will eventually change, if only over time. As they say, time will tell. I think that many governments and politicians are going to look very foolish in only a few years time.

The second bit of good news is that the global warming and climate change lobby will never achieve their objectives. Not because reason will prevail but because the governments of the world will never agree to

those objectives and even if they did, those objectives will never be achieved. Their progress to date has been lamentable. They have failed even to limit carbon dioxide emissions to previous levels and they will never succeed in limiting those emissions in the future. There will be too much resistance from the developed world. For example, the huge economies of the United States, India and China are driven by the burning of coal. Those three countries alone will never abandon industrial grown to limit carbon dioxide emissions however much they pay lip service to it.

The bad news is that the man made catastrophe which is the global warming and climate change lobby will continue a while yet before they are eventually exposed. In the meantime they will continue to spread alarm and fear and misery throughout the world and many billions will be spent and wasted.

21. Review.

Anyone reading this is welcome to review it. I would welcome any feedback whether positive or negative. If you agree with what I have said and share my concerns then please feel free to pass it on. The more the better. If not, consign it to the electronic waste bin but, please, only after you have made enquiries yourself.

Elwyn Roberts. December 2009.

E-mail address:- elwyn@roberts.us.com

22. References.

If you want to read more about this topic (and you should) please go to www.climaterealists.com which contains many, many articles on the subject written by well respected scientists.

A must must read is, “Monckton-caught green-handed”.

23. Appendices.

Appendix 1. Global Warming: Natural or Manmade? Dr Roy Spencer.Appendix 2. A Primer on Global Warming: Dispelling CO2 Myths. Dr Jay Lehr.

Appendix 3. Global warming as a natural response to cloud changes associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Dr Roy Spencer.Appendix 4. Open letter to The Secretary-General of The United Nations.Appendix 5. The Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change.

Appendix 1.

Global Warming: Natural or Manmade?

Dr Roy Spencer. Ph.D.

Dr Roy Spencer is a Meteorologist and Principal Research Scientist at the University of Alabama-Huntsville. He was formerly a Senior Scientist at NASA where he and Dr John Cristy received NASA’s Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal for their global temperature monitoring work with satellites.

“Global warming” refers to the global-average temperature increase that has been observed over the last one hundred years or more. But to many politicians and the public, the term carries the implication that mankind is responsible for that warming. This website describes evidence from my group’s government-funded research that suggests global warming is mostly natural, and that the climate system is quite insensitive to humanity’s greenhouse gas emissions and aerosol pollution.

Believe it or not, very little research has ever been funded to search for natural mechanisms of warming…it has simply been assumed that global warming is manmade. This assumption is rather easy for scientists since we do not have enough accurate global data for a long enough period of time to see whether there are natural warming mechanisms at work.

The United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) claims that the only way they can get their computerized climate models to produce the observed warming is with anthropogenic (human-caused) pollution. But they’re not going to find something if they don’t search for it. More than one scientist has asked me, “What else COULD it be?” Well, the answer to that takes a little digging… and as I show, one doesn’t have to dig very far.

But first let’s examine the basics of why so many scientists think global warming is manmade. Earth’s atmosphere contains natural greenhouse gases (mostly water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane) which act to keep the lower layers of the atmosphere warmer than they otherwise would be without those gases. Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation — the radiant heat energy that the Earth naturally emits to outer space in response to solar heating. Mankind’s burning of fossil fuels (mostly coal, petroleum, and natural gas) releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and this is believed to be enhancing the Earth’s natural greenhouse effect. As of 2008, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was about 40% to 45% higher than it was before the start of the industrial revolution in the 1800’s.

It is interesting to note that, even though carbon dioxide is necessary for life on Earth to exist, there is precious little of it in Earth’s atmosphere. As of 2008, only 39 out of every 100,000 molecules of air were CO2, and it will take mankind’s CO2 emissions 5 more years to increase that number by 1, to 40.

The “Holy Grail”: Climate Sensitivity Figuring out how much past warming is due to mankind, and how much more we can expect in the future, depends upon something called “climate sensitivity”. This is the temperature response of the Earth to a given amount of ‘radiative forcing’, of which there are two kinds: a change in either the amount of sunlight absorbed by the Earth, or in the infrared energy the Earth emits to outer space.

The ‘consensus’ of opinion is that the Earth’s climate sensitivity is quite high, and so warming of about 0.25 deg. C to 0.5 deg. C (about 0.5 deg. F to 0.9 deg. F) every 10 years can be expected for as long as mankind continues to use fossil fuels as our primary source of energy. NASA’s James Hansen claims that climate sensitivity is very high, and that we have already put too much extra CO2 in the atmosphere. Presumably this is why he and Al Gore are campaigning for a moratorium on the construction of any more coal-fired power plants in the U.S.

You would think that we’d know the Earth’s ‘climate sensitivity’ by now, but it has been surprisingly difficult to determine. How atmospheric processes like clouds and precipitation systems respond to warming is critical, as they are either amplifying the warming, or reducing it. This website currently concentrates on the response of clouds to warming, an issue which I am now convinced the scientific community has totally misinterpreted when they have measured natural, year-to-year

fluctuations in the climate system. As a result of that confusion, they have the mistaken belief that climate sensitivity is high, when in fact the satellite evidence suggests climate sensitivity is low.

The case for natural climate change I also present an analysis of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation which shows that most climate change might well be the result of….the climate system itself! Because small, chaotic fluctuations in atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems can cause small changes in global average cloudiness, this is all that is necessary to cause climate change. You don’t need the sun, or any other ‘external’ influence (although these are also possible…but for now I’ll let others work on that). It is simply what the climate system does. This is actually quite easy for meteorologists to believe, since we understand how complex weather processes are. Your local TV meteorologist is probably a closet ’skeptic’ regarding mankind’s influence on climate.

Climate change — it happens, with or without our help.

Appendix 2.

A Primer on Global Warming: Dispelling CO2 Myths.Written By: Jay Lehr, Ph.D.Published In: Environment & Climate News > July 2009Publication date: 07/01/2009 Publisher: The Heartlands Institute

The scientific facts clearly show carbon dioxide is a good thing, not something we should fear.

CO2 is not a pollutant.On the contrary, carbon dioxide makes crops and forests grow faster. Satellite mapping shows the Earth has become about 6 percent greener overall in the past two decades, with forests expanding into arid regions. The Amazon rain forest was the biggest gainer, with two tons of additional biomass per acre per year.Certainly climate change does not help every region equally, but careful studies predict overall benefits—fewer storms, more rain, better crop yields, longer growing seasons, milder winters, and lower heating costs in colder climates. The news is certainly not bad and on balance may be rather good.

CO2 is merely a trace atmospheric gas.The world will laugh when we finally understand the pursuit of economic ruin in the name of saving the planet from carbon dioxide has been a terrible joke. It is an unarguable fact that the portion of the Earth’s greenhouse gas envelope contributed by man is barely one-tenth of 1 percent of the total.Do the numbers yourself. Carbon dioxide is no more than 4 percent of the greenhouse gas envelope—with water vapor being more than 90 percent, followed by methane and sulfur and nitrous oxides. Of that 4 percent, man contributes a little more than 3 percent. Three percent of 4 percent is 0.12 percent, and for that we are sentencing people to numerous damaging economic impacts.

Added CO2 increments have less effect.The effect of additional carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is limited because CO2 absorbs only certain wavelengths of radiant energy. As the radiation in that particular wavelength band is used up, the amount left for absorption by more of the gas is reduced.A simple analogy is to consider drawing a curtain across a window. Much of the light will be shut out, but some will still get through. Add a second curtain to the first, and most of the remaining light will be excluded. A point will quickly be reached however, where adding more curtains has a negligible effect, because there is no light left to stop.This is the case with the absorption of energy as more carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere.

Anthropogenic warming hasn’t happened.If greenhouse gases were responsible for global temperature increases in recent decades, atmospheric physics require that higher levels of our atmosphere would show greater warming than lower levels. This did not happen during the 1978-1998 period of 0.3 degrees Celsius warming.

Warming precedes CO2 increases.A full 900,000 years of ice core temperature records and carbon dioxide content records show CO2 increases follow increases in Earth’s temperature instead of leading them. This makes sense because the oceans are the primary source of CO2, and they hold more CO2 when cool than when warm. Warming causes the oceans to release more CO2.

Jay Lehr, Ph.D. (jlehr@heartland.org) is science director of The Heartland Institute.

Appendix 3.

Global Warming as a Natural Response to Cloud Changes Associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)

by Roy W. Spencer, Ph.D.

October 20, 2008 (updated December 29, 2008)

Dr Roy Spencer is a Meteorologist and Principal Research Scientist at the University of Alabama-Huntsville. He was formerly a Senior Scientist at NASA where he and Dr John Cristy received NASA’s Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal for their global temperature monitoring work with satellites.

ABSTRACT

A simple climate model forced by satellite-observed changes in the Earth’s radiative budget associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is shown to mimic the major features of global average temperature change during the 20th Century – including three-quarters of the warming trend. A mostly-natural source of global warming is also consistent with mounting observational evidence that the climate system is much less sensitive to carbon dioxide emissions than the IPCC’s climate models simulate.

1. INTRODUCTION

The main arguments for global warming being manmade go something like this: “What else COULD it be? After all, we know that increasing carbon dioxide concentrations are sufficient to explain recent warming, so what’s the point of looking for any other cause?”

But for those who have followed my writings and publications in the last 18 months (e.g. Spencer et al., 2007; Spencer, 2008), you know that we are finding satellite evidence that the climate system is much less

sensitive to greenhouse gas emissions than the U.N.’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) climate models suggest that it is. And if that is true, then mankind’s CO2 emissions are not strong enough to have caused the global warming we’ve seen over the last 100 years.

To show that we are not the only researchers who have documented evidence contradicting the IPCC models on the subject of climate sensitivity, I made the following figure (Fig. 1) to contrast the IPCC-projected warming from a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide with the warming that would result if the climate sensitivity is as low as implied by various kinds of observational evidence.

Fig. 1. Projected warming (assumed here to occur by 2100) from a doubling of atmospheric CO2 from the IPCC climate models versus from various observational indicators.

The dashed line in Fig. 1 comes from our recent apples-to-apples comparison between satellite-based feedback estimates and IPCC model-diagnosed feedbacks, all computed from 5-year periods (see Fig. 2). In that comparison, there were NO five year periods from ANY of the IPCC model simulations which produced a feedback parameter with as low a climate sensitivity as that found in the satellite data.

Fig. 2. Frequency histogram of total (reflected solar plus emitted infrared)feedback parameters computed from all possible 5 year periods in transient forcing experiments in 18 climate models tracked by the IPCC, versus the same calculation from Aqua CERES and NOAA-15 AMSU channel 5 satellite data.

The discrepancy between the models and observations seen in Figs. 1 and 2 is stark. If the sensitivity of the climate system is as low as some of these observational results suggest, then the IPCC models are grossly in error, and we have little to fear from manmade global warming. [I am told that the 1.1 deg. C sensitivity of Schwartz (2007) has more recently been revised upward to 1.9 deg. C.]

But it also means that the radiative forcing caused by increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 is not sufficient to cause PAST warming, either. So, this then leaves a critical unanswered question: What has caused the warming seen over the last 100 years or so?

Here I present new evidence that most of the warming could be the result of a natural cycle in cloud cover forced by a well-known mode of natural climate variability: the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). While the PDO is primarily a geographic rearrangement in atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns in the North Pacific, it is well known that such regional changes can also influence weather patterns over much larger areas, for instance North America or the entire Northern Hemisphere

(which is, by the way, the region over which the vast majority of global warming has occurred).

The IPCC has simply ASSUMED that these natural fluctuations in weather patterns do not cause climate change. But all it would take is a small change in global average (or Northern Hemispheric average) cloudiness to cause global warming. Unfortunately, our global observations of cloudiness have not been complete or accurate enough to document such a change…until recently.

2. A SIMPLE MODEL OF NATURAL GLOBAL WARMING

As Joe D’Aleo, Don Easterbrook, and others have pointed out for years, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has experienced phase shifts that have coincidently been associated with the major periods of warming and cooling in the 20th Century. As can be seen in the following figure, the pre-1940 warming coincided with the positive phase of the PDO; then, a slight cooling until the late 1970s coincided with a negative phase of the PDO; and finally, the warming since the 1970s has once again coincided with the positive phase of the PDO.

Fig. 3. Five-year running averages in (a) global-average surface temperature, and (b) the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index during 1900-2000.

Others have noted that the warming in the 1920s and 1930s led to media reports of decreasing sea ice cover, Arctic and Greenland temperatures just as warm as today, and the opening up of the Northwest Passage in 1939 and 1940.

Since this timing between the phase of the PDO and periods of warming and associated climate change seems like more than mere coincidence, I asked the rather obvious question: What if this known mode of natural climate variability (the PDO) caused a small fluctuation in global-average cloud cover?

Such a cloud change would cause the climate system to go through natural fluctuations in average temperature for extended periods of time.

The IPCC simply assumes that this kind of natural cloud variability does not exist, and that the Earth stays in a perpetual state of radiative balance that has only been recently disrupted by mankind’s greenhouse gas emissions.

This is an assumption that many of us meteorologists find simplistic and dubious, at best. Spencer and Braswell (2008) showed theoretically that daily random variations in cloudiness can actually cause substantial decadal time-scale variability on ocean temperatures. This is not a new finding, as it was also demonstrated over 30 years ago (Hasselman, 1976) and is related to the fact that the ocean, due to its large heat capacity, retains a ‘memory’ of past changes in the Earth’s radiative budget for a very long time.

So, what if those chaotic variations in cloud cover occurred on time scales longer than days… yearly, or 30 years (like with the PDO), or 100 years? Might such internally-generated climate change even explain events like the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age?

I used a very simple energy balance climate model, previously suggested to us by Isaac Held and Piers Forster, to investigate the possibility that the PDO could have caused some of the climate change over the last century. In this model I ran many thousands of combinations of assumed: (1) ocean depth (through which heat is mixed on multi-decadal to centennial time scales), (2) climate sensitivity, and (3) cloud cover variations directly proportional to the PDO index values.

In effect, I asked the model to show me what combinations of those model parameters yielded a temperature history approximately like that seen during 1900-2000. And here’s an average of all of the simulations that came close to the observed temperature record:

Fig. 4. A simple energy balance model driven by cloud changes associated with the PDO can explain most of the major features of global-average temperature fluctuations during the 20th Century. The best model fits had assumed ocean mixing depths around 800 meters, and feedback parameters of around 3 Watts per square meter per degree C.

The “PDO-only” (dashed) curve in Fig. 4 indeed mimics the main features of the behavior of global mean temperatures during the 20th Century — including three-quarters of the warming trend. If I include the CO2 and other forcings during the 20th Century complied by James Hansen with the PDO-forced cloud changes (solid line labeled PDO+CO2), then the fit to observed temperatures is even closer.

Now, the average PDO forcing that was required by the model for the two curves in Fig. 4 ranged from 1.7 to 2.0 Watts per square meter per PDO index value. In other words, for each unit of the PDO index, 1.7 to 2.0 Watts per square meter of extra heating was required during the positive phase of the PDO, and that much cooling during the negative phase of the PDO.

But what evidence do we have that any such cloud-induced changes in the Earth’s radiative budget are actually associated with the PDO? I address that question in the next section.

3. SATELLITE EVIDENCE OF RADIATIVE FORCING CAUSED BY THE PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION

To see whether there is any observational evidence that the PDO has associated changes in global-average cloudiness, I used NASA Terra satellite measurements of reflected solar (shortwave, SW) and emitted infrared (longwave, LW) radiative fluxes over the global oceans from the CERES instrument during 2000-2005, and compared them to recent variations in the PDO index. The results can be seen in the following figure:

Fig. 5. Three-month running averages of (a) the PDO index during 2000-2005, and (b) corresponding CERES-measured anomalies in the global ocean average radiative budget, with and without the feedback component removed (see Fig. 6). The smooth curves are 2nd order polynomial fits to the data.

But before a comparison to the PDO can be made, one must recognize that the total radiative flux measured by CERES is a combination of forcing AND feedback (e.g. Gregory et al., 2002; Forster and Gregory,

2006). So, we first must estimate and remove the feedback component to better isolate any radiative forcing potentially associated with the PDO.

As Spencer and Braswell (2008b) have shown with a simple model, the radiative feedback signature in globally-averaged radiative flux-versus-temperature data is always highly correlated, while the time-varying radiative forcing signature of internal climate fluctuations is uncorrelated because the forcing and temperature response are always 90 degrees out of phase. This allows some measure of identification and separation of the two signals.

The following figure shows what I call “feedback stripes” associated with intraseasonal fluctuations in the climate system. The corresponding feedback estimate (line slope) of 8.3 Watts per square meter per degree C was then used together with three-month anomalies in tropospheric temperature from AMSU channel 5 remove the estimated feedback signal from the radiative flux data to get the “forcing-only” curve in Fig. 5b. (Check out this for a more complete treatment of the signature of feedback…including evidence that this behavior also exists in the IPCC climate models themselves.)

Fig. 6. Three-month running averages of global oceanic CERES radiative flux changes versus tropospheric temperature changes (from AMSU channel 5, see Christy et al., 2003) for the time period in Fig. 5. The average feedback estimate (see sloped lines) was then used together with

the AMSU5 data to estimate and remove the feedback component from the CERES radiative fluxes, leaving the radiative forcing shown in Fig. 4b.

[NOTE: This feedback estimate does not necessarily represent long-term climate sensitivity (which in this case would be very low, 0.44 deg. C for a doubling of CO2); it is instead the feedback occurring on intraseasonal and interannual time scales which is merely being removed to isolate the forcing signal. This is the same technique employed by Forster and Taylor (2006) to isolate the signal of radiative forcing in 20 climate models tracked by the IPCC.]

When the feedback is removed, we see a good match in Fig. 5 between the low-frequency behavior of the PDO and the radiative forcing (which is presumably due to cloud fluctuations associated with the PDO). Second-order polynomials were fit to the time series in Fig. 5 and compared to each other to arrive at the PDO-scaling factor of 1.9 Watts per square meter per PDO index value.

Another way to show the data is shown in Fig. 7, where yearly averages of the PDO index and CERES-inferred radiative forcing are plotted against one another. The dashed line represents what the simple model ‘chose’ for a relationship, and the solid line is fitted to the actual satellite data.

Fig. 7. As in Fig. 5, but now yearly averages of the PDO index plotted against CERES- and AMSU5-inferred radiative forcing, and updated through August 2007.

Thus, these recent satellite measurements – even though they span only 7.5 years — support the Pacific Decadal Oscillation as a potential major player in global warming and climate change. It will also be interesting to see where the satellite data averages for 2008 lie in Fig. 7, as the average PDO value for 2008 was lower than any of the previous years.

