man and energy a case for sustainable living through renewable

MAN AND ENERGYA case for Sustainable Living through

Renewable and Green Energy

Ali KeyhaniProfessor of Electrical and Computer Engineering

The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, [email protected]

08/06/10 [email protected]

ABSTRACT

• Energy technologies have a central role in social and economic developments at all scales.

• Energy is closely linked environmental pollution, degradation to economic development and quality of living.

• We are dependent on nonrenewable fossil fuels that have been and will continue to be major cause of pollution and climatic change.

• Petroleum supplies are dwindling.

• Thus finding sustainable alternatives is an urgent concern.08/06/10 [email protected]

….ABSTRACT

Challenges• To develop technology for integration, control

of renewable energy sources, control of energy consumption and load management.

• To empower energy user for a sustainable living.

• Developing Distributed Generation system where energy user is also an energy producer.


…ABSTRACT

• In this talk, an overview of humankind energy use is presented.

• Man and Energy --- the past.

• Man and Energy--- the last hundred years.

• Man and Energy---the future

• Then the talk, focuses on some of the challenges and efforts needed to harness renewable energy sources for a sustainable human society.


MAN HISTORY

• Early human forays into the Middle East from Africa around 100,000 to 150,000 years ago.

• These early settlers were replaced by Neanderthals in the region about 80,000 years ago.

• Possible triggers for migration : increase in population, a change in diet, the acquisition of language and climatic change.

• Around 40,000 years ago, grip of Ice Age loosened, temperature became warmer, humans moved into Central Asia and multiplied quickly.


…MAN HISTORY

• 35,000 years ago small groups of people left Central Asia for Europe. Cold temperatures kept them there.

• They became paler and shorter than their African ancestors.

• 15000 years ago, one small clan of arctic dwellers followed the reindeer herd over the Bering Strait land bridge to North America.


…MAN HISTORY

• Some time in the past, random mutations, which can happen naturally and be harmless, marked a new begging.

• Climate changes may have coaxed humans out of Africa and encouraged Neanderthals already living there to spread outward into other parts of Asia and southeastern Europe.

• But a climatic reversal also could have turned the tables.


…MAN HISTORY

• Europe and Northern Asia were experiencing a cool era at that time, and even hearty Neanderthals probably would have found the warmer climates to the south enticing.

• “They pushed back probably from the Caucasus region to the north, and drove the humans then living there into retreat” Bar-Yosef suggested.

• Only a second advance by humans thousands of years later—one that was more permanently successful—ultimately settled the question of which species would prevail.


CLIMATE FACTOR

• A major mystery in the story of human evolution is how climate affected the environment where creatures that regularly walked upright—the hominids—first emerged.

• One widely accepted theory holds that after the ape and hominid lineages split, the earliest human ancestors were forced into the expanding tropical grasslands of the African savanna after the continent's thick forests dwindled as a result of climate change.


Sustainable Energy Technology

Primary Energy: All we use comes from the sun.

Solar radiation Key to Sustainability:

Utilize primary energy resource at the same rate at which it is naturally replenished on earth and without externalities.

Source : BMW Group,2000


EARLY HISTORY AND USE OF ENERGYMesopotamia

• An area geographically located between the Tigris

and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to Iraq ,

Khuzestan region of southwestern Iran.

• 8000 B.C people of the area used wood

and wood charcoal and oil.

• Include Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian,

Assyrian Empires.

• Known as “Cradle of civilization”


…EARLY HISTORY AND USE OF ENERGY

IRON AGE• The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian

history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC. About half a century later, the Babylonians and Assyrians both became provinces of the Persian Empire which gave way to the Achaemenid Empire.

• Seal of Cyrus, the Great.(550 B.C.)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria_(Persian_province)


EGYPT• 5000 B.C, Egyptians used wood and wood charcoal for

cooking and heat.

Inscriber Egypt. (3000BC.)



GREECE• 750 B.C TO 146 B.C, considered to the seminal culture which

provided the foundation for western civilization.

• Greek culture had a power influence on Roman Empire.

The Parthenon is the most memorable symbol of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks.



INDIA• The Indus Valley Civilization (3000–1500 B.C) flourished in the

Indus river valleys primarily in Sindh province of Pakistan, extending westward into Balochistan province, and in north western and western India.

