MAJOR SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STRESS

By-

BSc(H) Biotech. (6th Semester)

Ayesha Tausif BSB/12/130

G. Shanthi Priya BSB/12/103

Kumar Rahul BSB/12/124

Garima Goel BSB/12/111

Srishty Gupta BSB/12/118

Shreya Dam BSB/12/146

INTRODUCTIONStress is simply a reaction to a stimulus that

disturbs our physical or mental equilibrium. A little bit of stress, known as “acute stress,”

can be exciting—it keeps us active and alert. A long-term, or “chronic stress,” can have

detrimental effects on health.The difference between "stress" and "a

stressor" - a stressor is an agent or stimulus that causes stress. Stress is the feeling we have when under pressure, while stressors are the things we respond to in our environment.

Stressors cannot be control but our reaction towards them can be changed.

NATURE

NEUTRAL

GOOD BAD

TYPES OF STRESSEUSTRESS DISTRESS

Positive- also called as useful stress

Negative- also called as bad or unhealthy

Motivator Rollercoaster ride Buying things Game

Demotivator Test Money problems relationship issues

STRESSORS OF STRESSCommon external causes of stress: Major life changes Work or school Relationship difficulties Financial problems Being too busy Children and family

Common internal causes of stress: Chronic worry Pessimism Negative self-talk Unrealistic expectations/Perfectionism Rigid thinking, lack of flexibility All-or-nothing attitude

THINGS INFLUENCING STRESS TOLERENT LEVEL

Your support networkYour sense of controlYour attitude and outlookYour ability to deal with your EmotionsYour knowledge and preparation

STAGES AND MODE OF STRESS

There are 3 stages of stress1. Alarm Stage2. Resistance Stage Initial

3. Exhaustion Stage

Burnout

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STRESS

CONGENITAL SYMPTOMS Memory problems Inability to concentrate Poor judgment Seeing only the negative Anxious or racing thoughts Constant worrying

EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS Moodiness Irritability or short temper Agitation, inability to relax Feeling overwhelmed Sense of loneliness and isolation Depression or general unhappiness

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STRESS

PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS: Aches and pains Diarrhea or constipation Nausea, dizziness Chest pain, rapid heartbeat Loss of sex drive Frequent colds

BEHAVIOURAL SYMPTOMS: Eating more or less Sleeping too much or too little Isolating yourself from others Procrastinating or neglecting responsibilities Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax Nervous habits

CONSEQUENCES OF LONG-TERM STRESS

Long term stress can lead to many chronic diseases which effect our body.

Like- Hypertension Infertility Obesity Diabetes and many more.

HYPERTENSION

WHAT IS HYPERTENSION?

•Excessive pressure of blood against the walls of arteries

•Ruptured arteries to the heart can result in a Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

•Ruptured arteries to the brain can cause a cerebral hemorrhage (Stroke)

Systolic-force against the arterial walls when the heart contracts and blood is pumped out.

Diastolic-force against the arterial walls when the heart is relaxed.

Normal: 120/80

High: 140/90

Hypertension:- Causes

90% speculation- essential hypertension

10% Known

High sodium intake Kidney disease Cushing's syndrome Oral contraceptives Narrow heart/blood vessels

Smoking Sedentariness Obesity Stress Personality traits

Hypertension: Personality Traits

Upset by criticismUpset by imperfectionPent up anger, bitternessLow self-confidence

Hypertension:- symptomsNervousnessDifficulty in sleepingSweatingSevere headacheSevere anxietyNosebleedsShortness of breath

Hypertension:- prevention and treatment

Eat a better diet, which may include reducing salt

Enjoy regular physical activityMaintain a healthy weightManage stress Avoid tobacco smokeComply with medication

prescriptionsIf you drink, limit alcohol

Hypertension:- treatment (medication)

Thiazide diuretics. Diuretics, sometimes called water pills, are medications that act on your kidneys to help your body eliminate sodium and water, reducing blood volume.

Beta blockers. These medications reduce the workload on your heart and open your blood vessels, causing your heart to beat slower and with less force.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. These medications help relax blood vessels by blocking the formation of a natural chemical that narrows blood vessels. People with chronic kidney disease may benefit from ACE inhibitors as one of their medications.

Vasodilators. These medications work directly on the muscles in the walls of your arteries, preventing the muscles from tightening and your arteries from narrowing.

Infertility Related to

stress

What is stress? A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances. for example:-• Taking a placement exam.

What is infertility?Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to reproduce by natural means. It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult organismCommon cause of infertility in females:-• ovulation problems • age-related factors

Common cause of infertility in males:-• low semen quality • Hormone imbalance• Blockage of man’s ducts system

STRESS AND INFERTILITY

• Stress plays a great role in causing infertility like those who were most stressed were 20% less likely to achieve fertilization success• high levels of a stress hormone stop ovulating and

are therefore unable to conceive.• It is found that high levels of the hormone cortisol

is linked to stress which results in infertility• The main cause of male infertility is

sperm abnormalities, including low sperm production

• The researchers found that men who experienced two or more stressful life events in the past year had a lower percentage of sperm motility

Ways to overcome stress:-

• Massage may reduce infertility stress for some women's.

