mal presentation & mal position

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Mal presentation , Mal position & abnormal lie Presented by:Dr. Alwaleed M.Alfaki Gya. & Obs. www.doctor.sd

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Page 1: Mal presentation & Mal position

Mal presentation , Mal position &

abnormal liePresented by:Dr. Alwaleed

M.AlfakiGya. & Obs.www.doctor.sd

Page 2: Mal presentation & Mal position

Occipto-Posterior Position :- It is a vertex presentation in which the occiput is

placed posteriorly . It can be:-

1.Right occipto-posterior (the commonest)

2.Left occipto-posterior.

3.Direct occipto-posterior

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Page 3: Mal presentation & Mal position

In 20% of cases the occipt is posterior at the beginning of labour .

Causes :-1. Pelvic Factors:- 50% of cases are associated with

anthropoid pelvis or android pelvis .2.Fetal Factors:- Marked deflection of the fetal head

due to high pelvic inclination or anterior wall placenta .

3.Uterine Factor:- Abnormal uterine contraction which may be the cause or effect .

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Page 4: Mal presentation & Mal position

Features suggesting the diagnosis include

-backache during labour

-flattening of the abdomen below the umbilicus .

-the fetal limbs are more easily felt near the midline on both side .

-The head in un engaged and feel larger than usual

vaginal examination :-

-Elongated bag of membrane which is likely to rupture early .

-High deflexed head with the anterior fontanelle in the centre of the pelvis .

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Page 5: Mal presentation & Mal position

* First and second stage of labour usually prolonged .-membrane usually rupture early with the hazards of

cord prolapse and infection . -In favorable circumstances (90% of cases) good uterine

contraction result in good flexion of the head and the occipt rotates 3/8 of the circle (135c0 ) anteriorly and deliver as occipto anterior position .

In un favorable circumstances (10% of cases) the occipt .

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Page 6: Mal presentation & Mal position

1. Fail to rotate and remain in the oblique diameter of the pelvis .

2. Rotate anteriorly 1/8th of circle (short rotation) and the head become arrested in the transverse diameter of the pelvis (deep transverse arrest) .

3. Rotate posterioly 1/8th of the circle to lie on the sacral hollow this called direct-occipto- posterior position . And if the fetus is small & pelvis is Adequate spontenous delivery can occur as face to pubic .

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Page 7: Mal presentation & Mal position

- Unless there is fetal hypoxia or other complication labour is allowed to proceed with the following special instructions .

-Provide adequate analgesia (an epidural is ideal.-Prevent dehydration with intravenous fluid

glucose .-You may need to promote uterine contraction with

oxytocin .-Good monitoring for progress of labour ,fetal

condition and maternal condition .

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Page 8: Mal presentation & Mal position

- In the majority of cases anterior rotation of the occipt is completed and the baby is delivered as occipto-anterior.

- In direct occipto-posterior delivery as face to pubis may occur ,The perineum should be protected by a generous episiotomy .

Persistent –occipto posterior and deep transverse arrest .

- If the fetal head is not engaged caesarian section is the treatment of choice .

- If the fetal head is engaged the treatment will be one of the following .

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Page 9: Mal presentation & Mal position

1) Manual rotation and delivery by forceps as occipto-anterior .

2) Rotation to occipto-anterior and extraction using kielland’s forceps .

3) Ventouse (vacuum extraction).

4) Caesarean section if the above lines of treatment fail or there is other complicating factor .

5) Craniotomy when the fetus is dead .

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Page 10: Mal presentation & Mal position

- The head is completely extended so that the occipt is in contact with the back .

- The denominator is the mentum (chin) with 4 main position recognized . (Rt) and left mento anterion and Rt and left mento-posterior .

- Incidence is about 1in 500births .Causes:-- In many cases there is no obvious cause - Anencephaly (10%)- prematurity (25%) - multiple pregnancy.- loops of cord around the neck and a swelling in

the neck such as goitre or cystic hygroma .

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Page 11: Mal presentation & Mal position

-On abdominal examination there is depression between the anterior shoulder and the head prominence .

-The fetal heart sounds are heard best on the same side as the limbs .

-Vaginally the mouth ,nose and orbits can be felt.

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Page 12: Mal presentation & Mal position

Management :-- Most menoanterior positions deliver spontaneously

or by a low forceps.

-mento-posterior cannot deliver vaginally but around half will rotate spontaneously .

-So mento-posterior should be managed expectantly.

-A persistent mento posterior requires rotation either manually or by kielland’s forceps ,&then extraction or very commonly caesarean section.

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Page 13: Mal presentation & Mal position

- The head lies in between full flexion and full extension .

- Incidence about 1:1000 births .- Causes are the same like face presentation .

Diagnosis:-On P.V the supra –orbital ridges and anterior

fontanelle are palpable but not the nose ,mouth or chin .

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Page 14: Mal presentation & Mal position

- In early labour brow presentation may flex to become a vertex or extend further to a face presentation both are potentially deliverable vaginally .

- If the brow presentation persists into or is discovered in established labour ,delivery should be by caesarean section .

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Page 15: Mal presentation & Mal position

-Occurs when the long axis of the fetus crosses that of the mother with the head on one side and breech on the opposite side of the midline .

-Incidence 1in200briths .

Aetiology:-- Multiparity –prematuarity - multiple pregnancy -

poly hydramnios -placenta previa-pelvic tumor congential malformation of the uterus-IUFD. contracted pelvis .

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Page 16: Mal presentation & Mal position

- The uterus is broad and asymmetrical .

-The fundal hight is less than date.

-The fetal head is on one side and the breech in the other .

- Pelvic inlet feels empty but during labour may be occupied by the shoulder .

- On vaginal examination the presenting part is high and difficult to define .

- The membrane rupture early in labour and the cord may prolapse .

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Page 17: Mal presentation & Mal position

During labour the shoulder is Identified by palpating the following parts acromion process, the scapula ,the clavicle and axilla ,feeling of the ribs and intercostal spaces ,on occasion the arm is found prolapse .

Management:- The first line of management is exclusion of a

specific cause . External version followed by rupture pf membranes and oxytocin infusion is used by some .However unless there is rabid and easy correction ,caesarean section should be performed .

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Page 18: Mal presentation & Mal position

- One or more limbs present with the head or the breech . most commonly a hand with the vertex .

- The commonest cause is prematurity , others are contracted pelvis , pelvic tumour , poly hydramnios and dead fetus.

-The main complcation is prolapse of the cord .

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