• According to archaeologists, wheel was

probably invented in around 8,000 B.C.

in India.

Taj mahal

Chariots belonging to the Aryans of ancient India08/06/10 [email protected]


CHINA• China is one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations

(extends 5000 years).

• Deep Drilling of Gas: Technique

developed in 100 B.C. The devices that

were used were remarkably large and

well crafted for time.

• The Chinese’s building process was

dramatically sped up because of this useful invention. The wheelbarrow emerged in first century BC.


CHRONOLOGY OF OIL DISCOVERY AND USAGE

• 450 B.C : Herodotus described oil pits near Babylon. • 325 B.C : Alexander the great used flaming torches of

petroleum products to scare his enemies.

• 1264 : Marco Polo recorded visiting the Persian city of Baku, on the shores of the Caspian Sea in modern Azerbaijan, he saw oil being collected from seeps for use in medicine and lighting.

• 1814 : One of the first wells that produced oil which was marketed was drilled near Marietta, Ohio


…CHRONOLOGY OF OIL DISCOVERY AND USAGE

• 1895 : Invention of combustion engine.

• 1896 : Henry Ford's first motorcar.

• 1908 - Oil discovered in Persia, Anglo Persian Oil company formed (Later became British Petroleum, BP).

• 1938 - Oil discovered in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

• 1939-1945 - World War II - control of oil supply from Baku and Middle East played a huge role in the events of the war and the ultimate victory of the allies. Cutting off the oil supply considerably weakened Japan in the latter part of the war.



• 1951 : Anglo Iranian Oil Company nationalized.

• 1954 : Anglo-Persian Oil Company renamed British Petroleum. • 1979-1981 : Oil prices rise from $13.00 to $34.00.

• 1986 : Chernobyl - Nuclear power plant accident. • 2003 : (Aug 14) - Major electrical failure causes blackout in

New York State and Ontario.



• 2004 (July) - US oil imports at a record 11.3MMBO per day.

• 2004 - (Nov) George Bush re-elected President in USA.

• 2004 (Oct 25) - Oil at a record price of $55.67 US per barrel on concerns over high demand and possible supply disruptions in the Middle East and damage on the Gulf Coast from Hurricane Ivan .

• 2008 (Jan 2) - WTI oil price briefly touches US$100 per barrel for the first time driven by supply concerns and the weak US dollar.


Is an Oil economy Sustainable?• In the long run, an economy that utilizes petroleum as a

primary energy source is not sustainable, because the amount of oil in the Earth’s crust is finite.

• The history of energy use is largely one of substitution. In the 19th century, the world’s primary energy source was wood.

• Around 1890, wood was replaced by coal. Coal remained the world’s largest source of energy until the 1960s when it was replaced by oil.

• No one can predict the future, but the world contains enough petroleum resources to last at least until the year 2100.


The above graph shows the Hubbert predictions in 1956 which shows the estimates of the oil production in the future which is compared with the actual production.


The world average oil production per capita from 1920 to 1999. The curve represents the ratio of world oil production (O) and world population (Pop): i.e. ô = O/(Pop) in barrels per capita per year (i.e. b/c/year). Note well that ô grew exponentially from 1920 to 1973. Next, growth was negligible from 1973 to the all-time peak in 1979. Finally, from its peak in 1979 to 1999, ô decreased at an average rate of 1.20% per year. (i.e. from 5.50 b/c in 1979 to 4.32 b/c in 1999)


• World average energy production per capita (ê) grew significantly from 1920 to its all-time peak in 1979.

• Then from its peak in 1979 to 1999, ê declined at an average rate of 0.33 %/year.


Introduction to Current Energy Use

World-Wide Total Energy Sources86.5% combustion

• 21.1% Natural Gas

• 32.6% oil

• 22.2% coal

• 10.6% traditional biomass

• 5.7% nuclear

• 5.5% hydro-electric

• 2.3% renewables (other than traditional biomass)

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)


Introduction to current energy useTrends in World Total Energy Use (last 30 years)

BP website www.bp.com


Introduction to current Energy Use

Regional Distribution of Total Energy Use

Oil remains the leading energy source in all regions except Asia Pacific and Europe and Eurasia. Coal dominates in the Asia Pacific Region, while Natural Gas is the leading fuel in Europe and Eurasia. The Asia Pacific region accounted for two-thirds global energy consumption last year.