It is important to point out that, in this exercise, the PDO itself is not an index of temperature; it is an index of radiative forcing which drives the time rate of change of temperature. This answers the question I frequently get, “Couldn’t the PDO be caused by the temperature changes, rather than the other way around?”. The answer is “no”, because the forcing occurs before the temperature change (by 90 degrees of phase for sinusoidal forcing, if you know what that means). This explains why the history of the PDO index in Fig. 2 does not ‘look like’ the temperature history. The PDO index is instead directly related to the change in temperature with time, not the temperature per se. (And, if you can understand this point, you are doing better than the single peer reviewer of my article on this subject who told Geophysical Research Letters to reject my paper submitted for publication.)

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The evidence continues to mount that the IPCC models are too sensitive, and therefore produce too much global warming. If climate sensitivity is indeed considerably less than the IPCC claims it to be, then increasing CO2 alone can not explain recent global warming. The evidence presented here suggests that most of that warming might well have been caused by cloud changes associated with a natural mode of climate variability: the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.

The IPCC has simply assumed that mechanisms of climate change like that addressed here do not exist. But that assumption is quite arbitrary and, as shown here, very likely wrong. My use of only PDO-forced variations in the Earth’s radiative energy budget to explain three-quarters of the global warming trend is no less ‘biased’ than the IPCC’s use of carbon dioxide to explain global warming without accounting for natural climate variability. If any IPCC scientists would like to dispute that

claim, please e-mail me at roy.spencer (at) nsstc.uah.edu. (two months later, as of late December, 2008, I’ve still not received a response.)

It should be noted that the entire modern satellite era started in 1979, just 2 years after the PDO switched to its positive phase during the ‘Great Climate Shift’ of 1977. Thus, our satellite data records are necessarily biased toward conditions existing during the positive phase of the PDO, and might not correspond to ‘normal’ climate conditions. Indeed there might not be any such thing as ‘normal’ climate conditions.

If the PDO has recently entered into a new, negative phase, then we can expect that global average temperatures, which haven’t risen for at least seven years now, could actually start to fall in the coming years. The recovery of Arctic sea ice now underway might be an early sign that this is indeed happening. The next few years of satellite data might provide some very interesting insights into whether the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is indeed a major force in climate change.

Appendix 4.

Open Letter to Secretary-General of United Nations Wednesday, December 9th 2009, 2:07 AM EST Co2sceptic (Site Admin) Dear Secretary-General,

Climate change science is in a period of ‘negative discovery’ - the more we learn about this exceptionally complex and rapidly evolving field the more we realize how little we know. Truly, the science is NOT settled.

Therefore, there is no sound reason to impose expensive and restrictive public policy decisions on the peoples of the Earth without first providing convincing evidence that human activities are causing dangerous climate change beyond that resulting from natural causes. Before any precipitate action is taken, we must have solid observational data demonstrating that recent changes in climate differ substantially from changes observed in the past and are well in excess of normal variations caused by solar cycles, ocean currents, changes in the Earth's orbital parameters and other natural phenomena.

We the undersigned, being qualified in climate-related scientific disciplines, challenge the UNFCCC and supporters of the United Nations Climate Change Conference to produce convincing OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE for their claims of dangerous human-caused global warming and other changes in climate. Projections of possible future scenarios from unproven computer models of climate are not acceptable substitutes for real world data obtained through unbiased and rigorous scientific investigation.

Specifically, we challenge supporters of the hypothesis of dangerous human-caused climate change to demonstrate that:

Variations in global climate in the last hundred years are significantly outside the natural range experienced in previous centuries;

Humanity’s emissions of carbon dioxide and other ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHG) are having a dangerous impact on global climate;

Computer-based models can meaningfully replicate the impact of all of the natural factors that may significantly influence climate;

Sea levels are rising dangerously at a rate that has accelerated with increasing human GHG emissions, thereby threatening small islands and coastal communities;

The incidence of malaria is increasing due to recent climate changes;

Human society and natural ecosystems cannot adapt to foreseeable climate change as they have done in the past;

Worldwide glacier retreat, and sea ice melting in Polar Regions , is unusual and related to increases in human GHG emissions;

Polar bears and other Arctic and Antarctic wildlife are unable to adapt to anticipated local climate change effects, independent of the causes of those changes;

Hurricanes, other tropical cyclones and associated extreme weather events are increasing in severity and frequency; Data recorded by ground-based stations are a reliable indicator of surface

temperature trends.

It is not the responsibility of ‘climate realist’ scientists to prove that dangerous human-caused climate change is not happening. Rather, it is those who propose that it is, and promote the allocation of massive investments to solve the supposed ‘problem’, who have the obligation to convincingly demonstrate that recent climate change is not of mostly natural origin and, if we do nothing, catastrophic change will ensue. To date, this they have utterly failed to do so.

Signed by:

Habibullo I. Abdussamatov, Dr. Sci., mathematician and astrophysicist, Head of the Russian-Ukrainian Astrometria project on the board of the Russian segment of the ISS, Head of Space Research Laboratory at the Pulkovo Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Göran Ahlgren, docent organisk kemi, general secretary of the Stockholm Initiative, Professor of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden Syun-Ichi Akasofu, PhD, Professor of Physics, Emeritus and Founding Director, International Arctic Research Center of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A. J.R. Alexander, Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Member, UN Scientific and Technical Committee on Natural Disasters, 1994-2000, Pretoria, South Africa. Jock Allison, PhD, ONZM, formerly Ministry of Agriculture Regional Research Director, Dunedin, New Zealand Bjarne Andresen, PhD, dr. scient, physicist, published and presents on the impossibility of a "global temperature", Professor, The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Timothy F. Ball, PhD, environmental consultant and former climatology professor, University of Winnipeg, Member, Science Advisory Board, ICSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Douglas W. Barr, BS (Meteorology, University of Chicago), BS and MS (Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota), Barr Engineering Co. (environmental issues and water resources), Minnesota, U.S.A. Romuald Bartnik, PhD (Organic Chemistry), Professor Emeritus, Former chairman of the Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, climate work in cooperation with Department of Hydrology and Geological Museum, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland Colin Barton, B.Sc., PhD, Earth Science, Principal research scientist (retd), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Joe Bastardi, BSc, (Meteorology, Pennsylvania State), meteorologist, State College, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Ernst-Georg Beck, Dipl. Biol. (University of Freiburg), Biologist, Freiburg, Germany David Bellamy, OBE, English botanist, author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner, Hon. Professor of Botany (Geography), University of Nottingham, Hon. Prof. Faculty of Engineering and Physical Systems, Central Queensland University, Hon. Prof. of Adult and Continuing Education, University of Durham, United Nations Environment Program Global 500 Award Winner, Dutch Order of The Golden Ark, Bishop Auckland County, Durham, U.K. M. I. Bhat, Professor & Head, Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India Ian R. Bock, BSc, PhD, DSc, Biological sciences (retired), Ringkobing, Denmark Sonja A. Boehmer-Christiansen, PhD, Reader Emeritus, Dept. of Geography, Hull University, Editor - Energy&Environment, Multi-Science (www.multi-science.co.uk), Hull, United Kingdom Atholl Sutherland Brown, PhD (Geology, Princeton University), Regional Geology, Tectonics and Mineral Deposits, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Stephen C. Brown, PhD (Environmental Science, State University of New York), District Agriculture Agent, Assistant Professor, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Ground Penetrating Radar Glacier research, Palmer, Alaska, U.S.A. James Buckee, D.Phil. (Oxon), focus on stellar atmospheres, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Dan Carruthers, M.Sc., Arctic Animal Behavioural Ecologist, wildlife biology consultant specializing in animal ecology in Arctic and Subarctic regions, Alberta, Canada Robert M. Carter, PhD, Professor, Marine Geophysical Laboratory, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia Dr. Arthur V. Chadwick, PhD, Geologist, dendrochronology (analyzing tree rings to determine past climate) lecturing, Southwestern Adventist University, Keene, Texas, U.S.A. George V. Chilingar, PhD, Member, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow President, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, U.S.A. Section, Emeritus Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. Ian D. Clark, PhD, Professor (isotope hydrogeology and paleoclimatology), Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Charles A. Clough, BS (Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology), MS (Atmospheric Science, Texas Tech University), former (to 2006) Chief of the US Army Atmospheric Effects Team at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; now residing in Bel Air, Maryland, U.S.A. Paul Copper, BSc, MSc, PhD, DIC, FRSC, Professor Emeritus, Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Piers Corbyn, MSc (Physics (Imperial College London)), ARCS, FRAS, FRMetS, astrophysicist (Queen Mary College, London), consultant, founder WeatherAction long range forecasters, London, United Kingdom Allan Cortese, meteorological researcher and spotter for the National Weather Service, retired computer professional, Billerica, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Richard S. Courtney, PhD, energy and environmental consultant, IPCC expert reviewer, Falmouth, Cornwall, United Kingdom Susan Crockford, PhD (Zoology/Evolutionary Biology/Archaeozoology), Adjunct Professor (Anthropology/Faculty of Graduate Studies), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Colombia, Canada Claude Culross, PhD (Organic Chemistry), retired, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A. Joseph D’Aleo, BS, MS (Meteorology, University of Wisconsin), Doctoral Studies (NYU), Executive Director - ICECAP (International Climate and Environmental Change Assessment Project), Fellow of the AMS, College Professor Climatology/Meteorology, First Director of Meteorology The Weather Channel, Hudson, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Chris R. de Freitas, PhD, Climate Scientist, School of Environment, The University of Auckland, New Zealand Willem de Lange, MSc (Hons), DPhil (Computer and Earth Sciences), Senior Lecturer in Earth and Ocean Sciences, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand James DeMeo, PhD (University of Kansas 1986, Earth/Climate Science), now in Private Research, Ashland, Oregon, U.S.A. David Deming, PhD (Geophysics), Associate Professor, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A. James E Dent; B.Sc., FCIWEM, C.Met, FRMetS, C.Env., Independent Consultant, Member of WMO OPACHE Group on Flood Warning, Hadleigh, Suffolk, England Robert W. Durrenberger, PhD, former Arizona State Climatologist and President of the American Association of State Climatologists, Professor Emeritus of Geography, Arizona State University; Sun City, Arizona, U.S.A. Don J. Easterbrook, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Geology, Western Washington, University, Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A.

Per Engene, MSc, Biologist, Bø i Telemark, Norway, Co-author The Climate. Science and Politics (2009) Robert H. Essenhigh, PhD, E.G. Bailey Professor of Energy Conversion, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. David Evans, PhD (EE), MSc (Stat), MSc (EE), MA (Math), BE (EE), BSc, mathematician, carbon accountant and modeler, computer and electrical engineer and head of 'Science Speak', Scientific Advisory Panel member - Australian Climate Science Coalition, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Sören Floderus, PhD (Physical Geography (Uppsala University)), coastal-environment specialization, Copenhagen, Denmark Louis Fowler, BS (Mathematics), MA (Physics), 33 years in environmental measurements (Ambient Air Quality Measurements), Austin, Texas, U.S.A. Stewart Franks, PhD, Professor, Hydroclimatologist, University of Newcastle, Australia Gordon Fulks, PhD (Physics, University of Chicago), cosmic radiation, solar wind, electromagnetic and geophysical phenomena, Corbett, Oregon, U.S.A. R. W. Gauldie, PhD, Research Professor, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean Earth Sciences and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Manoa (Retired), U.S.A. David G. Gee, Professor of Geology (Emeritus), Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavagen 16, Uppsala, Sweden Lee C. Gerhard, PhD, Senior Scientist Emeritus, University of Kansas, past director and state geologist, Kansas Geological Survey, U.S.A. Gerhard Gerlich, Dr.rer.nat. (Mathematical Physics: Magnetohydrodynamics) habil. (Real Measure Manifolds), Professor, Institut für Mathematische Physik, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, Co-author of “Falsification Of The Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics”, Int.J.Mod.Phys.,2009 Albrecht Glatzle, PhD, ScAgr, Agro-Biologist and Gerente ejecutivo, Tropical pasture research and land use management, Director científico de INTTAS, Loma Plata, Paraguay Fred Goldberg, PhD, Adj Professor, Royal Institute of Technology (Mech, Eng.), Secretary General KTH International Climate Seminar 2006 and Climate analyst and member of NIPCC, Lidingö, Sweden Wayne Goodfellow, PhD (Earth Science), Ocean Evolution, Paleoenvironments, Adjunct Professor, Senior Research Scientist, University of Ottawa, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Thomas B. Gray, MS, Meteorology, Retired, USAF, Yachats, Oregon, U.S.A. Vincent Gray, PhD, New Zealand Climate Coalition, expert reviewer for the IPCC, author of The Greenhouse Delusion: A Critique of Climate Change 2001, Wellington, New Zealand William M. Gray, PhD, Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Head of the Tropical Meteorology Project, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. Kenneth P. Green, M.Sc. (Biology, University of San Diego) and a Doctorate in Environmental Science and Engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles, Resident Scholar, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, U.S.A. Charles B. Hammons, PhD (Applied Mathematics), systems/software engineering, modeling & simulation, design, Consultant, Coyle, Oklahoma, U.S.A. William Happer, PhD, Cyrus Fogg Bracket Professor of Physics (research focus is interaction of light and matter, a key mechanism for global warming and cooling), Princeton University; Former Director, Office of Energy Research (now Office of Science), US Department of Energy (supervised climate change research), Member - National Academy of Sciences of the USA, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society; Princeton, NJ, USA. Howard Hayden, PhD, Emeritus Professor (Physics), University of Connecticut, The Energy Advocate, Connecticut, U.S.A. Ross Hays, Atmospheric Scientist, NASA Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility, Palestine, Texas, U.S.A. James A. Heimbach, Jr., BA Physics (Franklin and Marshall College), Master's and PhD in Meteorology (Oklahoma University), Prof. Emeritus of Atmospheric Sciences (University of North Carolina at Asheville), Springvale, Maine, U.S.A. Ole Humlum, PhD, Professor, Department of Physical Geography, Institute of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Craig D. Idso, PhD, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A. Sherwood B. Idso, PhD, President, Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A. Terri Jackson, MSc MPhil., Director, Independent Climate Research Group, Northern Ireland and London (Founder of the Energy Group at the Institute of Physics, London), U.K. Albert F. Jacobs, Geol.Drs., P. Geol., Calgary, Alberta, Canada Zbigniew Jaworowski, PhD, DSc, professor of natural sciences, Senior Science Adviser of Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection,

researcher on ice core CO2 records, Warsaw, Poland. Terrell Johnson, B.S. (Zoology), M.S. (Wildlife & Range Resources, Air & Water Quality), Principal Environmental Engineer, Certified Wildlife Biologist, Green River, Wyoming, U.S.A. Bill Kappel, BS (Physical Science-Geology), BS (Meteorology), Storm Analysis, Climatology, Operation Forecasting, Vice President/Senior Meteorologist, Applied Weather Associates, LLC, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, U.S.A. Wibjörn Karlén, MSc (quaternary sciences), PhD (physical geography), Professor emeritus, Stockholm University, Department of Social and Economic Geography, Geografiska Annaler Ser. A, Uppsala, Sweden Olavi Kärner, Ph.D., Extraordinary Research Associate; Dept. of Atmospheric Physics, Tartu Observatory, Toravere, Estonia David Kear, PhD, FRSNZ, CMG, geologist, former Director-General of NZ Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research, Whakatane, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand Madhav L. Khandekar, PhD, consultant meteorologist, (former) Research Scientist, Environment Canada, Editor "Climate Research” (03-05), Editorial Board Member "Natural Hazards, IPCC Expert Reviewer 2007, Unionville, Ontario, Canada Leonid F. Khilyuk, PhD, Science Secretary, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Professor of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. William Kininmonth MSc, MAdmin, former head of Australia’s National Climate Centre and a consultant to the World Meteorological organization’s Commission for Climatology, Kew, Victoria, Australia Gary Kubat, BS (Atmospheric Science), MS (Atmospheric Science), professional meteorologist last 18 years, O'Fallon, Illinois, U.S.A. Roar Larsen, Dr.ing.(PhD), Chief Scientist, SINTEF (Trondheim, Norway), Adjunct Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway Douglas Leahey, PhD, meteorologist and air-quality consultant, President - Friends of Science, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Jay Lehr, BEng (Princeton), PhD (environmental science and ground water hydrology), Science Director, The Heartland Institute, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Edward Liebsch, BS (Earth Science & Chemistry), MS (Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University), Senior Air Quality Scientist, HDR Inc., Maple Grove, MN, U.S.A. Dr. Richard S. Lindzen, Alfred P. Sloan professor of meteorology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Peter Link, BS, MS, PhD (Geology, Climatology),

Geol/Paleoclimatology, retired, Active in Geol-paleoclimatology, Tulsa University and Industry, Evergreen, Colorado, U.S.A. Anthony R. Lupo, Ph.D., Professor of Atmospheric Science, Department of Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A. Horst Malberg, PhD, former director of Institute of Meteorology, Free University of Berlin, Germany Björn Malmgren, PhD, Professor Emeritus in Marine Geology, Paleoclimate Science, Goteborg University, retired, Norrtälje, Sweden Fred Michel, PhD, Director, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Associate Professor of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Ferenc Mark Miskolczi, PhD, atmospheric physicist, formerly of NASA's Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, U.S.A. Asmunn Moene, PhD, MSc (Meteorology), former head of the Forecasting Centre, Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway Cdr. M. R. Morgan, PhD, FRMetS, climate consultant, former Director in marine meteorology policy and planning in DND Canada, NATO and World Meteorological Organization and later a research scientist in global climatology at Exeter University, UK, now residing in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada Nils-Axel Mörner, PhD (Sea Level Changes and Climate), Emeritus Professor of Paleogeophysics & Geodynamics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Robert Neff, M.S. (Meteorology, St Louis University), Weather Officer, USAF; Contractor support to NASA Meteorology Satellites, Retired, Camp Springs, Maryland, U.S.A. John Nicol, PhD, Physics, (Retired) James Cook University, Chairman - Australian Climate Science Coalition, Brisbane, Australia Ingemar Nordin, PhD, professor in philosophy of science (including a focus on "Climate research, philosophical and sociological aspects of a politicised research area"), Linköpings University, Sweden. David Nowell, M.Sc., Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, former chairman of the NATO Meteorological Group, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada James J. O'Brien, PhD, Emeritus Professor, Meteorology and Oceanography, Florida State University, Florida, U.S.A. Peter Oliver, BSc (Geology), BSc (Hons, Geochemistry & Geophysics), MSc (Geochemistry), PhD (Geology), specialized in NZ quaternary glaciations, Geochemistry and Paleomagnetism, previously research scientist for the NZ Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Upper Hutt, New Zealand Cliff Ollier, D.Sc., Professor Emeritus (School of Earth and

