malnutrition (1)

7/31/2019 Malnutrition (1)

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Malnutrition Defined

Text extracted from

The World Food Problem

Leathers & Foster, 2004

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Malnutrition

Overnutrition

Undernutrition

Secondary

Malnutrition

Micronutrient

Malnutrition

Protein Energy

Malnutrition Most important

Protein Energy

Malnutrition


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Undernutrition

http://www.answers.com/topic/percentage-population-undernourished-world-map-png-1


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Secondary Malnutrition

Diet normal

Food not digested or

absorbed

Diarrhea

Parasites

Tapeworm


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Micronutrient Malnutrition

Deficiency in:

Vitamin A

Iodine

Iron

Zinc

Calcium

Vitamin D

B Vitamins

Vitamin C

Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency)


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Vitamin A Deficiency

500,000 childrenbecome blind each year xerophthalmia

Half of these will diewithin a year ofbecoming blind

Rice diet lacking green

vegetables Vitamin supplements

help: cost $3/year

Golden Rice could help


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Iodine Deficiency

Iodine deficiency affects 740 million people worldwide

single greatest cause of preventable

brain damage in babies

Goiter

Stillbirth

Miscarriages

Mental Retardation

Prevented by iodized salt

Best sources of natural iodine Sea weed

Sea foodGoiter (thyroid enlargement)


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Iron Deficiency Anemia

Affects 2 billion people, 90% live in developing

countries 39% of preschool children

52% of pregnant women

Reduced physical activity

mental activity

Increased birth mortality Worms

Malaria

HIV

High iron rice could help


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Iron, Vitamin A & Iodine Deficiency

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Other Deficiencies

Zinc Growth retardation

delayed sexualmaturation

skin and eye lesions 48% of world at risk for

zinc deficiency

Calcium Osteoporosis: bone loss

Vitamin D Rickets: bone

malformation


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Other Deficiencies

Vitamin C Causes Scurvy: problem in

refugee camps

Niacin Causes Pellagra: dermatitis,

diarrhea, dementia

Due to diet high in maize (lowin tryptophan)

Thiamin Causes Beriberi

Due to diet high in polished rice

Folate

Birth defects: Anancephaly and

Spina Bifida


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Protein Energy Malnutrition

(PEM)

Underconsumption ofcalories or protein

Most important form of

malnutrition Associated with poverty

Not enough food

Poor quality food

Kwashiorkor

Extreme protein deficiency

Marasmus

Extreme calorie deficiencyKwashiorkor


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Kwashiorkor

Protein deficiency oftenassociated with weaningonto thin cereal gruels. Cassava

Plantains

Bloating of the stomachdue to edema Fluid leaking into body

Wasted muscles

Antibodies degraded toprovide protein to body Infection

Dysentery

Death


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Marasmus

Calorie deficiency Lack of food

Poorest populations

Neglected Infants

children

Protein used for energy

Results in wasting Deterioration of tissues

Brain developmentimpaired


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Balanced Protein

Protein are made of aminoacids

Essential amino acids Body cannot make

Required in diet

Animal proteins haveperfect balance of aminoacids Meat

Milk

Eggs


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Complementing Proteins

Plant proteins are deficientin different essentialamino acids

Cereals Low in lysine

Beans Low in methionine

Must eat both cereal and

beans together to getbalanced amino acids Complementing proteins

Rice and Beans


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Calorie Deficiency

Most widespread problem

among poor

Cannot get enough calories

(energy) in diet Most get enough protein

Calorie requirements vary

Age

Sex

Pregnancy

Lactation


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Nutritional Needs

RDA

Recommended DailyAllowance

Level of nutrients adequate

for 97-98% of the group Good target for individuals

EAR

Estimated AverageRequirement

Level of nutrients adequatefor individuals in group

Always lower than RDA

Good target for averageintake of a group

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