North America

S. & Cent. America

Europe & Eurasia

Middle East

Africa Asia Pacific

Regional Consumption Pattern 2006

Percentage100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0



World Energy Use for Electricity Generation64% combustion

• 39% coal

• 15% gas

• 10% oil

• 16% nuclear

• 19% hydro-electric

World Nuclear Association, 2008



World Energy Resource Trends

Year 2000 Year 2020 405*1015 BTU 610*1015 BTU – 50% increase

Source : EIA, U.S, DOE, 2007


Energy Sustainability Discussion

Primary Energy : All We Use Comes from the Sun. Energy sustainability requires use of resources at the same rate at which they are naturally replenished on earth without externalities.”

Source : BMW Group, 2000


Energy Sustainability DiscussionEarth at night - 2007



Earth at night 2030


Electricity Consumption

08/06/10 [email protected] 33


World-Wide Total Energy Sources86.5% combustion

• 21.1% Natural Gas

• 32.6% oil

• 22.2% coal

• 10.6% traditional biomass

• 5.7% nuclear

• 5.5% hydro-electric

• 2.3% renewables (other than traditional biomass)

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)


2.5A small number, BUT, at this IEA forecast average annual growth rate (2.5%) world electricity

demand will double by 2030

75IEA forecasts world carbon dioxide emissions due to power generation to increase over 75% from

2002 to 2030 (from 9417 metric tons to 16771 metric tons)

1.5 billion2006 world population equals 6.7 billion. The UN forecasts population will grow to 8.2 Billion by

2030. That’s another 1.5 billion people who will need electricity…equivalent to adding 5 new USA’s to the globe.


• Current overall “effectiveness” of energy consumption is DEPRESSING• We Would be better off burning a lump of coal at home to produce light?• Highly poor end-use efficiency

- Transport emissions/efficiency challenges.- End-use emissions.

Global ClimateSolar irradiation enters atmosphere primarily as UV radiation

Earth radiation to space is primarily Infra-red radiation

Composition of atmosphere affects how much energy is absorbed, reflected, transmitted through,….

• Similar to a car window

IPCC, 2006 ; http://www.ipcc.ch/


Global Climate

Many factors influence climate One cannot prove that human activity is causing climate change, but, preponderance of evidence is certain



Co2 Emission Around the World

08/06/10 [email protected] 39

Production of CO2 Since 1700


Global Climate

Carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, sea level continue to rise long after emissions are reduced.



Global Climate

Departures in temperatures ( degree celsius ) from 1961-1990 average




Greenhouse Gas emissions in electricity sector

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

World Average

Existing Coal: Usavg. (30%)

New Coal - SCPC

New Coal - IGCC with CCS

Heavy duty simple cycle (37%)

LMS 100(46%)

H combined cycle(60%)

carbondioxide emission rate (lbs/MWh)

Coal

Natural Gas

Source : EIA, U.S., DOE, 2007



We SHOULD move towards “clean” energy Technologies

• “Green Tech” and “clean energy” have become Wall Street darlings – GOOD.

• Need much more than hype.

2003 2007 2017(est.)

Solar PV installations

620MW 2821MW 22760MW

Wind Power Installed

8000MW 20060MW 75781MW

Biofuels Produced 7 Billion Gallons

15.6 Billion Gallons

45.9 Billion Gallons

Global Installation/Production Growth : Solar, Wind, Biofuels

Global Clean Energy Projected Growth 2007-2017

$0.00

$50.00

$100.00

$150.00

$200.00

$250.00

$300.00

Biofuels Wind Power Solar Power Fuel Cells Total

2007

2017

Source : Clean Energy, Inc.



Proven Energy Resources around the world

Petroleum Natural Gas Coal

Region 2002 preserved Resources (10^9 bbls)

R/P (years)

2002 proved Reserves (10^12 SCF)

R/P years 2002 preserved Reserves (10^9 tonnes)

R/P

(years)

North America 49.9 10.3 252.4 9.4 257.8 240

S. & Cent.America 98.6 42 250.2 68.8 21.8 404

Europe & Eurasia 97.5 17 2155.8 58.9 355.4 306

Middle East 685.6 92 1979.7 >100 ???? >500

Africa 77.4 27.3 418.1 88.9 55.3 247

Asia Pacific 38.7 13.7 445.3 41.8 292.5 126

World 1047.7 40.6 5501.5 60.7 984.5 204

Reserves-to-production (R/P) : R/P ratios represent the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at the previous year's rate. It is calculated by dividing remaining reserves at the end of the year by the production in that year.