Environment), Research Fellow, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, W.A., Australia Garth W. Paltridge, BSc Hons (Qld), MSc, PhD (Melb), DSc (Qld), Emeritus Professor, Honorary Research Fellow and former Director of the Institute of Antarctic and Southern Ocean Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Visiting Fellow, RSBS, ANU, Canberra, ACT, Australia R. Timothy Patterson, PhD, Professor, Dept. of Earth Sciences (paleoclimatology), Carleton University, Chair - International Climate Science Coalition, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Alfred H. Pekarek, PhD, Associate Professor of Geology, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, U.S.A. Ian Plimer, PhD, Professor of Mining Geology, The University of Adelaide; Emeritus Professor of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia Daniel Joseph Pounder, BS (Meteorology, University of Oklahoma), MS (Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign); Weather Forecasting, Meteorologist, WILL AM/FM/TV, the public broadcasting station of the University of Illinois, Urbana, U.S.A. Brian Pratt, PhD, Professor of Geology (Sedimentology), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Harry N.A. Priem, PhD, Professor (retired) Utrecht University, isotope and planetary geology, Past-President Royal Netherlands Society of Geology and Mining, former President of the Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tom Quirk, MSc (Melbourne), D Phil, MA (Oxford), SMP (Harvard), Member of the Scientific Advisory Panel of the Australian Climate Science Coalition, Member Board Institute of Public Affairs, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia George A. Reilly, PhD (Geology), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Robert G. Roper, PhD, DSc (University of Adelaide, South Australia), Emeritus Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. Arthur Rorsch, PhD, Emeritus Professor, Molecular Genetics, Leiden University, retired member board Netherlands Organization Applied Research TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands Curt Rose, BA, MA (University of Western Ontario), MA, PhD (Clark University), Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Studies and Geography, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada Rob Scagel, MSc (forest microclimate specialist), Principal Consultant - Pacific Phytometric Consultants, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada Clive Schaupmeyer, B.Sc., M.Sc., Professional Agrologist (awarded an

Alberta "Distinguished Agrologist"), 40 years of weather and climate studies with respect to crops, Coaldale, Alberta, Canada Bruce Schwoegler, BS (Meteorology and Naval Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison), Chief Technology Officer, MySky Communications Inc, meteorologist, science writer and principal/co-founder of MySky, Lakeville, Massachusetts, U.S.A. John Shade, BS (Physics), MS (Atmospheric Physics), MS (Applied Statistics), Industrial Statistics Consultant, GDP, Dunfermline, Scotland, United Kingdom Gary Sharp, PhD, Center for Climate/Ocean Resources Study, Salinas, California, U.S.A. Thomas P. Sheahen, PhD (Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology), specialist in renewable energy, research and publication (Applied Optics) in modeling and measurement of absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric CO2, Oakland, Maryland, U.S.A. Paavo Siitam, M.Sc., agronomist and chemist, Cobourg, Ontario, Canada L. Graham Smith, PhD, Associate Professor of Geography, specialising in Resource Management, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. Roy W. Spencer, PhD, climatologist, Principal Research Scientist, Earth System Science Center, The University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A. Walter Starck, PhD (Biological Oceanography), marine biologist (specialization in coral reefs and fisheries), author, photographer, Townsville, Australia Peter Stilbs, TeknD, Professor of Physical Chemistry, Research Leader, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), member of American Chemical Society and life member of American Physical Society, Chair of "Global Warming - Scientific Controversies in Climate Variability", International seminar meeting at KTH, 2006, Stockholm, Sweden Arlin Super, PhD (Meteorology), former Professor of Meteorology at Montana State University, retired Research Meteorologist, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Saint Cloud, Minnesota, U.S.A. George H. Taylor, B.A. (Mathematics, U.C. Santa Barbara), M.S. (Meteorology, University of Utah), Certified Consulting Meteorologist, Applied Climate Services, LLC, Former State Climatologist (Oregon), President, American Association of State Climatologists (1998-2000), Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A. Mitchell Taylor, PhD, Biologist (Polar Bear Specialist), Wildlife Research Section, Department of Environment, Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada Hendrik Tennekes, PhD, former director of research, Royal Netherlands

Meteorological Institute, Arnhem, The Netherlands Frank Tipler, PhD, Professor of Mathematical Physics, astrophysics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A. Edward M. Tomlinson, MS (Meteorology), Ph.D. (Meteorology, University of Utah), President, Applied Weather Associates, LLC (leader in extreme rainfall storm analyses), 21 years US Air Force in meteorology (Air Weather Service), Monument, Colorado, U.S.A. Ralf D. Tscheuschner, Dr.rer.nat. (Theoretical physics: Quantum Theory), Freelance Lecturer and Researcher in Physics and Applied Informatics, Hamburg, Germany. Co-author of “Falsification of The Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within The Frame Of Physics, Int.J.Mod.Phys. 2009 Gerrit J. van der Lingen, PhD (Utrecht University), geologist and paleoclimatologist, climate change consultant, Geoscience Research and Investigations, Christchurch, New Zealand A.J. (Tom) van Loon, PhD, Professor of Geology (Quaternary Geology), Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland; former President of the European Association of Science Editors Gösta Walin, PhD in Theoretical physics, Professor emeritus in oceanography, Earth Science Center, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden Neil Waterhouse, PhD (Physics, Thermal, Precise Temperature Measurement), retired, National Research Council, Bell Northern Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Anthony Watts, 25-year broadcast meteorology veteran and currently chief meteorologist for KPAY-AM radio. In 1987, he founded ItWorks, which supplies custom weather stations, Internet servers, weather graphics content, and broadcast video equipment. In 2007, Watts founded SurfaceStations.org, a Web site devoted to photographing and documenting the quality of weather stations across the U.S., U.S.A. Charles L. Wax, PhD (physical geography: climatology, LSU), State Climatologist – Mississippi, past President of the American Association of State Climatologists, Professor, Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, U.S.A. James Weeg, BS (Geology), MS (Environmental Science), Professional Geologist/hydrologist, Advent Environmental Inc, Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina, U.S.A. Forese-Carlo Wezel, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Stratigraphy (global and Mediterranean geology, mass biotic extinctions and paleoclimatology), University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy Boris Winterhalter, PhD, senior marine researcher (retired), Geological Survey of Finland, former adjunct professor in marine geology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

David E. Wojick, PhD, PE, energy and environmental consultant, Technical Advisory Board member - Climate Science Coalition of America, Star Tannery, Virginia, U.S.A. Raphael Wust, PhD, Adj Sen. Lecturer, Marine Geology/Sedimentology, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia Stan Zlochen, BS (Atmospheric Science), MS (Atmospheric Science), USAF (retired), Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A. Dr. Bob Zybach, PhD (Oregon State University (OSU), Environmental Sciences Program), MAIS (OSU, Forest Ecology, Cultural Anthropology, Historical Archaeology), BS (OSU College of Forestry), President, NW Maps Co., Program Manager, Oregon Websites and Watersheds Project, Inc., Cottage Grove, Oregon, U.S.A. Source Link: copenhagenclimatechallenge.org

Appendix 5.

“THE MANHATTAN DECLARATION ON CLIMATE CHANGE “Global warming” is not a global crisis We, the scientists and researchers in climate and related fields, economists, policymakers, and business leaders, assembled at Times Square, New York City, participating in the 2008 International Conference on Climate Change,

Resolving that scientific questions should be evaluated solely by the scientific method;

Affirming that global climate has always changed and always will, independent of the actions of humans, and that carbon dioxide (CO2) is not a pollutant but rather a necessity for all life;

Recognising that the causes and extent of recently-observed climatic change are the subject of intense debates in the climate science community and that oft-repeated assertions of a supposed ‘consensus’ among climate experts are false;

Affirming that attempts by governments to legislate costly regulations on industry and individual citizens to encourage CO2 emission reduction will slow development while having no appreciable impact on the future

trajectory of global climate change. Such policies will markedly diminish future prosperity and so reduce the ability of societies to adapt to inevitable climate change, thereby increasing, not decreasing human suffering;

Noting that warmer weather is generally less harmful to life on Earth than colder:

Hereby declare:

That current plans to restrict anthropogenic CO2 emissions are a dangerous misallocation of intellectual capital and resources that should be dedicated to solving humanity’s real and serious problems.

That there is no convincing evidence that CO2 emissions from modern industrial activity has in the past, is now, or will in the future cause catastrophic climate change.

That attempts by governments to inflict taxes and costly regulations on industry and individual citizens with the aim of reducing emissions of CO2 will pointlessly curtail the prosperity of the West and progress of developing nations without affecting climate.

That adaptation as needed is massively more cost-effective than any attempted mitigation, and that a focus on such mitigation will divert the attention and resources of governments away from addressing the real problems of their peoples.

That human-caused climate change is not a global crisis.

Now, therefore, we recommend –

That world leaders reject the views expressed by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as well as popular, but misguided works such as “An Inconvenient Truth”.That all taxes, regulations, and other interventions intended to reduce emissions of CO2 be abandoned forthwith. Agreed at New York, 4 March 2008”.

ENDORSERS OF THE DECLARATION PRESENT AT THE CONFERENCE IN NEW YORK CITY

The following endorsers of The Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change were physically present at the 2008 International Conference on Climate Change, which took place in New York City on March 2 - 4, 2008 at the Marriott New York Marquis Times Square Hotel:1. David Archibald, BSc (Geology), CEO, Summa Development, Perth, Australia2. Bob Armstrong, MA, MS (Mathematical Psychophysics, Northwestern University), computer language consultant, Community of Science, ww.CoS.com, Woodland Park, Colorado, U.S.A.3. J. Scott Armstrong, Professor of Marketing, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Founder of the International Journal of Forecasting, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.4. Ron Arnold, Executive Vice President, Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, Bellevue, Washington, U.S.A.5. Leon Ashby, Mt Gambier, South Australia, Australia 6. Dennis T. Avery, Economist, Senior Fellow, Director of the Center for Global Food Issues, Hudson Institute, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.7. Timothy F. Ball, PhD, environmental consultant and former climatology professor - University of Winnipeg, Chair, Natural Resources Stewardship Project, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada8. E. Calvin Beisner, PhD, founder and national spokesman, Cornwall Alliance for the Stewardship of Creation, serves on the pastoral staff of Holy Trinity Presbyterian Church, Broward County, Florida, U.S.A.9. Paul Berkowitz, BSEE/MSEE, Telecommunications R&D, President, Berkowitz Professional Services, Little Silver, New Jersey, U.S.A.10. Tom Borelli, PhD, Portfolio Manager, Free Enterprise Action Fund, Eastchester, New York, U.S.A.11. William M. Briggs, PhD., Statistical Consultant (specializing in accuracy of forecasts and climate variability), U.S.A.12. Stephen Brown, PhD (Environmental Science, State University of New York), Ground Penetrating Radar Glacier research, District Agriculture Agent Cooperative Extension Service University of Alaska, Fairbanks Mat-Su District Office Palmer; Alaska Agriculture Extension Agent/Researcher, National Center for Policy Analysis, Alaska, U.S.A.13. H. Sterling Burnett, PhD, Senior Fellow, National Center for Policy Analysis, Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.14. Robert M. Carter, PhD, Professor, Marine Geophysical Laboratory, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia15. John Chadbourne, PhD, Environmental Engineer, Essroc Cement Corp, Italcementi Group, Nazareth, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.16. Paul Chesser, Director, Climate Strategies Watch, C/O, John Locke Foundation, Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.

17. David Christensen, BA (Math.), MBA (Intl. Econ.), PE (Mechanical), and PE (Control System); Corporate Planner, Estimator, (Retired), Sr. Member of Engineering staff, Bechtel International, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.18. David W. Christensen, BA (Math/Physics, UCSB (University of California, Santa Barbara)), MBA (Intl. Econ.), PE (Mechanical and Control Systems), Bechtel Engineering Corporation (retired), Salisbury, Maryland, U.S.A19. Michael Coffman, PhD, (ecosysytems analysis and climate change), CEO of Sovereignty International, President of Environmental Perspectives, Inc., Bangor, Maine, U.S.A.. 20. John Coleman, Founder, The Weather Channel, Weather Anchor, KUSI-TV, San Diego, California, U.S.A. 21. Piers Corbyn, ARCS, FRAS, FRMetS, astrophysicist (Queen Mary College, London), consultant, owner of Weather Action long range forecasters, degree in Physics (Imperial College London), England 22. Roy Cordato, PhD, Vice President for Research, Resident Scholar of the John Locke Foundation, former Senior Economist at the Institute for Research on the Economics of Taxation (IRET), Washington, D.C., U.S.A.23. Richard S. Courtney, PhD, energy and environmental consultant, IPCC expert reviewer, Falmouth, Cornwall, United Kingdom 24. Joseph D’Aleo, MS, Meteorologist and Climatologist (retired), Executive Director, ICECAP (International Climate and Environmental Change Assessment Project), Hudson, New Hampshire, U.S.A.25. David Douglass, PhD, Professor of Physics, University of Rochester, New York, U.S.A.26. Paul Driessen, BA (Geology and Field Ecology), LLB (environment and natural resource law), Senior policy advisor, Congress of Racial Equality, Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow, Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.A.27. Terry Dunleavy, MBE, JP, Founding Chairman, International Climate Science Coalition, North Shore City, New Zealand28. John Dale Dunn, MD, JD, Medical Officer, Brown County Sherriff's Office, civilian physician, Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center, Fort Hood, Texas, U.S.A.29. Myron Ebell, MSc, Director, Energy & Global Warming Policy, Competitive Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.30. Michael J. Economides, PhD, Professor, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.31. Michael X.Y. Feng, Associate Professor of Economics, Cathay Institute for Public Affairs, Beijing, China

32. Maria Uaudia Ferragni, Events Manager, Istituto Bruno Leoni, Torino, Italy33. David Fiore, Logos Forensics Club, Senior Software Engineer, New York, New York, U.S.A. 34. Viv Forbes, Chairman, Carbon Sense Coalition, Sheep and Cattle Grazier, Soil Scientist and Mining Consultant, Rosewood, Queensland, Australia35. Michael R. Fox, PhD, Nuclear Scientist (retired), consultant, member (American Nuclear Society, Health Physics Society, and the Radiochemistry Society), Richland, Washington, U.S.A. 36. Peter Friedman, PhD, Member, American Geophysical Union, Assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 37. Edgar Gärtner, Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies (DEA, en Ecologie appliquée, Redaktionsbüro), Frankfurt am Main, Germany38. William Gilles, BS (Management of Information Sciences), MBA, National Director, Collegians For A Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT), St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.39. Tom W. Glaser, BA, MA (U.S. History, Florida International University), Master of International Management (American Graduate School of International Management), Social Studies Teacher, (Hialeah-Miami Lakes Senior High School, Miami-Dade County Public Schools), Adjunct Professor, Nova Southeastern University, Oakland Park, Florida, U.S.A.40. Fred Goldberg, PhD, Adj Professor, Royal Institute of Technology (Mechanical Engineering), Secretary General KTH International Climate Seminar 2006 and Climate analyst, Stockholm, Sweden41. Stanley B. Goldenberg, Research Meteorologist, NOAA, AOML/Hurricane Research Division, Miami, Florida, U.S.A.42. Alan M. Gottlieb, BS (Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee), President, Center for the Defense of Free Enterprise, Bellevue, Washington, U.S.A.43. Allan Gotthelf, PhD, Visiting Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.44. Vincent Gray, PhD, New Zealand Climate Coalition, expert reviewer for the IPCC, author of The Greenhouse Delusion: A Critique of Climate Change 2001, Wellington, New Zealand45. William M. Gray, PhD, Professor Emeritus (Dept. of Atmospheric Science), Colorado State University, Head of the Tropical Meteorology Project, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. 46. Kesten C. Green, PhD, Business and Economic Forecasting Unit, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

47. Kirtland C. Griffin, Quality Engineer, Guilford, Connecticut, U.S.A.48. Kenneth Haapala, MS (Economics), Economic Modeling, Energy Economics, (Self Employed), Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.A.49. Lars B. Hagen, BSME, MSEE, Engineer (retired, large computing systems development engineer), educator, math and science courses, Moneta, Virginia, U.S.A. 50. David Hann, State Senator, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, U.S.A.51. Tom Harris, B. Eng., M. Eng. (Mech.), Executive Director, International Climate Science Coalition, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada52. Howard Hayden, PhD, Emeritus Professor (Physics), University of Connecticut, The Energy Advocate, Pueblo West, Colorado, U.S.A.53. Laurence Hecht, BS, Dipl (Universal Ecological Academy, Moscow), Editor-in-Chief, 21st Century Science & Technology Magazine, Leesburg, Virginia, U.S.A. 54. Peter M. Holle, MBAdmin (University of Wisconsin at Madison), President, Frontier Center for Public Policy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 55. Art Horn, Meteorologist (honors, Lyndon State College, Lyndonville, Vermont), operator, The Art of Weather, operator, The Art of Weather, U.S.A. 56. Craig D. Idso, PhD, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.57. Andrei Illarionov, PhD, Senior Fellow, Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity, U.S.A., founder and director of the Institute of Economic Analysis, Russia58. Don Irvine, Chairman, Accuracy In Media, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.59. Zbigniew Jaworowski, PhD, physicist, Senior Science Advisor of the Scientific Council of Central Laboratory for Radiological Protection, Warsaw, Poland60. Kelvin Kemm, MSc, PhD (Nuclear Physics), Business Strategy Consultant and Nuclear Power policy developer, CEO, Stratek Business Strategy Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa61. Madhav L. Khandekar, PhD, consultant meteorologist, (former) Research Scientist, Environment Canada, Editor "Climate Research” (03-05), Editorial Board Member "Natural Hazards, IPCC Expert Reviewer 2007, Unionville, Ontario, Canada62. William Kininmonth MSc, MAdmin, former head of Australia’s National Climate Centre and a consultant to the World Meteorological organization’s Commission for Climatology, Kew, Victoria, Australia63. Theodore J. Kowalyshyn, MD (Hahnemann University, Philadelphia), B.Sc. (Mining Engineering), semi-retired physician

working in internal medicine and formerly in hematology and oncology, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.64. Martin Krause, PhD (economics, ESEADE Graduate School), Buenos Aires, Argentina65. Hans H.J. Labohm, PhD, economist, former advisor to the executive board, Clingendael Institute (The Netherlands Institute of International Relations), Leimuiden, The Netherlands66. George Landrith, LLB, adjunct professor at the George Mason School of Law, President, Frontiers of Freedom Institute (FF.org), Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.A.67. Brian Lavelle, Attorney (University of Virginia School of Law), The Van Winkle Law Firm, Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.A.68. Simon Lee, The Lion Rock Institute, Hong Kong, China69. David R. Legates, PhD, Director, Center for Climatic Research, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A.70. Jay Lehr, BEng (Princeton), PhD (environmental science and ground water hydrology), Science Director, The Heartland Institute, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.71. John Liljegren, Law Degree, JD (University of California, Berkeley), Chief Operating Officer, Mastery Learning Institute (network of Arthur Academy Charter Schools), Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.72. Floy Lilley, BS, JD, Adjunct Faculty, Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, Alabama, U.S.A. 73. Michael Limburg, Engineer, deputy press-speaker of Europäisches Institut für Klima & Energie (EIKE - European Institute for Climate & Energy), Groß Glienicke, Germany74. Bob Long, B.E. (Electrical, University of Queensland), Diploma of Computer Science, Electrical Engineer; Computer Scientist, author of the 1988 booklet "Greenhouse Hokum", Brisbane, Queensland, Australia75. Howard Maccabee, PhD, MD, President, Doctors for Disaster Preparedness, Alamo, California, U.S.A. 76. Jennifer Marohasy, BSc, PhD, Biologist, Writer, Senior Fellow, Institute of Public Affairs, Director, Australian Environment Foundation, Sydney, Australia 77. Jim Martin, President of 60 Plus Association, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A.78. Ian C. McClintok, New South Wales Farmers Association, New South Wales, Australia79. Owen McShane, Resource Economist, Centre for Resource Management Studies, New Zealand; policy panel of the New Zealand Climate Science Coalition80. Amos Meyer, Theoretical Physics, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Modeling, Chief Scientist, Westport, Connecticut, U.S.A.