BP website – www.bp.com08/06/10 [email protected]

Energy Sustainability

Proved reserves at end 2006

Oil Reserves

0100200300400

500600700800

Asia Pacific North America S & Cent.America

Africa Europe & Asia Middle East

Region

Th

ou

san

d m

illi

on

bar

rels



Caifornia Global Climate Initiatives

• Achieving goals will require “remarkable” and “significant” adoption of new technologies affecting all economic sectors.

• Electricity generation sector example

Source : Ferguson, CEERT, March2,200708/06/10 [email protected]


Oil Discovery and Production Trends

Source : Campbell, Hubbert Peak, 2005


Energy Sustainability

Historical and projected Oil production vs. Region

Source : Campbell, Hubbert Peak, 200508/06/10 [email protected]


Petroleum Production

Projected Peak oil (2016-2028)

Source : Oil and Gas Journal, 2004



World Oil Demand Growth (change from previous year)

Source : EIA, U.S., DOE, 2008


Dish Stirling Engine

• Uses Carnot Cycle

• High heat capacity working fluid (usually Hydrogen)

• The age of petroleum is coming to an end, and the future is dangerously insecure.

• Oil demand will shortly exceed the production capacity of even the largest suppliers. The world economy is moving towards an uneasy transition.

• The open question is when the peak oil usage occur. Can the world renewable and green sources of energy be able to continue the industry in the same way as it is at present.

• Global warming is an engineering problem, not a moral crusade. Until we solve the problem, it's hypocrisy to pretend we can stop.


Remarks:

• Accepted age for the Earth and the rest of the solar system is about 4.55 billion years. It took billion of years to produce world oil, gas and coal reserve.

• Recorded history of Homo Sapiens is about 5000 years old.

• For 5000 years, man used wood , wood charcoal , wind and water power .

• Since the industrial revolution, man has been using coal.

• Man has been using oil for one hundred years. How long would it last?


…Remarks:

• Man has been present on earth : 5000/4000000=0.1%

• Man has been using energy : 5000/100000=5%

• Man has been using oil : 100/5000=2%

• Results: Man has populated the earth and exhausted it resources.


…CONCLUSION

• The parallel issue that is also in a concern is the Global warming.

• For a sustainable life and preventing Global warming, man must minimizing the dependence on oil.

• Renewable and Green Energy


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

What is the Concept of Green Energy ?

Power generation using environmental-friendly energy sources.

3. Hydrogen Based Resources

Fuel cells

5. Renewable Energy Sources

Photovoltaic cells

Wind power

8. Storage Devices

Ultra capacitors

Batteries

Flywheels


Distributed Generation System Technologies


INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

What are the Benefits of Distributed Generation Systems ?

• Installation near to the local loads.

• Power losses of distribution network can be reduced by reducing the power flow in the transmission lines.

• On-site standby power systems during grid outages

• Peak load shaving

• Modular structure makes system expansion easy. e.g. fuel cell-micro turbine or micro turbine-battery systems.

• Combined heat and power (CHP) applications.


Germany Solar Initiative

• The "Feed-in Law" in Germany permits customers to receive preferential tariffs for solar generated electricity depending on the nature and size of the installation. Under the new tariff structure introduced in 2004, the base level of compensation for ground-mounted systems can be up to 45.7 euro cents/kWh. PV installations on buildings receive higher rates

of up to 57.4 euro cents/kWh.



• The Feed-in Law fixes tariffs for approved renewable energy projects for a 20-year period from the plant commissioning and will apply incremental price cuts. Tariffs were initially set at 48.1 cents per kilowatt hour for solar energy, 8.6 cents per kWh for wind, from 9.6 to 8.2 cents per kWh for biomass, 8.4 to 6.7 cents per kWh for geothermal and 7.2 to 6.3 cents per kWh for hydropower, waste and sewage gas.

• The Feed-in Law requires that the tariff paid for solar electricity be reduced by 5% per year, and by 6.5% per annum for ground-mounted systems.