81. Steven J. Milloy, BA (Natural Sciences, Johns Hopkins University), Master of Health Sciences (Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health), Juris Doctorate (University of Baltimore), Master of Laws (Georgetown University Law Center), Portfolio Manager, Free Enterprise Action Fund, Founder and Publisher, JunkScience.com, Potomac, Maryland, U.S.A. 82. Ferenc Mark Miskolczi, PhD, atmospheric physicist, formerly of NASA's Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, U.S.A.83. Christopher Monckton, Viscount of Brenchley, Chief Policy Advisor, Science and Public Policy Institute, Quantification of Climate Sensitivity, Carie, Rannoch, Scotland84. Paul E. Morris, MD (retired), Oakland, California, U.S.A.85. Todd Nesbit, PhD (economics), Assistant Professor of Economics, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.86. Muriel Newman, Doctor of [Mathematics] Education (EdD, Rutgers University), BSc (Auckland, NZ), New Zealand Centre for Political Research, former Member of Parliament (NZ), WHANGAREI, New Zealand87. Marita Noon, Executive Director, Citizens' Alliance for Responsible Energy (CARE), Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.88. James J. O'Brien, PhD, Emeritus Professor, Meteorology and Oceanography, Florida State University, Florida, U.S.A.89. Alan P. Patarga, Secretary, Federazione Ambiente Agricoltura, Instituto Bruno Leoni, Italy90. R. Timothy Patterson, PhD, Professor & Director, Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Center, Department of Earth Sciences (paleoclimatology), Carleton University, Chair - International Climate Science Coalition, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada91. Faelton C. Perkins Jr., MA (Metallurgical Engineering), President (retired), The Henry Perkins Co,. A Meehanite Foundry, Bridgewater, Maryland, U.S.A.92. James Poesl, MS (Environmental Policy Studies), BS (Environmental Studies), Certificate (Environmental Management and Infrastructure), Senior Environmental Policy Analyst, Decisive Action LLC, Freehold, New Jersey, U.S.A.93. Belinda Rankin, Vice President of External Relations, Frontiers of Freedom Institute (FF.org), Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.A.94. Malcolm Roberts, BE (U of Qld), MBA (U of Chicago), Chartered Engineer (UK); Fellow AICD, Fellow ASQ, Director, IMC - International Montessori Council, U.S.A.; Director - Catalyst For Corporate Performance Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Australia

95. Craig Rucker, MPA, Executive Director and environmental policy expert, Committee For A Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT), Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A.96. James Rust, PhD (Nuclear Engineering, Purdue University), MEng (Nuclear, MIT), BSc (Chemical, Purdue), Retired professor, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A97. Ronald J. Rychlak, JD, Professor of Law and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, University of Mississippi School of Law, Oxford, Mississippi, U.S.A.98. Paul Saunders, MS (Chemical Engineering, Lehigh University), BS (University of Massachusetts), Semiconductor & Opto-electronic Device Manufacturing, Retired Senior Engineer (Process, Quality Control & Calibration), AT&T-Western Electric, Lucent Technologies, Agere Systems, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.99. Richard A. Schulman, M.A. (Columbia University), M.A. (New York University), Retired technology consultant, New York, U.S.A. 100. Peter K. Seldin, New Canaan, Connecticut, USA101. S. Fred Singer, PhD, Professor Emeritus (Environmental Sciences), University of Virginia, former director, U.S. Weather Satellite Service, Science and Environmental Policy Project, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A. 102. Douglas Southgate, PhD, Professor of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.103. Roy W. Spencer, PhD, climatologist, Principal Research Scientist, Earth System Science Center, The University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A.104. Paul Spite, BAgrig, BSc (Environmental Design, Ball State University, Muncie), President, AFD Consulting (full service architectural firm), Cookeville, Tennessee, U.S.A. 105. Carlo Stagnaro, Eng, Director, Department Energy and Environment (environment/energy economics), Istituto Bruno Leoni, Torino, Italy106. Wojciech J. Szalecki, PhD (Organic Chemistry), senior scientist, formerly University of Lodz, Poland, and University of Colorado, now in Eugene, Oregon, U.S.A.107. Mitchell Taylor, PhD, Biologist (Polar Bear Specialist), Wildlife Research Section, Department of Environment, Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada 108. George H. Taylor, Certified Consulting Meteorologist, Former State Climatologist (Oregon), Past President, American Association of State Climatologists, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.

109. Ms. Maggie Thauerskold, economist, freelance writer, Helsingborg, Sweden110. Holger Thuss, PhD (history), CFACT, Jena, Germany111. Margaret Tse, PhD, CEO, Instituto Liberdade (Brazialian 'Think Tank'), Porto Alegre RS, Brazil112. Anthony Watts, ItWorks/IntelliWeather, Founder, surfacestation s.org, Chico, California, U.S.A.113. Gerd-Rainer Weber, PhD, Consulting Meteorologist, Essen, Germany114. Steven J. Welcenbach, BS (Chemistry, University of Wisconsin), Chemist, Environmental and Waste Project, Owner and President, Alchemical Ventures, Inc, majority owner and President, Third Coast Courier Inc, Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

QUALIFIED ENDORSERS NOT AT CONFERENCE

The following individuals, all well-trained in science and technology or climate change-related economics and policy, have allowed their names to be listed as endorsing the Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change:

1. Bernard Abrams, MA (Natural Sciences, University of Cambridge), Cheltenham, United Kingdom2. Amesh A. Adalja, MD, Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Butler, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 3. Hal Adams, MSc (Geophysics, University of Kentucky), 33 years geophysicist, Katy, Texas, U.S.A.4. Larry D. Agenbroad, Emeritus Professor of Geology & Quaternary Studies, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.A., Director, Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, Hot Springs, South Dakota, U.S.A.5. Göran Ahlgren, PhD (Organic Chemistry), Consultant, CEO, Stockholm, Sweden6. Don Aitkin, PhD, Professor, social scientist, retired Vice-Chancellor and President, University of Canberra, now residing in Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory, Australia7. Syun-Ichi Akasofu, PhD, Professor of Physics, Emeritus and Founding Director, International Arctic Research Center of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A.8. Bruce Alexander, BSc (Geology, University of Alberta), geology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada9. William J. R. Alexander PrEng, Professor Emeritus, Department of Civil and Biosystems Engineering, University of Pretoria, Honorary Fellow, South African Institution of Civil Engineering, South Africa

10. Derek Alker, BA (Hons. Geography), Quality Assurance, Manchester, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom11. Jim Allard, MS (Electrical Engineering, Audio Signal Processing), CEO, Allard Designs Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.12. Donald Anderson, PhD, Physical Chemist, Manager, Software North LLC, Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.A.13. Sheal L. Anderson, BS (Forest Mgt., Washington State University), MBA (Forest Industries Mgt., University of Oregon), Forest & Wood Products Management, Anderson & Associates, Inc., Consulting Forester, retired, Port Ludlow, Washington, U.S.A.14. Bjarne Andresen, PhD, physicist, Professor, The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark15. Lance Appleby, Dipl. (Computer Science), Software Development Consultant, previously Environment Canada (EC) Upper Air Technician and Surface Observer in the High Arctic, now an EC volunteer climate recorder, Okotoks, Alberta, Canada16. Mike Arthur, B.Sc. (Geology), M.Sc., D.I.C. Geophysics, M.Sc. (Reservoir Evaluation & Management (Petroleum Geoengineering)), Geophysicist, Dalgety Bay, Dunfermline, Fife, U.K.17. David Atlan, PhD, CEO, PhenoSystems, Molecular Genetics Software, Brussels, Belgium18. Robert Austin, BSc, Professional Engineer, Owner - Austin Engineering, London, Ontario, Canada19. Hartmut Bachman, author ("The lie of the climate catastrophe – Manipulated angst as device for control”, ISBN 978-3-8280-2604-9), Hamburg, Germany 20. Roger Baekeland, BSc.Eng. (Geology, University of Manitoba), Member of Friends of Science, Calgary, Alberta, Canada21. Daniel Baker, BS (Computer Science), Telecommunications Tech, NOC Level 2, Otelco, Bangor, Maine, U.S.A.22. John W. Bales, BA, MA, PhD (Mathematics, Modeling), Professor, Tuskegee University, Waverly, Alabama, U.S.A.23. Eugene Balfour, BSc (Kinesiology), IT Personnel Recruiter, Senior Recruiter, Asset Computer Personnel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada24. Peter Ballantyne, PhD (Engineering, Electronics, University of Cambridge); VP R&D, Bell Laboratories (retired), Leamington Spa, United Kingdom25. Gregory J. Balle, B.E., MSc., PhD (Joint Aerospace Engineering and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics), Pukekohe, New Zealand26. Kent Barker, BSC (Mechanical Engineering), Product Design & Development, Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.A.

27. John Barnard, PhD (Physics), Health Physics, Radiation Protection, Director Research & Technology, Acsion Industries, Pinawa, Manitoba, Canada28. Keith Barnes, MS (Physics), Aerospace, Sr. Technical Specialist, Northfield, Minnesota, U.S.A.29. David L. Barss BSc (Hon. Geology), Professional Geologist (APEGGA), Calgary, Alberta, Canada30. Romuald Bartnik, PhD (Organic Chemistry), Professor Emeritus, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland31. Colin Barton, PhD (Earth Science), former Principal Research Scientist, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Melbourne, Australia32. Don Basso, BSc (Geology), Calgary, Alberta, Canada33. Joe Bastardi, BSc, (Meteorology, Pennsylvania State), meteorologist, State College, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.34. Matthew Bastardi, BSc (Meteorology, Texas A and M University), Florida, U.S.A.35. Steve Bauke, BSc (Geology), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada36. Gerald Bayne, BA, BEng, Aircraft servo mechanics and electronics, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland37. John Stanley Beard, MA., BSc, D.Phil (Oxon), Australia38. Ernst-Georg Beck, Dipl. Biol., Biologist, Dept. Biotechnology and Nutrition Science, Merian-Schule, Freiburg, Germany39. Gary Beckstrom, BS (Physics, Utah State University 1989), Research and Health Physics, United States Navy, Ridgecrest, California, U.S.A.40. Pieter I. Bekker, BSc (agriculture), BSc Hon, MSc, PhD, Research and Development, Director (retired), South Africa41. Donald L. Bell, PE, BS (Engineering Technology, Murray State University), Chief Engineer, KenAmerican Resources, Inc., Central City, Kentucky, U.S.A.42. Trent Bell, MSc, Science Teacher, West Hill Secondary School, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada43. David Bellamy, OBE, English botanist, author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner, Hon. Professor of Botany (Geography), University of Nottingham, Hon. Prof. Faculty of Engineering and Physical Systems, Central Queensland University, Hon. Prof. of Adult and Continuing Education, University of Durham, United Nations Environment Program Global 500 Award Winner, Dutch Order of The Golden Ark, Bishop Auckland County, Durham, U.K.44. Desmond Benfield, C.Chem, MRSC, retired, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

45. William R. Bennett, BS, MS, M (AAM), Ms (AAM), Director for The Kentucky Science Teachers' Association, Professor of Chemistry and Microbiology, St, Catherine College and The University of Kentucky, St. Catherine, Kentucky, U.S.A.46. Walter Benstead, BS (Honors Geology), Geoscientist, Professional consultant, Benstead Geological Services Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada47. Dingo Bernatchez, CO2 Emission Control, Huntingdon Institute for Global Dynamics, Huntington, Quebec, Canada48. Andre Bernier, Meteorologist, WJW-TV, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.49. Sally Bernier, Meteorologist, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.50. Edwin Berry, PhD (Atmospheric Physics, University of Nevada), Climate Physics, LLC, Bigfork, Montanna, U.S.A.51. Jennifer Christine Bevan, Geologist and university science museum senior curator, Perth, Australia 52. Glenn C. Van Bever, Esq., BS (Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky), BS (Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky), Doctorate of Juris (University of Kentucky), General Counsel, Murray Energy Corporation and Subsidiary Companies, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.53. M.I. Bhat, Professor (Tectonics, Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Kashmir), Sprinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India54. Peter V. Bias, PhD (Economics), economics and applied statistics, Professor of Economics, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, Florida, U.S.A.55. Michael Biggs, BSc (Honours), retired, Chesterfield, Berbyshire, United Kingdom56. Paul Biggs, BSc (Hons. Biological Sciences), CR United Kingdom Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom57. Henry Blanter, BEng (Elect), Master degree (Control), Energy Management, Oztech Intelligent Systems p/l, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia58. John Blanton, MSEE, Electrical Engineer, Senior Engineer, Motorola, Santa Clara, California, U.S.A.59. Tom Blanton, PhD, Tectonophysics, Consultant, Blanton Associates, Larkspur, Colorado, U.S.A.60. John Blaylock, Computer Scientist, Computer Simulations, (retired), Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.A.61. John Blethen, PhD (Physics) , Nuclear Physicist, Ely, Nevada, U.S.A.62. Frederick Bobiasz, B.Eng., LLB, LLM, Law, retired, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

63. Ian Bock, BSc, PhD, DSc, Biological sciences (retired), Ringkobing, Denmark64. Sonja A. Boehmer-Christiansen, PhD, Reader, Dept. of Geography, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom65. Scott Boman, B.Sc., MA (Physics, Western Michigan University), Professor, Macomb Community College and Wayne Community College District, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A.66. Frederick Bopp, PhD (Geology), Environmental Consulting, Owner, Earth Quest, Downingtown, Pennsylvania. U.S.A.67. Bruce Borders, PhD, Forest Biometrics, Professor, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.68. Christoph C. Borel, PhD, Electrical & Computer Engineer, Callaway, Ohio, U.S.A.69. Clyde I. Borrell, PE, BS (Civil Engineering, University of Colorado); Manager of Engineering, The Ohio Valley Coal Company, Alledonia, Ohio, U.S.A.70. Lynne Bourque, BA (Environmental Science), MS (Engineering, Environmental Studies), Littleton, Massachusetts, U.S.A.71. Stephen Bourque, BSEE, MSEE; Senior Electrical Engineer, Object Engineering, Littleton, Massachusetts, U.S.A.72. Albert Boykiw, M.B.A., P.ENG, Energy Specialist, President, Boykiw & Company, Alberta, Canada73. Charles Bradley, BS (Math, Physics), MSCS, MBA, retired software engineer, Acton, Massachusettes, U.S.A.74. John Brand, MS (IST), Information Technology, ISSE, George Washington University, Ashburn, Virginia, U.S.A.75. Jim Brasher, MS (Geology, Texas A&M), Member of AAPG, Technical Lead for Middle East/North Africa Business Development for ConocoPhillips, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.76. Ian Brasslett, BS (Physics), Telecommunications, Network Operations, University of Maine, Bangor, U.S.A.77. Phillip Bratby, BSc, PhD, Energy consultancy, Tiverton, Devon, England, United Kingdom78. James Brennand, MIEEE, Electrical Engineering, Ex Electrical Manager, IPSCO, retired, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada79. Bill Brent, BSc (Electrical Engineering), Technical Writer, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.80. John Brignell, BSc (Eng.), PhD, Professor Emeritus of Industrial Instrumentation, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

81. John Brodie, BASc., MASc. (Metallurgical), P.Eng., Director Environmental Affairs, British Columbia Railway Co., Surrey, BC, Canada82. James Brooks, BS, PhD, Geophysics, Adelaide, Australia83. John W. Brosnahan, Vanderpool, Texas, U.S.A., Research Physicist (Atmospheric Remote Sensing), atmospheric science consultant, founder of Signal Hill Research, LLC., former President of Alpha/Power, Inc., founder of LaSalle Research Inc., founder of Tycho Technology Inc.84. Atholl Sutherland Brown, PhD (Geology, Princeton University), Regional geology, tectonics and mineral deposits, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada85. Douglas Alan Brown, PE (Engineering and Management), Douglas A Brown Consultants, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.86. Terry Brown, BSc, Chemical Engineering, partner, ParCon Consulting, Marblehead, Maryland, U.S.A.87. Reid A. Bryson, Ph.D., D.Sc., D.Engr., Senior Scientist, Center for Climatic Research Emeritus Prof. of Meteorology, of Geography, and of Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.88. James Buckee, PhD (astrophysics), Calgary, Alberta, Canada89. Dave Bufalo, Professional Engineer (Civil Engineering, retired), Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.90. Bruce Bullough, BS (Chemical Engineering), chemical process design, pollution controls systems design, Cottage Grove, Minnesota, U.S.A.91. Ronald L. Burdette, BS (Mining Engineering, West Virginia University), Manager of Engineering and Chief Engineer, American Energy Corporation, Beallsville, Ohio, U.S.A.92. Frank Bures, Professional Engineer - Electronics, High Power Computing, Supercomputing, Manager, Electronics & Computing Facility, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada93. Tony Burns, BE Chem Eng (Hon 1), PhD Chem Eng (Gas Diffusion), Q-Skills, U.S.A.94. Roger Burtner, PhD (Harvard University), MS (Stanford University), Former National Science Foundation Fellow, Fellow Geological Society of America, research geologist/geochemist, Consulting geologist, former research scientist, Chevron Oil Field Research Co, R. L. Burtner & Associates, Fullerton, California, U.S.A.95. Everett Burts, PhD (Biological Science), Insect pest management, Professor (retired), Washington State University, Wenatchee, Washington, U.S.A.

96. Thomas P. Byrne, Ph.D., Engineering, Investment, retired, Toronto, Ontario, Canada97. Fred V. Byther, B.S. (Geology), Vice President of Exploration and a co-founder of Oracle Resources Ltd, Dallas, Texas98. Patrick D. Caldwell, MS, geology, writer, Quailwood Associates, Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.A.99. Jorge Calvache, M.Sc. (Geosciences), Houston, TX, U.S.A.100. Thomas Calvert, B.Sc. (Mech Eng.), P. Eng., retired, Oakville, Ontario, Canada101. Mark Campbell, PhD (Chemical Physics, Johns Hopkins University, 1987), gas phase kinetics, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A.102. Nels Carlson, P.Geol., CEO Energy Venture Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada103. Jeff H. Carlton, BS (Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology); Manager, Longwall Equipment, American Energy Corporation, Beallsville, Ohio, U.S.A.104. Craig Carmichael, B.Sc., D.C., Internet Provider, Owner, silonet.ca, Port Hope, Ontario, Canada105. David Carr, BSc (Electrical Engineering), Bristol, United Kingdom106. Dan Carruthers, M.Sc., wildlife biology consultant specializing in animal ecology in Arctic and Subarctic regions, Alberta, Canada107. Seymour Caruthers, Engineer, Nuclear Science, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada108. Richard Ceen, BS (Electronic Engineering), BS (Physical Oceanography), FIMarEST, MIET, Marine Engineering, Liquid Gas Transportation, Technical Director, Seatechnik Ltd., Hawarden, United Kingdom109. David Chabot, Software Engineer, Québec, Québec, Canada110. John Chapman, BSc, FCIM, P.Eng, Geology and Mining, Business Principal, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada111. Alan Cheetham, M.A.Sc., Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.112. Peter Cherniavsky, BEng (Mechanical, UBC), past President and Chairman, BC Sugar Refining Co., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada113. Michael N. Chernoff, P. Geol. (Alberta) and a P.Eng. (BC), 50 years working geologist, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada114. George V. Chilingar, PhD, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.115. Dr. Toma Christian, PhD, Physicist (retired), Essen, Germany116. Jens Ole Christiansen, Diplom Engeneer, Strategic planning, Bankdata, Fredericia, Denmark

117. Ian D. Clark, PhD, Professor (isotope hydrogeology and paleoclimatology), Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada118. James Clarke, BS (Meteorology), TV-Meteorologist, WZVN-TV, Ft. Myers, Florida, U.S.A.119. Robert Clay, BS (Earth Sciences/Geology), Natural Gas Exploration, Penn State University, West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.120. Charles A. Clough, BS (Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology), MS (Atmospheric Science, Texas Tech University), former (to 2006) Chief of the US Army Atmospheric Effects Team at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland; now residing in Bel Air, Maryland, U.S.A.121. Michael Clover, PhD (experimental nuclear physics); Computer Simulation, Senior Scientist, Science Applications International Corp., San Diego, California, U.S.A.122. Kevin R. Coffman, BS (Geology), Geologist, Vice-President Exploration, Protégé Energy, LLC E&P Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.A.123. Jeremy Colman, BS, PhD, Perth, Western Australia124. Martin Coniglio, Meteorologist, KUSA-TV, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.125. Jeremy Cooke, BSc, MSc, MBA, Internet Technology, Dublin, Ireland126. Denis Cooper, BSc. Dphil, Chemistry, Maidenhead, Berkshire, United Kingdom127. Ted Cooper, B.A. (Geology,), M.B.A., retired, Powell River, British Colombia, Canada128. Paul Copper, BSc, MSc, PhD, DIC, FRSC, Professor Emeritus, Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, Canada129. Allan Cortese, meteorological researcher and spotter for the National Weather Service, retired computer professional, Billerica, Massachusetts, U.S.A.130. Gerry Crawford, PhD (Engineering), P.Eng., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada131. William Crawford, B.Sc. P.Eng., Metallurgical Engineering, retired, Cobourg, Ontario, Canada132. Susan Crockford, PhD (Zoology/Evolutionary Biology/Archaeozoology), Adjunct Professor (Anthropology/Faculty of Graduate Studies), University of Victoria, Victoria, British Colombia, Canada133. Edmund M. Cudworth, MBA, MS (Physics), electrochemistry, CEO, Electrolytic Technologies Corp, Miami, Florida, U.S.A.

134. Claude Culross, PhD (Organic Chemistry), retired, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.135. Lester Currie, MSc (Geology), retired, Pender Island, British Columbia, Canada136. Dalcio K. Dacol, PhD (physics, University of California at Berkeley), physicist at the US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.137. Dave Dahl, BSc (Meteorology, Florida State University), Chief Meteorologist, 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS/KSTP-TV, Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.138. Richard Dale, MA (Cantab), Natural Sciences (Geology), St Columb Major, Cornwall, United Kingdom139. Ronald Arthur Davidson, BSc, MD, MPH, ABPM (AM), CD, National Security Infrastructure Partnership, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada140. Tom Davidson, PhD ABD (Chemical Physics), Hazardous Materials, Chemist, Defense Logistics Agency, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.141. Terry Davis, BSc, MComm, Sydney, Australia142. José Carlos de Almeida Azevedo, PhD (Physics, MIT), Consulting, former President, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil143. Willem De Lange, PhD, MSc(Hons), Dphil (Computer and Earth Sciences), Senior Lecturer in Earth and Ocean Sciences, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand144. John Daniel Defoe, BA (Physical Geography, Sunny, Buffalo), Electrical Engineer, Lexmark, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.145. David C. DeGagne, BSc, C.E.T, Vice President Corporate Development, Noise Solutions Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada146. James DeMeo, Ph.D. (University of Kansas, Geography, Climate, Environmental Science), retired University Professor, now in Private Research, Ashland, Oregon, U.S.A.147. David Deming, PhD (Geophysics), Associate Professor, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A.148. Paolo DePetrillo, MD, BS (Biology), MD, Private equity, General Partner, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.149. Roger Dewhurst, M.App.Sc, Environmental Geology, Geologist, Auckland, New Zealand150. Robin Dobos, PhD, Animal Science, modelling, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia151. Drew Dodd, BS (Mechanical Engineering), Manager, Process Research and Development, Corning, Inc., Hickory, North Carolina, U.S.A.152. Charles Dougherty, B. Eng. (Mechanical Engineering - South Dakota School of Mines and Technology), Engineering Manager

(retired), E I DuPont DeNemours and Co Inc, Pennsylvania, currently residing in Garnet Valley, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 153. Floyd Doughty, MS (University of Florida), Houston, Texas, U.S.A.154. Jonathan Drake, BSc (Hons. Physics), Geological Exploration Instrumentation, Senior Electronics Physicist, Loughborough, United Kingdom155. Alan Drew, PhD (Physics), Leverhulme Fellow in Molecular and Materials Physics, University of London, London, United Kingdom156. Seymour Dubroff, Doctor of Medicine (retired), Chevy Chase, Maryland, U.S.A.157. Mark Duchamp, Renewable Energy Manager, Iberica 2000, Partida La Sella, Spain158. Geoffrey Duffy, DEng, PhD, BSc, ASTC Dip, Professor of Chemical Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand159. Jonathan DuHamel, BS (Geological Engineering) MS (Geology), Mineral Exploration & Development, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.160. Michael Dunn, BS, MS, MAA (aeronautics & astronautics), defense industry, system engineer, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.161. Robert Durrenberger, PhD, former Arizona State Climatologist and President of the American Association of State Climatologists, Professor Emeritus of Geography, Arizona State University; Sun City, Arizona, U.S.A.. 162. Freeman J. Dyson, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.A.163. Don J. Easterbrook, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, U.S.A.164. Roderick Eaton, MBA, DMS, FIET (UK), Consultant Energy Industry Analyst, Fellow of the Institute of Engineering & Technology, Melksham, Wiltshire, United Kingdom165. Timothy J. Eddy, BS (Electrical Engineering Technology, Fairmont State College), Mine Manager and Superintendent, American Energy Corporation, Beallsville, Ohio, U.S.A.166. Geoffrey Edwards, BSc Hons, Retired, Bromsgrove, United Kingdom167. Theo Eichten, PhD; Managing Director, Yoshihiro Tsunemi, Ismaning, Munich, Germany 168. John Elliot, BSc (Chemistry and Geology), M Sc (Geology, University of Auckland), Diploma in Geoscience (mineral economics, Macquarie University, NSW), Anzeco Pty. Limited, mineral exploration consulting services, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia

169. Lance Endersbee (deceased, October 1, 2009) , AO, Emeritus Professor, former Dean of Engineering and Pro-Vice Chancellor of Monasy University, Past President - Engineers Australia, Frankston, Victoria, Australia170. Per Engene, PhD, Biologist, Valenvegen, Norway171. Todd Erickson, BS (Computer Science), Software Systems Consulting, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.172. Robert H. Essenhigh, PhD, E.G. Bailey Professor of Energy Conversion, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.173. David Evans, PhD (EE), MSc (Stat), MSc (EE), MA (Math), BE (EE), BSc, mathematician, carbon accountant, computer and electrical engineer and head of 'Science Speak', Perth, Western Australia, Australia174. Gordon Evans, BS (Meteorology, Texas A&M University), MS (Soil Science, Texas A&M University), 30 yrs as environmental consultant on natural earth systems and processes and industrial pollution, including management of several advanced atmospheric modeling and measurement projects, Environmental Manager, The Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas, U.S.A.175. Thomas Arnold Percy Eyre, CD, MSc, NavE, MCSSE, PEng, Consulting Engineer, Climatology, The P Sub H Systems Group of Companies, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada176. Gerald D. Fankhauser, AS (Electronic Technology), BS (Engineering Technology, Franklin University), Chief Electrical Engineer, The Ohio Valley Coal Company, Alledonia, Ohio, U.S.A.177. Oscar Fann, College Degree, Media (television), Chief Meteorologist, WTVY-TV (CBS), Dothan, Alabama, U.S.A.178. Donald W. Farley, P.Eng, M.Eng. (Water Resources Engineering & Hydrology), Gatineau, Quebec, Canada179. Michael Farris, BS (Mechanical Engineering), Mechanical Integrity of Pressure Equipment, McNeese State University, The Woodlands, Texas, U.S.A.180. Julie Fasano, Professor, Anatomy & Physiology and Biology, Germanna Community College, Fredericksburg, Virginia, U.S.A.181. Christopher K. Fay, DPhil (Oxford), Information Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia182. John Ferguson, BSc, PhD. ARCST, DipHE, Ceng, Computer Control Systems & Mathematical Modelling (retired), Berwick, United Kingdom183. Tammy Ferguson, PhD (Microbiology/Immunology), Molecular Biology, Danville, Virginia, U.S.A.184. Bob Fernley, HNC Engineering (Mechanical and Production), Mechanical Engineering, retired, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

185. Eduardo Ferreyra, Founder, Climate Researcher and Web Master - Argentinean Foundation for a Scientific Ecology, Córdoba, Argentina186. Karel Ferus, BSc, Market Research, VP Information Technology, Matrix Research Limited, Toronto, Ontario, Canada187. Charles Festel, BS, Web Program Manager, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Research and Development, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 188. David Fieghen, Professional Engineer, Independent Program Consultant, Toronto, Ontario, Canada189. Tony Finn, BSc ,PhD, Chemistry Research and Development, CEO (commercial organization), Sunderland, Tyne & Wear, United Kingdom190. David John Finney, BTech, MRSC, C Chemistry, Food Technologist & Ice Chemist, Unilever PLC Senior Scientist (retired), Tauranga, New Zealand191. Robin Flockton, President SD&G Certified Forest Owners Inc. and Glengarry Public Affairs Forum, Apple Hill, Ontario, Canada192. Arthur Lloyd Flood, BSc (Geological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan), Director and Treasurer, Friends of Science, Director, Owner CEL (an international private exploration company), Calgary, Alberta, Canada193. Charles Folland, BSc, Soil Scientist, Abbotsham, Bideford, Devon, United Kingdom194. Gordon Ford, BSc, PEng, Natural Resources, Mining (retired), Salt Spring Island, Britixh Columbia, Canada195. John R. Forrelli, B. Eng. (mining engineering, West Virginia University), Vice President, Engineering, The Ohio Valley Coal Company, Alledonia, Ohio, U.S.A.196. Derek Foster, BS, Technical Publications, retired, Nottingham, United Kingdom197. Robert Jacomb Foster, BE (Adelaide University), palaeoclimatologist and energy economist, Director Lavoisier Group; past Councillor Royal Society of Victoria and Victorian Institute of Marine Science, Melbourne, Australia198. Louis Fowler, BS (Mathematics), MA (Physics), 33 years in environmental measurements (Ambient Air Quality Measurements), Austin, Texas, U.S.A.199. Frans Franken, MSc, Mechanical Engineering, Turbines, Energy, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands200. Stephen Frazier, PhD (Chemistry), General Chemistry, Technical Director, TekQuest Industries, Sanford, Florida, U.S.A.201. Peter Freeburg, BS (Mechanical/Ocean Engineering, graduate study in turbulence modeling), Project Manager, North Kingstown, Rhode Island, U.S.A.

202. George Freedman, Doctorate, Dentistry, Professor, Toronto, Ontario, Canada203. James Freeman, BSc (Operations Research and Computer Analysis), Pilot, Pensacola, Florida, U.S.A.204. John A. Freeman, Jr., Medical Doctor, Radiology, Private Practice, Venice, Florida, U.S.A.205. Norm Froman, BS (Geology), MS (Geostatics), President – Geotechnologies Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.206. Stan Frost, BSc (Engineering Physics), Radiation & Environmental Protection, Safety, Former VP, Environment & Safety, Cameco Corp.; Current chairman - Saskatchewan Radiation Health & Safety Committee, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada207. Gordon Fulks, PhD (Physics, University of Chicago), cosmic radiation, solar wind, electromagnetic and geophysical phenomena, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.208. Kenton Fuller, BS, M.EngSc (Environmental Engineering), MRACI (Member The Royal Australian Chemical Institute Inc.), Chartered Chemist, Chemical Industry Assoc, CEO, retired, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia209. Brian Gallagher, Engineer, MBA, Consultant, Pointe Claire, Québec, Canada210. Maureen T. Gallagher, PhD, (Geology, Micropaleontology), Consultant, Calgary, Alberta, Canada211. Michel Ganivet, PhD, Energy, Vice Président, Société Française D'énergie Nucléaire, Aix en Provence, France 212. Rigoberto Garcia, MC, Climate Change and Urban Sustainability, Doctorate Student, El Colegio de México, México City, DF, México213. Marc Garrett, BS (Electrical Engineering), MBA, Computer Science, Qualtiy King, Bellport, New York, U.S.A.214. George Gaskin, BSc (Eng), retired, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada215. Roger F. Gay, MSBE (Master of Science in Bioengineering, Texas A&M University), Stockholm, Sweden (US citizen)216. Mr. Keith Gelling, PhD (Physics), Hong Kong, China217. Lee C. Gerhard, PhD, Senior Scientist Emeritus, University of Kansas, past director and state geologist, Kansas Geological Survey, U.S.A.218. Gerhard Gerlich, Professor, Dr. rer. nat. Dipl.Phys., Mathematical Physics, Universitätsprofessor a. D., Inst. f. Math. Physik der TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany219. David Ghen, MS/Physics/PSU, Underwater Acoustics, VP/Chief Scientist (retired), Analysis & Technology/Engineering Technology Center, Mystic, Connecticut, U.S.A.

220. Emma Gibbs, PhD, Neuroscientist, Director, International Climate Science Coalition, London, United Kingdom/New Zealand221. R. Perry Glaister, PhD (Geology, Northwestern University, Illinois), B.Sc. (Geology), Research Scientist (retired), Esso Resources Canada Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada222. Albrecht Glatzle, PhD, ScAgr, Agro-Biologist and Gerente ejecutivo, Tropical pasture research and land use management, INTTAS, Asunción, Paraguay223. Ken Godard, PhD (Chemical Engineer), retired, Calgary, Alberta, Canada224. Harry Goff, B.Sc. (Hons), MBA, Dip Ag, Grad Dip OSH, Environmental Manager, Perth, Western Australia, Australia225. Michael Goguen, Engineering Technology, RF & Fibre Optics Calibration, Senior Metrologist, Anritsu, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada226. Indur M. Goklany, PhD (Electrical Eng, Michigan State University), climate policy analyst, Vienna, Virginia, U.S.A. 227. Wayne Goodfellow, PhD (Earth Science), Ocean Evolution, Paleoenvironments, Adjunct Professor, Senior Research Scientist, University of Ottawa, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 228. Elizabeth Goodnough, BS, (Geological Engineering), Environmental Engineering, Director of Regulatory Affairs, Western Fuels-Wyoming, Inc., Gillette, Wyoming, U.S.A.229. Al Gordon, PEng, GR Petrology Consultants Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada230. Matt Gose, Geologist, Energy Exploration, VP Exploration, Retamco Operating, Red Lodge, Montana, U.S.A.231. Roger Graves, Ph.D. (Physics), Software development, President, Davion Systems Ltd, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada232. David Gray, PhD (Electrical Engineering, Stanford University), Electromagnetic Wave Transmission (in Atmosphere, and fiber), Assistant Professor Engineering, Messiah College, Grantham, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.233. Mark Gray, B.Sc. (University of Waterloo), Information Technology, President, Ethix Consulting Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada234. Thomas B. Gray, MS, Meteorology, retired, USAF, Yachats, Oregon, U.S.A.235. Wayne Greer, MD, STAEDTLER (NZ) LTD, Auckland, New Zealand236. Ken Gregory, P.Eng., BA (Applied Science - Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia), Calgary, Alberta, Canada237. Brad Griffeth, BS (Atmospheric Science), transportation forecasting, Grand Forks, North Dakota, U.S.A.

238. George E. Grimshaw, B. Eng. (mining engineering, Pennsylvania State University), Preparation Engineer, The Ohio Valley Coal Company, Alledonia, Ohio, U.S.A.239. Arne W. Gronhaug, Cand. Real (MSc equivalent, University of Oslo), consulting geologist (retired), Norwegian Road Research Laboratory, Oslo, Norway240. Christopher Gross, BA (Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics), Computer Technology and Meteorology, Data Center Administrator, West Babylon, New York, U.S.A.241. Luigi Guarino, MS (Aerospace Engineer), Singapore City, Singapore242. Trevor Gunter, BA, BSc, MEd (Information Technology), Grad. Dip Ed, Education, Network Manager, Denison College, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia243. Amlan Gupta, B. Eng. (Mech), MBA, President, CG2 NanoCoatings Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.244. Alois Haas, PhD, DSc., Professor Emeritus, nuclear chemistry, University of Zurich, President - Swiss Society Paracelsus, Switzerland 245. Luther Haave, BSc (Physics, University of Alberta), 40 years working in broadcast engineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada246. Magnus Hagelstam, Engineer, IT, Self-employed, Sjundea, Finland247. Robert Hagerty, PhD (University of California at Berkeley), Aerospace Engineering and Applied Physics, Reaction Engineering, Senior Engineering Associate, Major Chemical Company, La Porte, Texas, U.S.A.248. Kevin Haidl, BSc. (Chemistry, University of British Columbia), BA (Philosophy, University of British Columbia), software developer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada249. Dave Haisell, BSc, PAg, Education, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada250. Mark Hall, PhD, Engineer, Senior Mechanical Engineer, Midlothian, Texas, U.S.A.251. Matthew M. Hammer, Geophysicist, Corpus Christi, Texas, U.S.A.252. Charles Hammons, PhD (Applied Mathematics), systems/software engineering, modeling & simulation, design, Consultant, Coyle, Oklahoma, U.S.A.253. Chris Hanning, MD, Sleep Medicine, University of Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom254. Ted Hanbury, M.Eng., Nuclear Design, retired, Burlington, Ontario, Canada255. Alan Hannaford, Chartered Structural Engineer, Institution of Structural Engineers, Exeter, Devonshire, United Kingdom256. Douglas Hansen, BS (Geology), MS (Mining Eng.), Global Air Pollution, retired, Bellevue, Washington, U.S.A.