• Some 20,000 solar electricity systems yielding an output of about 145 Megawatts (MW) were installed in 2003, almost twice the volume installed in the previous year.

The total solar electricity capacity in Germany is now estimated at over 400 Megawatts. Germany saw slow growth in 2006, but still remains by far the largest PV market in the world.



968 Megawatts of PV were installed in Germany in 2006. The German solar market generated total revenues of over 800 million euros in 2003.

The German PV industry generates over 10,000 jobs in production, distribution and installation. Over 90% of solar PV installations are in grid-tied applications in Germany. The balance is off-grid (or stand alone) systems


http://www.solarbuzz.com/EuropeanMajorMarkets.htm


PV Installations by Year in Germany (in Megawatts)1990( 0.60 MW) 1991(1.00 MW) 1992(3.10MW) 1993 (3.5 MW) 1994 (4.0 MW) 1995 (5.9 MW) 1996 (10.6 MW) 1997 (14.5 MW) 1998 (12.6 MW) 1999 (16.5 MW)

2000 (44.0 MW) 2001 ( 80.0 MW) 2002 (83.0 MW) 2003 (145.0 MW)

•08/06/10 [email protected]


• The world's largest PV installation is in Germany, at Hemau in Bavaria. It consists of 32,740 solar modules with a combined peak power output of 4 Megawatts.

• Some German states have subsidy programs for PV installations that can be used in combination with the national Feed-in Law.



• German Energy and Electricity Industry German domestic energy sources in 1998 were: Coal: 46%, Nuclear power: 31%, Natural Gas: 14%, Renewable Energy: 6% and Oil: 3%. In consumption terms, though, oil accounted for 44%, or 2.8 million barrels per day. Of the renewable energy segment, wind energy accounts for about 58%, Hydropower 30%, Biomass 12%, and solar and other source for the balance.


Population ( )GDP US $ Electricity

consumption kWhr per capita

2 CO percapita

2 CO per unit of GDP

Brazil 165.87 576.41 1850.78 1.78 0.51

Canada 30.30 666.72 16348.68 15.75 0.72

China 1238.60 805.26 871.91 2.30 3.54

France 58.85 1349.20 7175.10 6.38 0.28

Germany 82.02 1883.53 6481.51 10.45 0.46

India 979.67 499.31 415.75 0.93 1.82

Japan 126.49 3303.58 8008.33 8.92 0.34

United Kingdom 59.24 1123.21 5800.11 9.28 0.49

United States 269.09 7043.64 13388.11 20.10 0.77

Selected Energy Statistics by Country (1998) : Source International Energy Agency


Company Name Country Address Contact details

Aleo Solar Germany Staugraben 4, D-26122 Oldenburg, GermanyTel: 49 441 219 88-0Fax: 49 441 219 88-15E Mail: [email protected]

Alfasolar Vertriebsgesellschaft GmbHGermany Calenberger Str. 28, D-30169 Hannover, GermanyTel: 49 5 11 131 71 90Fax: 49 5 11 131 71 92E Mail: [email protected]

Aplicaciones Tecnicas de las Energía (ATERSA)Spain Embajadores 187, Madrid 28045, SpainTel: 34 915 178 452Fax: 34 914 747 467E Mail: [email protected]

AXITEC Vertrieb Deutschland GermanyHeimsheimer Straße 62, 71263 Weil der Stadt (Hausen), Germany

Tel: 49 7033 30 42 0Fax: 49 7033 30 42 222E Mail: [email protected]

BIOHAUS PV Handels GmbH Germany Otto-Stadler-Str. 23, D-33100 Paderborn, GermanyTel: 49 5251 500 500Fax: 49 5251 500 5010E Mail:

Canadian Solar Inc. Canada4056 Jefton Crescent, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1Z3, Canada

Tel: 1 905 828 2437Fax: 1 905 828 9062E Mail:

Centennial Solar Inc Canada8114-B Trans Canada St-Laurent, Québec H4S 1M5 Canada

Tel: 1 (514) 461-9822Fax: 1 (514) 461-9824E Mail: [email protected]

Crown Renewable Energy United States805 Aerovista Place, Suite 202 San Luis Obispo, CA 93401