257. John Harper, BS (Chemical Engineering), Seal Beach, California, U.S.A.258. Raymond Harper, C.Eng, M.I.C.E., M.I.H.T., Local Authority, retired, Swindon, United Kingdom259. Robert Harrell, BS (Chemical Engineering), Environment Mgr, retired, GA. Institute of Technology, Brevard, North Carolina, U.S.A.260. Peter Harris, retired engineer, Eumundi, Queensland, Australia261. Ted Harris, B Eng. (Civil, McGill University, Montreal), retired, Ottawa, Canada262. James Harris, B.Sc. (Electrical Engineering), Video Specialist, Calgary, Alberta, Canada263. Ian Hart, Engineer, Lancashire, United Kingdom264. René Hartman, Bachelor in Electrics/Electronics, ICT, owner HAC-Maarssen, Maarssen, The Netherlands265. John Hathway, BS (Chem. Eng.), Oil & Gas, Chief Process Consultant, Inst. Of Chemical Engineers, Perth, Western Australia, Australia,266. Anthony Hawes, BSc (Agriculture), agriculture, Owner/Director Ag Biotech Australia P/L, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia267. Michael Haylen, BA, Masters (Environmental Studies), Environmental Earth Science, New South Wales, Australia268. Ross Hays, Atmospheric Scientist, NASA Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility, Palestine, Texas, U.S.A.269. David Heath, Master of Engineering, Consulting, President, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada270. D. Hebert, PhD, Faculty for Chemistry and Physics, Institut fur Angewandte Physik, Freiberg, Germany271. Wilfried Heck, Dipl. Ingenieur, Elektrotechnik, Darmstadt, Germany272. Roy A. Heidelbach, BS (Mining Engineering, West Virginia University); Assistant Vice President, Operations, The Ohio Valley Coal Company, Alledonia, Ohio, U.S.A.273. Werner Heilmann, PhD, Research and Development, Pharmaceutical Industry, Wuppertal, Germany274. Allen M. Heinrich, MS (Geology), Consultant, Petrolific Exploration, Castle Rock, Colorado, U.S.A.275. Kurt Helin, M.Sc., Engineering, Self-employed, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada276. Peter Heller, PhD (Astrophysics), Consultant, Lehrte, Niedersachsen, Germany,277. Roger Helmer, BA, MA (Mathematics, Cambridge University), MEP (British Conservative Member of the European Parliament (sits on the "Temporary Committee on Climate Change"), Brussels, Belgium

278. Roy Henriksen, BS (Natural Science, University of Minnesota), Science Teacher (retired), School District 59 Peace River South, Dawson Creek, British Columbia, Canada279. Svend-Erik Hendriksen, Nobel Peace Prize recipient 1988, Greenland Art Review (GLAR), weather observer (Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI)), Kangerlussuaq, Greenland280. Thomas Heuse, Geologist, Dr. rer. nat., Regional Geology, Research Assistant, Geological Survey of Thuringia, Jena/Weimar, Thuringia, Germany281. Malcolm Heymer, BS (Civil Engineering), MS (Transportation Engineering, Leeds University, England), Dereham, Norfolk, England, United Kingdom282. David W. Hibbs, BS (Mining Engineering), Master of Mining Engineering (University of Kentucky), Director, Engineering, Utah American Energy Inc., Price, Utah, U.S.A.283. Acle Hicks, BS, MS (Physics, University of California, Los Angeles), Laser Technology, Engineering Director, Coherent Laser, Inc, retired, Cupertino, California U.S.A.284. Hug Hienz, PhD, (Chemistry, University of Mainz, Germany), former Professor of Organic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Germany285. Charles Higley, PhD (Biochemistry), Science teacher, Wheeling, West Virginia, U.S.A.286. Paul B. Hill, BS (Civil Engineering, University of Illinois); President and Chief Executive Officer, Utah American Energy, Inc., Price, Utah, U.S.A.287. Dale Hill, MS (Nuclear Chemistry, OSU), Inertial Confinement Fusion, Scientist V, General Atomics, San Diego, California, U.S.A.288. Ian Hilliar, MB, BS, General Medicine, GP Sanctuary Point, New South Wales, Australia289. Ted Hinds, BS (Engineering Science), MS (Atmospheric Science), PhD (Physical Ecology, U. Washington, Seattle), Quantitative empirical analyses regarding climatological, meteorological, and ecological responses to environmental stresses, consultant for USA EPA research on global climate change program. Senior Research Scientist, retired, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, U.S.A.290. Edward L. Hinton, MSE (Master of Science in Engineering), software, Engineer, Manchester, New Hampshire, U.S.A.291. Louis Hissink M.Sc. M.A.I.G., Editor, AIG News and Consulting Geologist, Perth, Western Australia, Australia292. Mark Hladik, Geophysicist, Consultant, Casper, Wyoming, U.S.A.293. Jeffrey Hoback, BS (Mechanical Engineering), Information Technology, Engineer, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

294. James Hofmann, MD, BS (Biology), Anesthesiology, Assistant Professor, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.A.295. Geoffrey Holah, PhD (Physics, University of Reading), (retired), Formerly solid state physics, infrared physics and measurement of atmospheric temperature from satellites, (1967 to 1973). Reading University, Heriot-Watt University, Emory University, Georgia Tech. Northampton, Northamptonshire, United Kingdom296. Martin Hoppe, PhD (Chemistry), Fusion Energy Research, Scientist VII, General Atomics, San Diego, California, U.S.A.297. Jason Hoskin, BS (Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas), MS (Experimental and Molecular Pathology, University Southern California, Texas Tech University) Lubbock, Texas, U.S.A.298. Jonathan House, BSc (Computer Science), Medical IT, Director, Amirsys, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.299. Stanley M. Howard, PhD (Metallurgical Engineering (chemical processing focus)), Professor of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, U.S.A.300. Steven Howard, BS (Engineering Science), MS (Electrical Engineering), business computer systems developer, Burlington, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 301. Dave Howard, Electronics Engineering, Industrial Communications, President, Nexus Technologies Group, Spruce Grove, Alberta, Canada302. James F. Howard, PhD (Geology), Environmental Consulting (retired), Owensboro, Kentucky, U.S.A.303. Bill Howell, Bachelor of Applied Science (Chemical Engineering, University of Calgary), Master of Applied Science (Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada304. Alexander Hrin, Graduate Student (Applied Physics, Colorado School of Mines), Golden, Colorado, U.S.A.305. William Hudnall, BS (Civil Engineering), BS (Petroleum Engineering), Juris Doctor, Attorney, Self Employed, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.A.306. Warwick S. Hughes, MSc Hon. (University of Auckland, New Zealand), geologist (retired), Canberra, Australia307. Ole Humlum, PhD, Physical Geography, Professor, University of Oslo, Norway308. Paul Huntbourne, BSc (Hons, Geology), IT Modelling, London, United Kingdom309. Mark A. Hurt, MD, Creve Coeur, Missouri, U.S.A.

310. Clayton Hunt, BSc (Geography/Geology), retired Oil and Gas Analytical Laboratory, Breton, Alberta, Canada311. Paul Huntbourne, BSc (Hon. Geology), IT Modeling, London, United Kingdom312. Alan Hunter, RPF (Registered Professional Forester), Quesnel, British Colombia, Canada313. John Hunter, FCOptom, Optometrist, Practice Owner, Aerospace, Senior Engineer, Bombardier, Inc., Leeds, United Kingdom,314. P. Michael Hutchins, BS (Pure Math), MS (Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Carlisle, Massachusetts, U.S.A.315. Sherwood B. Idso, PhD, President, Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.316. Elizabeth Innes, PhD, Scientist, Senior Chemist, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada317. Steve Hynek, BS (Meteorology), Air Quality, Air Quality Analyst, Dairyland Power Cooperative, La Crosse, Wisconsin, U.S.A.318. Colin Jack, BSEE, Director of Engineering, Dixie Escalante REA, St. George, Utah, U.S.A. 319. Barrie Jackson, Associate Professor, Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada320. Derryck Jackson, owner, certified green hydro-electric plants (4), President, Executive House Power Corp., Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 321. Albert F. Jacobs, MS, P.Geology, retired geologist, co-founder Friends of Science, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 322. Mark Jancin, BA (Geology), environmental consultant, State College, Pennsylvania, U.S.A323. Richard Jaworski, BSc, MSc, DIC, Geology, Consultant, London, United Kingdom324. Dennis Jensen, BS (Applied Physics) RMIT, MSc (Melbourne), PhD (Monash), Physics, Materials Science, Defence Analysis, Previously Research Scientist (CSIRO and DSTO), Member of Parliament, Perth, Western Australia, Australia325. Jorgen Jensen, MS (Civil/Structural), Consulting Engineer, President, Villholth Jensen & Assoc. Ltd., North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada326. Marc Jeric, MS, PhD (University of California, Los Angeles), Engineering, retired, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A.327. David Jezeph, BS, MS, Water Resources, Chief, UN Regional Commission, retired, Bangkok, Thailand328. Kendall Johnson, PhD (Physics), Infrared Calibration Engineer, Space Synamics Laboratory, North Logan, Utah, U.S.A.

329. Rick Johnson, MS (Economics), Government Policy, Senior Economist, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia330. Simon Johnson, M.Sc., Geologist, Company Director, Auckland, New Zealand331. Terrell Johnson, BS (Zoology), MS (Wildlife & Range Resources), Air & Water Quality, Principal Environmental Engineer, Green River, Wyoming, U.S.A.332. Clifford Johnson, MSc, Geology, retired, Calgary, Alberta, Canada333. Andrew Johnson, B.E.Sc. (Civil), M.Eng. (Structural), MBA, Consulting Engineering (Structural Engineer), Senior Structural Engineer & Senior Project Lead, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada334. Marion K. Jones, Consulting Petroleum Geologist, Billings, Montana, U.S.A.335. Lloyd Jones, BSc, IT Consulting Practice, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada336. Solans Filella José, Geologist (University of Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain337. William Junga, PhD (Economics), Economic Forecasting, Economist, Bill Junga Economics, Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.A.338. Bjorn Justnes, BSc, MSc, Electronic Design, Oslo, Norway339. Adri Kalisvaart, MSEE (electrical), engineer, car engine pressure transducer specialist, Lincoln, Rhode Island, U.S.A.340. Charles R. Kaluger, Chief Engineer and Manager of Transportation, The Ohio Valley Coal Company, Alledonia, Ohio, U.S.A.341. Bill Kappel, BS (Physical Science-Geology), BS (Meteorology), Storm Analysis, Climatology, Operation Forecasting, Vice President/Senior Meteorologist for Applied Weather Associates, LLC, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, U.S.A.342. Erik Kari, BS (Industrial Technology), Director of Operations, Ramsey, Minnesota, U.S.A.343. Wibjörn Karlén, PhD, Emeritus Professor, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden344. Joel M. Kauffman, PhD (Organic Chemistry, M.I.T.), Professor of Chemistry Emeritus, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.345. Donald Kautz, PhD (Engineering Safety), MPH, MBA, MS, Industrial Hygiene Safety Officer, Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, U.S.A. 346. David Kear, PhD, FRSNZ, CMG, geologist, former Director-General of NZ Dept. of Scientific & Industrial Research, Whakatane, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand

347. Harald Kehl, PD Dr. rer. nat., Ecosystem Analysis, Lecturer, Researcher, Berlin, Germany348. Ray Kester, BSc (Engineering), Masters (Engineering), Kincardine, Ontario, Canada349. Leonid Khilyuk, PhD, Professor of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. 350. Diane Kidd, BSc (Hons, Biochemistry), Pharmaceutical, Minster-on-Sea, Kent, United Kingdom351. Jack B. King, EE (University of Detroit), Systems Integrator, President, King Associates, Irvine, California, U.S.A.352. Robert E. Kissick, BS (Agronomy, Kansas State University), retired, Lindsborg, Kansas, U.S.A.353. Kevin Klimek, BS (Biology, University of Michigan), MD (University of Michigan), Anesthesiologist, Northville, Michigan, U.S.A.354. Klaus Knüpffer, Dipl (Meteorology), Meteorologist, weather forecasting, Company Manager, METEO SERVICE w.r. GmBH, Berllin, Germany355. Dietrich E. Koelle, PhD, Systems Engineering Consultant (Paleoclimate, Climate Cycles), Ottobrunn, Germany356. Jan J.H. Kop, MSc, Ceng, FICE (Civil Engineer Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers), Emeritus Professor of Sanitary Engineering, TechnicalUniversity Delft, The Netherlands 357. R.W.J. Kouffeld, PhD, Emeritus Professor - Energy Conversion, Technical University Delft, Driebergen, The Netherlands358. James Kramer, MS (Physics, University of Wisconsin), Computer Software Development Consultant, Nobilo Technology, Albany, Oregon, U.S.A.359. Gerhard Kramm, Dr. rer. nat. (Meteorology), Theoretical Meteorology, Research Faculty, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A.360. Wayne Kraus, PhD (Chemical Engineering), Mathematical Simulation, Kraus Consulting Inc, Littleton, Colorado, U.S.A.361. Gary Kubat, BS (Atmospheric Science), MS (Atmospheric Science), professional meteorologist last 18 years, O\'Fallon, Illinois, U.S.A.362. Robert P. Kudlawiec, PE, BS (Mining Engineering, Pennsylvania State University), MBA (Wheeling University), Manager Environmental Compliance, Ohio American Energy Inc, Wheeling, West Virginia, U.S.A.363. Joseph Kunc, PhD, Molecular Physics, Professor, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, U.S.A.

364. James Kurtz, PhD (Inorganic Chemistry, Syracuse University), Postdoctoral (Chemical Kinetics, Purdue University), Industrial Research and Development, Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S.A.365. Victor Kutcher, BS, MBA, DDS, DPerio, Dentistry, Burlington, Ontario, Canada366. Olav M. Kvalheim, Professor, Department of Chemistry, Univ. of Bergen, Bergen, Norway367. Cornelis Kwantes, retired mining/petroleum engineer (Technical University, Delft, The Netherlands), Dordogne, France368. Nicholas Kydonieus, MS (Chemical Engineering); Chemical Engineering Research, retired, West Palm Beach, Florida, U.S.A.369. Kathleen R. Lack, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Barnardsville, North Carolina, U.S.A.370. Richard Lafford, AS Met, Pilot, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, New York, U.S.A.371. Erwin Lalik, PhD (crystallography), materials science and heterogeous catalysis, Instutute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Krakow, Poland372. Edwin D. Lane, BS (Mechanical Engineering, University of Missouri at Rolla/Missouri); Vice President, Sales, The American Coal Sales Company, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.373. Roar Larsen, Dr.ing.(PhD), Chief scientist, and adjunct professor, Chemical Engineering, SINTEF and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway374. Rune B. Larsen, PhD (Geology, Geochemistry), Associate Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway375. Geoffery Larsen, BSc, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia376. Ryan Lavelle, BEng (Hons), Financial Services, London, United Kingdom377. Carol Law, MS (Geochemistry), International Oil and Gas Exploration, Manager, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.378. Ross D. Lawrence, BASc (Geological Engineering), P.Eng, Principal Consultant, Watts, Griffis & McOuat, Toronto, Ontario, Canada379. Rod Lawry, BSc (Met) RMIT, Process Design & Management, Project Manager, SDF P/L, Perth, Western Australia, Australia380. The Rt. Hon. Lord Lawson of Blaby, economist; Chairman of the Central Europe Trust; former Chancellor of the Exchequer, United Kingdom381. James Lea, PhD (Mechanical Engineering), Energy, Consultant, former head of Petroleum Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock Texas, U.S.A.

382. Douglas Leahey, PhD, meteorologist and air-quality consultant, President - Friends of Science, Calgary, Alberta, Canada383. Lee Morrison, BE (Geol), Geologist and engineer, retired Member of Parliament, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 384. James Lee, BASc. P.Eng, Oil Industry, retired, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada385. Donald Leenknegt, Master of Physics, Bierbeek-Lovenjoel, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium386. Daniel A. LePage, BSc (Biology, University of Saskatchewan), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada387. Peter C. LePort, MD, Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A.388. Barry E. Lerner, BS, MA, DPM, JD, Rye, New York, U.S.A.389. Marcel Leroux, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Climatology, University of Lyon, former director of Laboratory of Climatology, Risks and Environment, France390. John Levings, BS (Geology/Geophysics, University of Tasmania), The Gap, Queensland, Australia391. John David Lewis, PhD, Research Scholar in History and Classics, Social Philosophy and Policy center, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, U.S.A.392. Bryan Leyland, M.Sc., FIEE, FIMechE, FIPENZ, MRSNZ, consulting engineer (power), Secretary - International Climate Science Coalition, Auckland, New Zealand393. Tom Lidkea, BASc, MASc, Environmental Engineering, retired, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada394. Edward Liebsch, MS (Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University), BA (Earth Science & Chemistry, St. Cloud State University), Air Quality, Meteorology, Senior Air Quality Scientist, HDR, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.395. Brian Likewise, BS (Architectural Engineering, WY PE 11068), Civil Engineer, Gillette, Wyoming, U.S.A.396. Alan Limmer, PhD (Chemistry), Fellow, New Zealand Institute of Chemists, Hastings, New Zealand397. Jeff Limón, MS (Electrical Engineering), Technology, Patent Agent, Hewlett-Packard, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.398. William Lindqvist, PhD, consulting Geologist and Company Director, Tiburon, California, U.S.A.399. George M. Lindsay, BSc, PhD (Metal Physics), Kinross, Scotland400. Peter Link, BS, MS, PhD (Geology, Climatology), Geol/Paleoclimatology, retired, Active in Geol-paleoclimatology, Tulsa University and Industry, Evergreen, Colorado, U.S.A.401. Endel Lippmaa, Prof.Dr.habil (Physics, Chemistry), Chairman - Energy Council of the Estonian Academy of Science, Tallinn, Estonia

402. Travis Littlechilds, PhD (Geology), MSc (Environmental Sciences), Geomorphography, Climate Patterns, The British Columbia Institute of Environmental Sciences, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada403. John Llewellyn, Meteorology, Airport Meteorologist, NOAA NWS (USWB), retired, Ellensburg, WA, U.S.A.404. Edward Lockhart, Earth and Biological Scientist, Research and Consultation, San Luis Obispo, California, U.S.A.405. Keith Lockitch, PhD (Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee), Science and Environmental Policy, Resident Fellow, Ayn Rand Institute, Irvine, California, U.S.A.406. William Loughry, BS (Geology), sinkhole investigation, private engineering firm, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A.407. Jean Ludovicy, Ingénieur, Airline pilot (retired), Cotignac, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France408. Eddy Lumpit, Environmental Earth Scientist, New South Wales, Australia 409. Gary Lund, PhD (Inorganic Chemistry), R&D, Staff Scientist, Autoliv, North America, Malad City, Idaho, U.S.A.410. Anthony R. Lupo, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Atmospheric Science, Department of Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.411. Robert Lupone, Electrical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biomed. Tech., Hospital of St. Raphael, New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A.412. Heinz Lycklama, PhD (Nuclear Physics), Arlington, Washington, U.S.A.413. Richard Mackey, PhD, Statistician, author of papers about the role of the Sun in the Earth's climate dynamics and biographer of Rhodes W. Fairbridge, Canberra, Australia 414. Alex MacMillan, PhD, Economics, Professor, Queen's School of Business & St. Lawrence College, retired, Kingston, Ontario, Canada415. Allan M.R. MacRae, BS, M. Eng., P. Eng., Calgary, Alberta, Canada416. Edward J. Mahoney, MS, MEd., Director of Astronomy, Hyatt Regency Maui, Lahaina, Hawaii, U.S.A.417. Horst Malberg, PhD, former director of Institute of Meteorology, Free University of Berlin, Germany418. Björn Malmgren, PhD, University Professor, Paleoclimate Science, retired, Lerum, Sweden419. Emmanuel Malterre, B. Eng., Professional Geophysicist (APEGGA), Calgary, Alberta, Canada420. John Marshall, Dip. Geosci (Open), retired, Horncastle, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom

421. Scott Marshall, BS (Computer Science - University of New South Wales), Sydney, Australia422. Vegard Martinsen, Cand. Scient. (MS equivalent), Education, Senior adviser Institution, Vox City, Oslo, Norway423. Fred Mathis, BSEE, MSCE, San Jose, California, U.S.A.424. Shlomo Mayman, S. M. (Nuc. Eng.) M.I.T., Information Technology, Consultant, Mayman Associates, Toronto, Ontario, Canada425. Malcolm W. MacArthur, PhD, Csci, Biophysics, Senior Research Fellow (retired), Carloway, United Kingdom426. Malcolm McClure, geologist, Fellow of the Geological Society of London, London, United Kingdom427. Robert G. McCrossan, PhD, P. Geol. (APEGGA), Petroleum Geologist, Member of FOS, Cochrane, Alberta, Canada428. Joshua, McCurry, BEng, Embedded Systems, Digital Technology International, Perth, Western Australia, Australia429. Jim McGregor-Dawson, Fellow of RMIT (Geology), Consultant Geologist, FAusIMM (CP), FSEG, FAAG, MSME, MGSAust, MGSAmer, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia430. Les McDonald, RP Bio; Senior Impact Assessment Biologist, BC Environmental Protection (retired); Consulting Aquatic Biologist, Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada431. David McEwen, BS E.E., Electronic Service, R.D.O., V.B. Electronics, Calgary, Alberta, Canada432. Alister McFarquhar, PhD (international economy, Downing College), Cambridge, United Kingdom433. Bob McGuire, BA, MSc (University of Montana); retired professional geologist, member of Friends of Science, Calgary, Alberta, Canada434. John McLean, Post-graduate Diploma of Computer Studies, B. Arch., Climate Data Analyst, Computer scientist, Melbourne, Australia435. Donald McMaster, B. Eng. (Electrical), specializing in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Patents, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada436. Stephen McNicholas, B.Eng, Manufacturing, Engineer, Dublin, Ireland437. Leslie McPherson, BSc Chemistry, Retired, Fleet, United Kingdom438. Ian L McQueen, BS, MEngSc, Chemical Engineer, Glenwood, New Brunswick, Canada439. Rob Meleon, PhD, biochemist, CSO Pepscan, Lelystad, The Netherlands440. Eberhard Menzel, PhD, Professor of Electronics and Sensors, Electronics, Gas Sensors, Spectroscopy, Rector, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

441. Fred Michel, PhD, Director, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Associate Professor of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada442. Jean-Luc Migue, PhD (Economics), Economic Research, Senior Fellow, Fraser Institute, Québec, Quebec, Canada443. Andrew Miklosik, P.Eng., BSc (Mechanical Engineering, University of Toronto), (retired), Member, Friends of Science, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada444. Dusan Milatovic, BS; Senior Software Engineer, Navigation Systems, Offshore Systems Ltd., Burnaby, British Colombia, Canada445. David Miller, MS (Geology), Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, U.S.A.446. Frank Milne, PhD, Professor, Dept. of Economics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada447. Barun S. Mitra, engineering degrees: B.Tech. and PG Diploma, Director, Liberty Institute, focuses on public policy research, advocacy and awareness, New Delhi, India 448. Asmunn Moene, PhD, MSc (Meteorology), former head of the Forecasting Centre, Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway449. H. Michael "Mike" Mogil, Certified Consulting Meteorologist (three decades with NOAA), weather educator and science writer, How the Weatherworks, Naples, Florida, U.S.A.450. Gregory B. Mohl, PhD, Geologist, G.B. Mohl Oil and Gas Inc., Red Lodge, Montana 59068451. Michael Monce, PhD (Physics), Atomic/Molecular; energy and environment, Prof. Physics, Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut, U.S.A.452. Des Moore, LLB (Melbourne University), BSc (Economics (Hons), London School of Economics), Director - Institute for Private Enterprise, life member of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, former Deputy Secretary, Treasury, Government of Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia453. M. R. Morgan, PhD, Cdr., FRMS, climate consultant, former meteorology advisor to the World Meteorological Organization. Previously research scientist in climatology at University of Exeter, U.K, now residing in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada454. Tom Moriarty, MS (Physics), Renewable Energy - Photovoltaics, Senior Scientist, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, U.S.A.455. Mark E. Mormino, BS (Mining Engineering, University of Missouri), Chief Engineer, The American Coal Company, Galatia, Illinois, U.S.A.

456. Nils-Axel Mörner, PhD (Sea Level Changes and Climate), Emeritus Professor of Paleogeophysics & Geodynamics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden457. Daryl Morse, B.A.Sc. (Electrical Engineering), P.Eng. Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada458. Luboš Motl, PhD, Physicist, former Harvard string theorist, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 459. Philip Moy, AB (Engineering Sciences, Dartmouth College), BE (Thayer School of Engineering), JD, Intellectual Property Attorney, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.460. R. John Muench, MS (Chemistry), Associate Professor, Heartland Community College, Normal, Illinois, U.S.A.461. Ralph Mullinger, BA (Economics and Philosophy, Rice University), MA (Business Economics, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania), Energy Economist, Findlay, Ohio, U.S.A.462. Gregory Murphy, Graduate of the US Naval Nuclear Power Program, Independent Researcher and Assistant Editor of 21st Century Science and Technology Magazine, Leesburg, Virginia, U.S.A. 463. Jonathan R. Murray, BS (Geology, West Virginia University), Senior Geologist, The Ohio Valley Coal Company, Alledonia, Ohio, U.S.A.464. Robert E. Murray, PE, B. Eng. (mining engineering, West Virginia University), AMP (Harvard University); Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Murray Energy Corporation and Subsidiary Companies, Pepper Pike, Ohio, U.S.A.465. Robert Edward Murray, B Eng. (mining engineering, West Virginia University), MBA (Ohio State University), Vice President, Business Development and External Affairs, Murray Energy Corporation and Subsidiary Companies, Pepper Pike, Ohio, U.S.A.466. Ryan M. Murray, B Eng. (mining engineering, West Virginia University), MBA (Ohio State University); Vice President, Operations, Murray Energy Corporation and Subsidiary Companies, Alledonia, Ohio, U.S.A.467. Warren Nance, MS (Genetics), retired Geneticist, USDA, Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A.468. Robert Neff, MS (Meteorology, St Louis University), Weather Officer, USAF, Contractor support to NASA Meteorology Satellites, retired, Camp Springs, Maryland, U.S.A.469. Thomas Nelson, MSc (Electrical and Electronics Engineering), North Oaks, Minnesota, U.S.A.470. John Nicol, BSc (University of Queensland), PhD (James Cook University); Chairman, Australia Chapter of the ICSC, Radio Physics and High Resolution Optical Spectroscopy, former Senior Lecturer of Physics

at James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; now residing in Brisbane, Australia471. Joanne Nova, BSc (Hons, Microbiology, University of Western Australia), Grad Cer. (Sci Comm, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia), Director, ScienceSpeak, Science presenter on TV, radio, and professional conference keynote speaker, Perth, Western Australia, Australia472. David Nowell, M.Sc., Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society, former chairman of the NATO Meteorological Group, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada473. Lon O'Bannon III, BS (Geology, University of Missouri), Natural Resourses, Computer Information, Missouri State Department of Natural Resourses, Jefferson City, Missouri, U.S.A.474. Frank O'Callaghan, Bachelor of Engineering, retired, Port McNicoll, Ontario, Canada475. Steven James O'Connor, BSc (Geology), C Geol., FGS, professional stratigrapher, Wellington, New Zealand476. Peter Oliver, BS, MS, PhD, FGA, Geology, Geochemistry, Paleomagnetism, Research Scientist, retired, Upper Hutt, New Zealand477. Cliff Ollier, PhD, Professor Emeritus (Geology), Research Fellow, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia478. Peter Olson, Professional Engineer, Langley, British, Canada479. Girma Orssengo, BTech, MASc, PhD, Engineering, Perth, Western Australia, Australia480. Curtis Osgood, BS (Meteorology, Lyndon State College), Consulting Meteorologist, Forecaster/Consultant, Granby, Massachusetts, U.S.A.481. Jorgen Overgaard, MSc (Forestry), Forest Management (retired), Brunbury, Western Australia, Australia482. Robert Overland, B.A.Sc., Professional Engineer, Principal, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada483. Milton Page, BE (Civil), P Eng, retired, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada484. Pat Palmer, MAgrSc (agronomy), pollution control expert (sources and effects on health), retired from Crop Research Division, DSIR, Christchurch, New Zealand485. Pan Pantziarka, BEng (Hon), PhD, Mathematical modelling and software development, London, United Kingdom486. George Papadakis, BSc (Physics), MBA, MSc (Marketing), Business Executive, Athens, Greece487. Ron Parker, BA (Physics, University of North Carolina), Flat Rock, North Carolina, U.S.A.

488. Donald Parkes, PhD, BA (Hons), MA, retired Professor Human Ecology, Australia and Japan489. Benjamin Paterson, BS, Chemical Engineering (Northwestern University), Professional Engineer, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.A.490. Arthur M. Patterson, BASc, P. Eng. (Geological Engineer), a founder of Friends of Science, Calgary, Canada491. John Pawley, Master Applied Science, Professional Engineer, retired, Guelph, Ontario, Canada492. Simon Peacock, BSc (Hons), MSc, PhD, Air Pollution, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom493. Richard Pearson, MSCE, Engineering Consulting, Vice President, Private Company, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.494. James A. Peden, Atmospheric Physicist, Webmaster, Middlebury Networks, Vermont, U.S.A.495. Al Pekarek, PhD, Associate Professor of Geology, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Dept., St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, Minnesota, U.S.A496. Paul Pekarek, MS Aerospace Science, BS Geography, Certificate International Relations, Major (USAF, Retired), Minnesota U.S.A.497. Ray Perkins, BSc (Applied Chemistry), Analytical Instrumentation, Cambridge, United Kingdom498. Mark Peters, BS (Computer Science), Principal Software Engineer, Woodland Hills, California, U.S.A.499. Ralph Peters, Nuclear engineering, (General Atomics, retired), La Jolla, California, U.S.A.500. Adam Peterson, BS (Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Platteville), Design Project Engineer, ITW Engineered Fasteners, Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, U.S.A.501. Beverley J. Pfeffer, B.Eng., (Geology), P.Geol, (professional geologist), Calgary, Alberta, Canada 502. Patrick Phillips, Metallurgical Engineer, MBA (Finance), Minerals & Energy, Golden, Colorado, U.S.A.503. Stanley T. Piasecki, BS (Electrical Engineering, Southern Illinois University), Vice President, Operations, OhioAmerican Energy, Inc., Wheeling, West Virginia, U.S.A.504. Stanley Pietrewicz, BSME, BSMa, MSCSE, engineering and teaching, MGP, Scotsdale, Arizona, U.S.A. 505. Michael Pizolato, BSc (Computer Science), Information Technology, Allentown, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.506. Ian Plimer, PhD, Professor of Mining Geology, The University of Adelaide; Emeritus Professor of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia

507. Randy Pochel, geologist (independent), Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A.508. Andy Pollaehne, MS (Geosciences), science teacher, Huntington, Utah, U.S.A.509. Gerrit Jan Pompe, BSc (Electronics), RN (Registered Nurse), Macquarrie Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia510. Henry Popoff, BS (Civil Engineering), retired, Calgary, Alberta, Canada511. Michael Porter, Professional Engineer, Principal Consultant, Porter McGuffie, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.512. Daniel Joseph Pounder, BS (Meteorology, University of Oklahoma), MS (Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign); Weather Forecasting, Meteorologist, WILL AM/FM/TV, the public broadcasting station of the University of Illinois, Urbana, U.S.A.513. Patrick Powell, BS (Meteorology/Physical Geography, Western Illinois University), AMS Board of Broadcast Meteorology, CBM, Chief Meteorologist, WLUK-TV, Green Bay, Wisconsin, U.S.A.514. John D. Power, BA (Mechanical Engineering), Consulting Engineer, Longview, Washington, U.S.A.515. Phil Powers, Power Engineering Degree, Mechanical Engineering, Start-up engineer, Bechtel Corp, Rockdale, Texas, U.S.A.516. Brian Pratt, PhD, Professor of Geology (Sedimentology), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada517. Harry N.A. Priem, PhD, Professor (retired) Utrecht University, isotope and planetary geology, Past-President Royal Netherlands Society of Geology and Mining, Amsterdam, The Netherlands518. Terry Quigley, Master of Information Systems (MIS, Swinburne University), ICT Consultant, Program Management Office, ICT Applications Development and Services Organisation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia519. R. Quon, BS (Biochemistry), Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.520. Edward L. Rademacher, Jr, MSc (Engineering Science), Professional Engineer / Chemical Engineer, removal of pollutants from combustion offgas, Centennial, Colorado, U.S.A.521. Harold H. Ramsey, ME (Stevens Institute of Technology), Guilford, Connecticut, U.S.A.522. Don Rathgeber, PhD (Chemical Engineering), retired, Red Deer, Alberta, Canada523. Mike Rea, BS, Medicine, Chairman, IDEA Group, Cranfield, Beds, United Kingdom

524. Jennifer Reeves, MBA, Engineer, Student of Climate Issues, Telecommunications, Network Engineer II, Embarq Corp., Mansfield, Ohio, U.S.A.525. George A. Reilly, PhD (Geology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), Economic Geology, Geochemistry, retired, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada526. Steven Reilly, BScF, MBA, Energy Industry, Calgary, Alberta, Canada527. George Reinhart III, PhD, PE (Environmental Engineering), Civil and Environmental Engineering, Project Engineer, Consulting Firm, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.528. Henriques Renato, PhD, Geology, Auxiliary Professor, University of Minho, Braga, Braga, Portugal529. Robert Reynolds, BASc (Engineering), Computer Business, Operations Manager, Oakville, Ontario, Canada530. Max Rheese, Executive Director, Australian Environment Foundation, Canberra, Australia531. Richard Rhodes, BS (Horticulture), Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 532. Carl G. Ribbing, PhD, Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden533. Robert (Bob) Richardson, BSc (Physics, Maths - Sydney University), BE (Civil), Newport, New South Wales, Australia534. Rolf Riehm, Dipl.-Ing (natural science and mechanical engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany), retired, Hettenleidelheim, Germany535. Jack Riley, MEng, Communications, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada536. Christine Roberts, BS (Materials Engineering, Virginia Tech), MBA (University of Chicago Graduate School of Business), Brisbane, Australia537. J.A.L. Robertson, B.A., M.A. (Nat.Sci./Physics), F.R.S.C., nuclear-energy consultant, 2005 Education & Communication Award, Canadian Nuclear Society/Canadian Nuclear Association, Deep River, Ontario, Canada538. Richard B. Robertson, P. Eng., B. Sc., C.E., Comox, British Columbia, Canada539. Jacques Robin, PhD, Computer Science Professor, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil540. Art Robinson, PhD (Chemistry), founder and Professor of Chemistry, Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine, Cave Junction, Oregon, U.S.A.

541. Robert Robinson, BS (Mechanical Engineering), Manufacturing, CEO/Founder, Kaivac Inc, Hamilton, Ohio, U.S.A.542. J.T. Rogers, PhD, FCAE, F.C.S.M.E., P.Eng., nuclear engineer, energy analyst, Adjunct Research Professor and Professor Emeritus, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada543. Steven Rogers, BA (Physics), Austin, Texas, U.S.A. 544. Robert G. Roper, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.545. Arthur Rorsch, PhD, Emeritus Professor, Molecular Genetics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands546. Curt Rose, BA, MA (University of Western Ontario), MA, PhD (Clark University), Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Studies and Geography, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada 547. Robert Roseman, Meteorology & Climatology, TV Meteorologist, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.548. William Rosenfeld, DDS, periodontist (retired), Charleston, West Virginia, U.S.A. 549. Kenn Rosin, BS (C.E.), MS, P.Eng., Transportation Engineering, Manager of Transportation, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada550. Gabriel Roth, M.A., B.Sc.(Eng.), M.I.C.E., M.C.I.T., Research Fellow of the Independent Institute, Civil Engineer and Transport Economist, Chevy Chase, Maryland, U.S.A.551. Roy Roth, PhD (Chemistry), MIT, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A.552. David Rouse, MA Law Cantab, Climate analysis and lecturing, Eco-nomics Nordic, Copenhagen, Denmark553. Walden Roush, MS (Physics), Senior Engineer (retired), IBM, formerly flight and ground school instructor (including weather), East Fishkill, New York, U.S.A.554. Ken Ruckstuhl, BS (Geology, LSU), Environmental Consulting, Environmental Management Services, Inc, Brandon, Mississippi, U.S.A.555. Kenneth Rundt, PhD, Bio-Technology, Manager, Turku, Finland556. Herbert Runkle, BA (Petroleum Engineering, Ohio State U), Civil Engineering, Environmental Science, Division Leader, US Gov., Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.557. Gerry Runolfson, BSC., Chairman, Elkon Products Inc., Concrete Construction, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada558. Michael Ryan, MSc, Computer Science, Redmond, Washington, U.S.A.559. Robert Sabo, MD, Nephrology, Med Director McMinnville Dialysis, NRA McMinnville, McMinnville, Tennessee, U.S.A.