Tel: 1 805-269-1260Fax: 1 805-269-1270 E Mail: [email protected]


http://www.aleo-solar.de/index2.php?url=00_00_home&lang=en

http://www.alfasolar.de/

http://www.atersa.com/

http://www.axitec.de/

http://www.biohaus.de/

http://www.csisolar.com/

http://www.centennialsolar.com/

http://www.crownrenewables.com/

DaSol Solar Energy Science & Technology Co., LtdChina Fantan industrial park, Anji, Zhejiang, China, 313300Tel: 0086-572-5119058Fax: 0086-572-5119077E Mail: [email protected]

Day4 Energy Canada#101 – 5898 Trapp Avenue Burnaby, BC V3N 5G4, Canada

Tel: 1 604 759 3294Fax: 1 604 759 3295E Mail: [email protected]

Energy Solutions S.A. Bulgaria 1 Vladaisko vastanie Str. 2304, Pernik, BulgariaTel: 30 2106861461Fax: 30 2106861399E Mail: [email protected]

ET Solar China Shan Xi Road Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China

Tel: 86 25 86898098 Fax: 86 25 86898097

E Mail: [email protected]

Gällivare PhotoVoltaic AB (GPV) Part of SolarWorld Group

SwedenFöretagscentrum Hus 60, Box 840, 98228 Gällivare, Sweden

Tel: 46 970 15830 Fax: 46 970 15898 E Mail:

Gebaude-Solarsysteme GmbH (GSS)Germany Windmuehlenstrasse 2, 04626 Loebishau, GermanyTel: 49 36602 509676Fax: 49 9573 9224 24E Mail:

Gloria Solar Co., Ltd. TaiwanNo. 498, Section 2, Bentian Road, An-Nan Dist., Tainan 70955, Taiwan, R.O.C

Tel: 886 6 384 0689 ext. 3511 Fax: 886 6 384 0733 E Mail: [email protected]

Hellas Solar Greece 3 P. Ioakim 5th fl. Athens 10673 Greece Tel: +30 210 7295506Fax: +30 210 7257892E mail: [email protected]


http://www.dasol.cn/

http://www.day4energy.com/

http://www.energysolutions.gr/

http://www.etsolar.com/

http://www.gpv-solar.com/

http://www.gpv-solar.com/

http://www.zre-ot.de/

http://www.gloriasolar.com.tw/

http://www.hellassolar.gr/

http://www.hellassolar.gr/

Heliodinâmica BrazilRodovia Raposo Tavares km 41, Vargem Grande Paulista - CEP 06730-970, Caixa Postal 111, São Paulo, Brasil

Tel: 11 4158-3511Fax: 11 4158-3755 E mail: [email protected]

Ilyich Iron & Steel Works UkraineMariupol, Levchenko str. 1, Ukraine, Donetsk Region 87504

Tel: 38 - (0629) - 39-33-78Fax: 38 - (0623) - 32-26-32E Mail: [email protected]

Innergy Power Corporation United States9375 Customhouse Plaza Bldg 1, Suite J, San Diego, CA 92154

Tel: 1 619-710-0758Fax: 1 619-710-0755E Mail: [email protected]

ISSOL S.A./N.V. Belgium Quai de la Vesdre 7 B-4800 Verviers BelgiumTel: 32 498 294 782Fax: 32 87 33 81 64E Mail: [email protected]

Istar Solar s.r.l. Italy Corso Garibaldi, 83, Potenza (PZ), 85100 Italy Tel: 39 0971 485157 Fax: 39 0971 651970 E mail: [email protected]

ITALCOEL s.r.l., ItalyVia della bonifica, sn, Vallemare, Pescara, I-65010, Italy

Tel: 39 085 9777 1Fax: 39 085 9777 250 E Mail: [email protected]

KD Solar Co., Ltd South Korea12Fl, KD B/D , 4-4 Sunae, Bundang, Sungnam, Kyounggi, Korea

Tel: 031 738 1901Fax: 031 738 1999E mail: [email protected]


http://www.heliodinamica.com.br/

http://www.innergypower.com/

http://www.issol.eu/

http://www.istarsolar.com/

http://www.italcoel.com/

http://www.kdsolar.com/

Liselo (Pty )Ltd. South Africa PO Box 52869 Wierda Park, 0149 South Africa

Tel: 012 - 6616604Fax: 012 - 6617165 E Mail: [email protected]

Lucky Power TechnologyTaiwanNo. 348, Shanying Rd., Gueishan Township, Taoyuan County 33341, Taiwan