560. Robert W. Sandidge, BS (Electrical Engineering, Western Kentucky University), President and General Manager, KenAmerican Resources, Inc., Central City, Kentucky, U.S.A.561. Paul Sandor, BASc, MD, Neuropsychiatry, Associate Professor, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada562. Bamunuarachchi Saranapala, BSc (Engineering), Management Consultant, Sole Trader, Pinner, Middlesex, United Kingdom563. Stephen Savoie, BS (Geology) Petroleum Geology, Senior Geologist, Traverse City, Michigan, U.S.A.564. Richard Sawyer, BS, Engineering Consultant, Toronto, Ontario, Canada565. Rob Scagel, MSc (forest microclimate specialist), Principal Consultant - Pacific Phytometric Consultants, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada566. Carl Schaftenaar, BA (Geology, Hope College), MS (Geophysics, Texas A&M University), Great Basin Exploration Consultants Inc., Lakewood, Colorado, U.S.A.567. Clive Schaupmeyer, M.Sc., P.Ag. , Coaldale, Alberta, Canada 568. Tore Scherstén, MD, PhD, Professor of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences and previous Secretary General of the Swedish Medical Research Council, Gothenburg, Sweden569. Eric Schmidt, PhD (Materials Science and Engineering), Steelmaking, Energy Systems, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. 570. Chris Schoneveld, MSc (Structural Geology), PhD (Geology), retired exploration geologist and geophysicist, Australia and France571. Bruce Schwoegler, BS (Meteorology and Naval Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison), Chief Technology Officer, MySky Communications Inc, meteorologist, science writer and principal/co-founder of MySky, Lakeville, Massachusetts, U.S.A. . 572. David Scott, BSc, PGCE, DMS, MIET, Management Consultant (retired), The Institution of Engineering and Technology, Lymington, Hampshire, United Kingdom573. Ken Scott, BS (Computer Science), Engineering, HighPoint, North Carolina, U.S.A.574. Angus Scott-Fleming, AB (Geology), MS (Geophysics), MBA, Computer Science, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.575. Malcolm Sedgman, Bachelor of Dental Science (Melbourne), General Dentistry (retired), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia576. Tom V. Segalstad, PhD (Geology/Geochemistry), Head of the Geological Museum and Associate Professor of Resource and Environmental Geology, University of Oslo, Norway

577. Milos Setek, Meteorologist/Statistician, Senior Scientist, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia578. K. Seunarine, BEng, PhD, Biophotonics, Post Doc, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland579. John Shade, BS (Physics), MS (Atmospheric Physics), MS (Applied Statistics), Industrial Statistics Consultant, GDP, Dunfermline, United Kingdom580. Gary Sharp, PhD, Scientific Director, Center for Climate/Ocean Resources Study, Salinas, California, U.S.A.581. Thomas P. Sheahen, PhD (physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology), specialist in energy sciences, notably renewable energy, Oakland, Maryland, U.S.A.582. Vedat Shehu, Prof. Dr. Eng., Geologist, Engineering Geology, Tectonics, Geoingineering, Sharon, Massachusetts, U.S.A. and Professor "Geoingineering Research Unit" in Tirana, Albania 583. Wayne Shepheard, M.Sc., Petroleum Geology, Independent Consultant, Calgary, Alberta, Canada584. Richard F. Shepherd, ARCS (Mathematics), PhD, DIC (high energy physics), FIMA (numerical analysis), FBCS (director of computing centre, retired), Pembroke, United Kingdom585. Geoff Shorten, BS, Laboratory Information, Director, LabWare, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa586. Larry Shultis, BS (Chemistry, Mathematics), Number Theory, retired, Fontana, Wisconsin, U.S.A.587. Russell W. Shurts, BSc (Engineering Chemistry), MSc (Accounting, University of Colorado), CFO, Colorado Container Corporation (Denver, Colorado), Centennial, Colorado, U.S.A.588. Paavo Siitam, M.Sc., agronomist and chemist, Cobourg, Ontario, Canada589. Joseph Silverman, Fellow APS, ANS, Professor Emeritus of Nuclear Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Dept., University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.590. David Simpson, BS, Mineral Exploration, retired, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia591. Ronald Skoog, BSCS, MSSE, Computer Science, Santa Rosa, California, U.S.A.592. Andrew Smith, BSc (Geology, University of Wisconsin-Madison), Duncanville, Texas, U.S.A.593. Derek Smith, PhD, former Professor, Engineering Faculty of Queen Mary College, London University, Great Malvern, United Kingdom

594. L. Graham Smith, PhD, Associate Professor in Geography, specialising in Resource Management, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.595. William F. Smyth, Ph.D., Computer Science, Emeritus Professor, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada596. Kevin Snodgrass, BS, Mathematics, Physics, Computer Science, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A.597. Jan-Erik Solheim, Professor of Astrophysics, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway598. Henry Solomon, BA (Computer Science), retired Network Architect, Merrill Lynch, New York, New York, U.S.A.599. Raymond John Soper, BSc (Mineral Technology, Otago University), MBA (University of New South Wales), mining engineer (retired), Cammerary, New South Wales, Australia 600. Oleg G. Sorokhtin, PhD, Director of Ocean Laboratory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 601. Richard Sparks, BS Wildlife Management, MBA, Tree Farmer, Construction Administration, Claims Analyst, Foster, Rhode Island, U.S.A.602. Archie Speirs, BSc (Engineering), Power Generation, Co-director, Energy Institute, Riding Mill, Northumberland, United Kingdom603. Adam Spong, BSc (Biology), BA (Chemistry), Graduate Student Department of Pharmacology (Southern Illinois University School of Medicine), Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A.604. T. J. ("Jim") Sprott, PhD, OBE, MSc, FNZIC, consulting chemist, forensic scientist, Auckland, New Zealand605. Darrick Stallings, PE (Petroleum Engineering), Artesia, New Mexico, U.S.A.606. Mark Stansell, BSEET (DeVry Institute of Technology, Columbus, Ohio), MSEE (Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California), Professional Pilot, LCDR USN (ret), Apex, North Carolina, U.S.A.607. Walter Starck, PhD (marine science), marine biologist (specialization in coral reefs and fisheries with 1000 dives from northern Cape York to the Capricorn group), author, photographer, Townsville, Australia608. Glen Stedham, BSc; LLB, Lawyer, retired, Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada609. Gerhard Stehlik, Dr.rer.nat. Chemist, Industry, Senior Expert, Hanau, Germany 610. Peter Stella, BS (Mechnical Engineering, University of Massachusett Lowell), Critical Facilties Power Systems, General Electric, Lytle Creek , California, U.S.A.

611. Clive Stevens, BS, MSc, D.I.C. FR Meteorogical Society, Weather Forecasting (since 1971), Private Companies around the world, Baku, Azerbaijan612. Craig Stevens, BA (Biology), MD, Physician, Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.613. Roger Stevens, BA (Physics), Austin, Texas, U.S.A.614. William Dale Stevens, BA, MSc. (Neuroscience), PhD (Neuropsychology, University of Toronto); Postdoctoral Research Fellow (Neuroscience, Harvard University), Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.615. Peter Stilbs, TeknD, Professor of Physical Chemistry, Research Leader, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), Stockholm, Sweden616. Robert Stringer, Dip Metallurgy BSC, Research, retired, CSIRO, Yungaburra, Queensland, Australia617. Arlin Super, PhD (Meteorology), Weather Modification, retired Research Meteorologist, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Saint Cloud, Minnesota, U.S.A.618. John K. Sutherland, PhD (Geology), retired, Health Physicist, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada619. Frank Szabo, M.Sc. (Earth Science), Geologist, President, CKS Energy Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Canada620. Judy Szikora, MSc Computer Science, Software Development, President, Apprisant Technologies Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada621. Joseph Tamashasky, BSEE, MSEE; Engineer (retired), Lucent Technology, New Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.622. Jose Luis Tapia, economist, Instituto de Libre Empresa (ILE), Lima, Peru623. Daryl L Taylor, BS (Physics), M. Ed (Instructional Technology), Science Teacher (Physics), Greenwich High School, NASA Astrophysics Educator Ambassador, PAEMST '96, IEOTY '03, Greenwich High School, Naugatuck, Connecticut, U.S.A.624. Gordon Taylor, PhD (Eng), BSc (Hons Eng), Transportation, Institute Civil Engineers, Institute Mechanical Engineers, Institute Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom625. Larry Taylor, PhD (Chemistry), West Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.626. Malcolm Taylor, Dip ES (Climatology and Hydrology specialization), Power Systems Analyst, Otago, New Zealand627. Mike W. Taylor, PE (Registered Professional Engineer, Texas, U.S.A.), Principal and Petroleum Engineer, Lone Star Land & Energy, LLC, Highland Village, Texas, U.S.A.628. Dean Teja, Degrees in Engineering and Finance, Finance/Taxation, Senior Manager, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

629. Dick Thoenes, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands630. Paul Thomas, MASc (Electrical, Mechanical), Aerospace/Fuels Conservation, General Manager, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada631. Mr. Alexander Thompson, Honours BSc (Geology), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada632. Jeremy Thornton, BE (Mech.) – MIPENZ – CPEng – IntPE, Engineering Director, Auckland, New Zealand633. Wolfgang Thüne, PhD, Dipl.-Met., Senior Meteorologist and Sociologist, Oppenheim, Germany634. Melinda Tilley, FGA GG, County Councillor, Cabinet Member, Oxford County Council, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom635. Derek Tipp, Councillor, serves on the District Council Environment Review Panel, New Forest, Honours degree in applied chemistry, previously a research chemist and teacher, Hampshire, Southampton, United Kingdom636. Frank Tipler, Professor of Mathematical Physics, Astrophysics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.637. Greg Toomey, BS, Business Intelligence, Computer Consultant, Skura Corporation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada638. Göran Tullberg, Civilingenjör i Kemi (equivalent to Masters of Chemical Engineering), currently teacher of Environmental Protection Engineering and Organic Chemistry at University in Växjö; Falsterbo, Sweden639. James R. Turner, BS (Mining Engineering/Geology, West Virginia University), BS (Computer Engineering), Executive MBA; Director, Financial Services and Information Technology, Murray Energy Corporation and Subsidiary Companies, Powhatan Point, Ohio, U.S.A.640. Stu Turner, PhD (Engineering), BS (Physics), Human Space Flight, Senior Systems Engineer, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.641. Albert Tuttle, Research Scientist, Re-entry Physics, Team Leader, AVCO Everette Research Lab, retired, Everett, Massachusetts, U.S.A. 642. Paula Tyroler, PhD (Chemical Eng), Metallurgy, retired, Waubaushene, Ontario, Canada643. Richard Ulven, BS (Agricultural Science), Hawley, Minnesota, U.S.A.644. Erwin Unger, BSc (Geology/Geophysics), 35 years Professional Geophysicist, Carseland, Alberta, Canada645. Brian G. Valentine, PhD, PE (Chem.), Technology Manager - Industrial Energy Efficiency, Adjunct Associate Professor of Engineering Science, University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Energy, Washington D.C., U.S.A.

646. Glenn C. Van Bever, Esq., BS (Civil Engineering, University of Kentucky), BS (Mining Engineering, University of Kentucky), Doctorate of Juris (University of Kentucky), General Counsel, Murray Energy Corporation and Subsidiary Companies, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A.647. Gerrit J. van der Lingen, PhD, geologist and paleoclimatologist, climate change consultant, Geoscience Research and Investigations, Christchurch, New Zealand648. Derick van Heerden, DPhil, IT consultant, Cape Town, South Africa649. Roderick W. Van Koughnet, BS (Geology), MS (Geology (Geophysics), Wright State University), Senior Geoscientist, L&M Petroleum, Wellington, New Zealand650. John Van Krimpen, BApp Sci Mathematics (Stats Econometrics and Comp Sci, Queensland University of Technology), Australia.651. J.P. van Wolfswinkel, ir. (Mechanical Engineering, Delft University), Bennebroek, The Netherlands652. Tony van Wouw, B.Sc. P.Eng. (Electrical Engineering), President, Exotek Systems, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada653. Brigitte VanVliet-Lanoe, State Doctorate, Europe, Senior Scientist, CNRS, Plouzane, France654. Anna Vayaki, PhD (Physics, University of Ioannina, Greece), Director of Research (retired) High Energy Physics, Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center Demokritos, Attiki, Greece, now residing in Athens, Greece655. Joseph Velasquez, Environmental Remediation/Regulatory Compliance, Environmental Scientist, Accelerated Waste Solutions, Rigby, Idaho, US.A.656. Hans Verbeek, BA (Biology), Delft, The Netherlands657. Jack Verduyn, general BA in Science, "40 year student of climate and weather as a commercial pilot", RCAF and Air Canada, Milton, Ontario, Canada658. Gösta Walin, Professor, i oceanografi, Earth Science Center, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden659. Gary Walker, BSc (Honors Geology), Calgary, Alberta, Canada660. Len Walker, BE, PhD (Cantab), Civil Engineer, civil engineer, Melbourne, Australia661. Patricia Walker, BSc Ag, High River, Alberta, Canada 662. Sergio Wanderley, Computer Science Bacharel, IT, Support Analyst, Unochapeco, Chapeco, SC, Brazil663. Stori Wann, BSc, Electrical Engineer, Texas A&M University, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.664. Stephen Ward, BS (Elec. Eng.), Building Environments, Business Development, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

665. Peter Warlow, BA (Hon. Math and Physics), retired, Brentwood, Essex, United Kingdom666. Randy Washburn, BS (Physics, University of Texas), Microelectronic Information Tech, Senior IT Specialist, Arlington, Texas, U.S.A.667. David P. Washinsky, BS (Mining Engineering, Pennsylvania State University), Honors Degree (Mineral Economics, Rand Afrikaans University), Business Development and Project Engineer, The Ohio Valley Coal Company, Alledonia, Ohio, U.S.A.668. Neil Waterhouse, PhD (Physics, Thermal, Electronic Properties of Materials, Precise Temperature Measurement), retired, National research Council, Bell Northern Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada669. James Waters, BS (Electrical Engineering), Liquid chromotography, Founder - Waters Corp, Framingham, Massachusetts, U.S.A.670. Thorpe Watson, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Metallurgical Engineer, retired, Teck Cominco, Trail, British Columbia, Canada671. Tom Watts, B.Sc., MBA, P. Eng, retired, Caledon, Ontario, Canada672. David Weatherell, BS (Computer Engineering), MS (Electrical Engineering), senior software engineer, Rochester, New York, U.S.A.673. Bob Webster, BS (Mathematics), Systems Analysis & Modeling, retired, Vero Beach, Florida, U.S.A.674. Jack Wedel, BS (Geography), Arctic Hydrology, retired, Environment Canada, Keewatin, Ontario, Canada675. James Weeg, BS (Geology), MS (Env. Science), Professional Geologist, Hydrologist, Associate Professor, Environmental Geology, Geologist Advent Environmental Inc., Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, U.S.A.676. Mark Weingarth, BVSc, Veterinary Surgeon and IT consultant, Shellharbour, New South Wales, Australia677. Rich Weiss, BSc (Meteorology, Valparaiso University), Meteorologist, Supervisor of Meteorology, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.678. Garth Wenck, BE, BEcon. BA, Civil Engineering, CEO, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia679. Eric Westphal, PhD (Physics, California Institute of Technology), Finance, Portfolio Manager Institution, Koch Industries, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.680. Forese-Carlo Wezel, Professor of Stratigraphy (global and Mediterranean geology, mass biotic extinctions and paleoclimatology), University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy681. William Whitney, PEng (Mechanical Engineering), St. Albert, Alberta, Canada

682. King Wiemann, AB (Physics), MS (The Pennsylvania State University, Acoustics), Finance, Manager of ICE, BAE Systems Inc, Vestal, New York, U.S.A.683. Otto H. Wildgruber, Engineer (electrical), Dormitz, Bavaria, Germany684. Chris Wilkins, BS (Agric.), Agronomy, Perth, Western Australia, Australia685. Stephan Wilksch, PhD (Professor of Production & Logistics Management, Innovation and Technology Management, FHTW Berlin, University of Applied Sciences), Berlin, Germany686. Robert Wille, MS (Computer Science), VP Software Engineering, Footnote.com, Lindon, Utah, U.S.A.687. Thomas Smith Williams III, BS (Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech), Glen Allen, Virginia, U.S.A.688. David Willis, MEng (Canterbury, New Zealand), MBA (Massey New Zealand), retired project manager of power station engineering and environmental investigations, Electricity Corporation of New Zealand, Lower Hutt, New Zealand689. David Wilson, BSc (Chemical Engineering), Reay, Caithness, United Kingdom690. Art Winckers, MSc (Mining Engineering), Mineral Processing Consultant, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada691. John Wincott, BA, BSc, MBA, PhD, Academic (retired), Perth, Western Australia, Australia692. Edward Winsa, MS (Engineering Science), International Space Station Microgravity Science, Project Manager and Project Scientist, NASA Glenn R.C. (retired), Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.693. Boris Winterhalter, PhD, senior marine researcher (retired), Geological Survey of Finland, former professor in marine geology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland694. John Wintemute, BSCE, Consultant, Mission Viejo, California, U.S.A.695. Bruno Wiskel, BSc (Honours Geology), P.Geol., President and CEO Mr. V's Field & Forest Inc., Colinton, Alberta, Canada696. Jason D. Witt, Esq., BS (Mining Engineering), Doctorate of Jurisprudence (West Virginia University), General Counsel, Murray Energy Corporation and Subsidiary Companies, Alledonia, Ohio, U.S.A.697. David E. Wojick, PhD, P.Eng., energy consultant, Star Tannery, Virginia, U.S.A.698. Alexander Wood, BS (Meteorology), Winter Haven, Florida, U.S.A.699. Arnold Woodruff, M.Sc.(Atmospheric Physics, U.C.W.Aberystwyth), B.Sc.(Physics, Durham), Terrestrial & Spaceborne

Exploration Geophysics, Consultant Geophysicist, Woodruff Exploration & Production Ltd., Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom700. Peter Wrenshall, MSc (Geography, Meteorology), New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada701. Bin Wu, PhD (candidate, Electrical Engineering), Semiconductor Devices, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, U.S.A.702. Chris Yakymyshyn, PhD, MS, BS (EE/Physics), Instrumentation, Vice President Technology, FieldMetrics Inc., Seminole, Florida, U.S.A.703. Gary A Young, MS, MBA, Naval Captain (retired), General Manager, Colorado Springs Technology Center of Hewlett Packard (retired), Research Associate, The Independence Institute writing on Energy Policy, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. 704. Roger Young, BS, MS, D.I.C. F.G.S., Geophysics, Geophysical Consultant, Bedford, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom705. Josef Zboril, MSc. (Chemistry), Board Member, Confederation of Industry, Prague, Czech Republic706. A. Zichichi, PhD, President of the World Federation of Scientists, Geneva, Switzerland; Emeritus Professor of Advanced Physics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy707. Stan Zlochen, MS (Atmospheric Science), USAF (retired), Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A.