Tel: 886-3-3500730 Fax: 886-3-3500731E Mail: [email protected]

MSK Corporation (part of Suntech Power)

Japan17F Stec Joho Building 1-24-1, West Shinjuki, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan


NexPower Technology Corp.Taiwan8F, No.1, Jin-Shan 7th St., HsinChu, 300, Taiwan, ROC 5

Tel: 886 3 666 8286 Fax: 886 3 666 8285 E Mail: [email protected]

Pacific SolarTech United States44843 Fremont Blvd., Fremont, CA 94539


Power4Africa Namibia P O Box 1316 Tsumeb NamibiaTel: (067) 22 2219Fax: (067) 22 2251 E Mail:

PST (Perfect Source Technology Corp.)TaiwanNo. 26, Huaya 1st Rd., Guishan Shiang, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan (Huaya Technology Park)

Tel: 886 3 3180288 ext 1105Fax: 886 3 3186118 E Mail: [email protected]

Romag LtdUnited Kingdom

Leadgate Industrial Park, Leadgate, County Durham DH8 7RS, UK



http://www.liselosolar.co.za/

http://www.luckypowertech.com/

http://www.msk.ne.jp/

http://www.nexpw.com/

http://www.pacificsolartech.com/

http://ww.pstsolar.com/

http://www.romag.co.uk/

Saint-Gobain Glass-SolarGermanyJulicher Strasse 495, 52070 Aachen, Germany


Scheuten Solar Systems BVThe Netherlands

Van Heemskerckweg 9, NL-5928 LL Venlo (Blerick), The Netherlands


Shenglong PV-Tech Co., LtdChina

Suzhou Shenglong-solar PV-Tech Co.,Ltd Gangkou Development Zone Fenghuang Town, Zhang Jiagang City Jiangsu Province 215612 China

Tel: 86 512 5848 7618Fax: 86 512 5848 7851 E Mail: [email protected]

Siliken Spain

Massamagrell, 36, Pol. Ind. Rafelbunyol, 46138, Rafelbunyol (Valencia), Spain

Tel: 34 96 141 22 33 Fax: 34 96 141 05 14E Mail: [email protected]

Solar Factory GmbHGermanyFerdinand-Reich Strasse 1, D-09599 Freiberg/Saxony, Germany



http://www.saint-gobain.com/en/html/index.asp

http://www.scheutensolar.com/

http://www.shenglong-solar.com/

http://www.siliken.com/

http://www.siliken.com/

http://www.deutschefactory.de/

Solara AG GermanyBehringstr. 16, D-22765 Hamburg, Germany

Tel: 49 40 39 10 65 0 Fax: 49 40 39 10 65 99E Mail: [email protected]

Solar-Fabrik AG GermanyMunzinger Str. 10, 79111 Freiburg, Germany


SOLARIS d.o.o Croatia52466 NOVIGRAD, Sv. Vidal 32b, Croatia

Tel: 385 (0)52 758 630Fax: 385 (0)52 726 030E Mail: [email protected]

Solarnova, Produktions und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbHGermanyAm Marienhof 6, 22880 Wedel, Germany


Solartron Co. Ltd Thailand38 Chavanich Bldg. 2/FL, Soi Salinimit Sukhumvit 69, Bangkok 10110, Thailand

Tel: 66 (0) 2392 0224-6Fax: 66 (0) 2381 2971E Mail: [email protected]/

Solarwatt Solar-Systeme GmbHGermanyGrenzstraße 28, D-01109 Dresden, Germany

Tel: 49 351 88 95 - 0Fax: 49 351 88 95 - 111E Mail: [email protected]

SOLON Photovoltaik GmbHGermanyEderstrasse 16, D-12059 Berlin, Germany

Tel: 49 30 /81 87 9 100 Fax: 49 30 81 87 9 110E Mail: [email protected]

Spire Solar Chicago United States The Chicago Center for Green Technology, 445 North Sacramento Blvd., Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA

Tel: 1 773 638-8700 Fax: 1 773 638-8701E Mail: [email protected]/06/10 [email protected]

http://www.solara.de/

http://www.solarfabrik.de/

http://www.solaris-hr.com/

http://www.solarnova.de/engl/html/was.html

http://www.solartron.co.th/

http://www.solarwatt.de/engl/

http://www.solon-pv.com/

http://www.spiresolarchicago.com/

Total Energie SA France Z.A.C. de la Tour 12/14 allée du Levant 69890 la Tour de Salvagny, France

Tel: 33 (0)4 78 48 88 50Fax: 33 (0)4 78 19 44 83E Mail: [email protected]

TENESA (PTY) Ltd. South Africa22 Harris Drive, Sunset Park, Ottery, Cape Town, South Africa 7790

Tel: 27 21 70 41 575 Fax: 27 21 73 96 11E Mail: [email protected]

Trina Solar Limited China Changzhou Jiangsu 213031 China Tel: 86-519-5485801Fax: 86-519-5485802E Mail: [email protected]

Webasto Systemcomponeneten GmbH & Co KGGermanyKrainger Strasse 5, D-82131 Stockdorf, Germany

Tel: 49 89 85794 940Fax: 49 89 8577259E Mail:

Weihai Bluestar Terra Photovoltaic Co.,LtdChinaHuanshan Road, Eco.&Tech. Develop Zone, Weihai, China

Tel: 86 631 5969535Fax: 86 631 5960535E Mail: [email protected]

Wuxi Suntech Power Co., LtdChina17-6 Chang Jiang South Road,Wuxi New District, China

Tel: 86-510-5343323 Fax: 86-576-7278009 E Mail:

Xi'an REW co., Ltd ChinaNo.11 WenJing North Road, The Economic & Technological Development Zone, Xi'an, China.

Tel: 86-29-86512451 Fax: 86-29-86530350E Mail:

Xl Telecom Ltd India335, Chandralok Complex, Secunderabad - 500 003 India

Tel: 91 40 27173827 Fax: 91 40 2784 0081E Mail: [email protected]

Yuhuan Solar Energy Source Co, Ltd

ChinaNo 101 Chengzhong Road, Zhugang Town, Yuhuan City, Zhejiang Province, China

Tel: 86-576-7278148 Fax: 86-576-7278009 E Mail: [email protected]


http://www.total-energie.fr/

http://www.total-energie.fr/Filiales/Tenesa/index.htm

http://www.trinasolar.com/

http://www.webasto.com/

http://www.bstrpv.com/

http://www.suntech-power.com/

http://www.rew.com.cn/

http://www.xltelecom.net/solarproducts.htm

http://www.shinepower.cn/

http://www.shinepower.cn/

SunWize Technologies United States

1155 Flatbush Road, Kingston, NY 12401 USA

Tel: 1 845-336-0146 Fax: 1 845-336-0457E Mail: [email protected]

Titan Energy Systems Ltd India

16 Aruna Enclave, Trimulgherry, Secunderabad, 500 015, India



http://www.sunwize.com/

http://www.titansolar.com/

Shenzhen Sunshine Electronics Co Ltd China 4-6/F, No. 1 Building

Nangang Industrial Park II Xili Town, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong China Tel: (86 755) 27653478Fax: (86 755) 27653475 E Mail:

SunWare GmbH & Co. KGGermany Dusseldorfer Strasse 80, DE-47239, Duisburg (Rumeln), Germany Tel: 49 2151 406045 Fax: 49 2151 406208 E Mail:

Sunworld (Shanghai) Solar Energy Technology Co., Ltd China Rm.1501, Tongquan Building, No.678 Gubei Road Changning District, Shanghai, China Tel: 86 21 6295 9165Fax: 86 21 6295 9216E Mail: [email protected]



Where does sun’s energy go?



Other Solar Thermal

• Reflecting mirrors, troughs,etc.

• Various designs, some “tracking”

• All use working fluid and turbine



Photovoltaics

• Around for at least 6 decades

• Roots in space program (1950s)

• Many useful applications

• Not typically economical in central station generation.

• System capital cost of approx. $4,500-9,500/kW

• Power cost of $0.15 to $0.5/kWh

• Intermittent power (usually requires energy storage)

• Peak output often coincident with peak electrical demands.



Large wind(>50kW) – large and utility applications.



Fuel Cells: System operation

• Fuel Cell Stack

• Fuel Processing

• Electric power Conversion

• Balance of plant

System integration is very important for both “simple cycle” & “hybrid” fuel cell system



Fuel Cell types



Renewable hybrid Systems


man and energy a case for sustainable living through renewable

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