• learning relaxation techniques and stress management strategies.

• taking a good look at your eating and exercise habits, and remembering how to be good to yourself.

• Before trying any of these techniques, however, check with your doctor to be sure they are appropriate for you and will not interfere with your treatment.

Stress and Obesity

Diabetes Mellitus

The name “diabetes mellitus means sweet urine. It stems from ancient times when physicians would taste a patients urine as a part of a diagnosis.

What’s Occurring in the body?

Our body uses a hormone called insulin to handle glucose, which is a simple sugar that’s a main source of energy. In diabetes, something goes wrong in the body so that you can not produce insulin or are not sensitive to it. That means that your body produces high levels of blood glucose, which acts on organs to produce the symptoms of the disease.

Development of Type 2

Glucose is a simple sugar that provides energy to all cells in the body

The cells take in glucose from the blood and break it down for energy, most of this is used for fuel.

Glucose come from the food you eat

Development of Type 2

Glucose gets absorbed from the intestines and distributed by the bloodstream to all cells.

The body tries to maintain a constant glucose concentration in the blood.

So, when you over supply on glucose, your body stores the excess in the liver and muscles by making glycogen

When glucose is in short supply, the body makes glucose from stored glycogen or from the food that’s been eaten.

To maintain a constant blood glucose level, the body relies on two hormones produced in the pancreas that have opposite actions: insulin and glucagon.

Who gets Type 2 Diabetes?

•People who are overweight•Have a parent or sibling with diabetes•Are 40 years of age•Have high blood pressure•Are African America, Latino, or Native American•Had diabetes during pregnancy•Have the stress of an illness or injury•Had a baby that weighed more than 9 pounds at birth.

Symptoms of DiabetesType 2 diabetes is often without

symptoms in its early stages. That’s the reason there are 40% of people with Type 2 diabetes are unaware of their disease. When there are symptoms, they may occur gradually. If present, they usually are:

Feeling tired and weakPassing large volumes of urine,

especially during the night Having frequent infections Having blurred eyesight Weight-lossExcessive hunger and thirst

RISK FACTORS!

If left untreated this, Diabetes can cause many life threatening complications:

BlindnessChronic Renal Failure= kidney failureAtherosclerosis= heart attacks and

strokeDiabetic Neuropathy= numbness and

pain to hands and feetFoot UlcersAutonomic Neuropathy= diarrhea,

rapid heart beat, and low blood pressure

Risk Factors!Coma or death may occur as a

result in Diabetic Ketoacidosis (caused by infection)

People who smoke are a much higher risk at heart attacks, stroke, infections, and problems with poor circulation

Treatment for Type 2Because there are several defects in

the body's chemistry that develop as Type 2 diabetes changes over time, there are many tools used to treat it. In its earliest stages, Type 2 diabetes can often be controlled effectively by becoming more active and by managing food to reduce the body's need for insulin. This may involve promoting a modest amount of weight loss, controlling and distributing carbohydrate intake through the day, or both.

Treatment for Type 2

When the disease has progressed to the point where blood sugars are not controlled by activity and food management alone, several types of oral medications (pills) and/or insulin may be used singly or in combination to regain blood glucose control. Their effectiveness is judged by testing the blood sugar periodically throughout the day.

Development of Type 2

Glucose is a simple sugar that provides energy to all cells in the body

The cells take in glucose from the blood and break it down for energy, most of this is used for fuel.

Glucose come from the food you eat

Development of Type 2

Glucose gets absorbed from the intestines and distributed by the bloodstream to all cells.

The body tries to maintain a constant glucose concentration in the blood.

So, when you over supply on glucose, your body stores the excess in the liver and muscles by making glycogen

When glucose is in short supply, the body makes glucose from stored glycogen or from the food that’s been eaten.

Coping with Stress

OutcomeStress

Active CopingStrategies

Stressorwithin your control

Stressorout of your control

Passive CopingStrategies

Types of Coping Strategies

Active Coping Strategies◦ Accepting◦ Re-Appraising◦ Praying◦ Problem Solving◦ Controlling◦ Seeking Social

Support

Passive Coping Strategies◦ Ignoring◦ Escaping◦ Confronting◦ Relaxing◦ Exercising◦ Seeking Social

Support

Steps for Stress Management:

Identify causes and symptoms of stress

Use measures to reduce stressSeek solutions for avoiding stressors

◦ Accept what can't be changed◦ Act on what can be changed

Maintain fitness and health◦ Better able to cope with stress when rested

and in good shape

Common Stress Reduction Techniques

Quick "time out" Jacobson's progressive relaxation Autogenic training Biofeedback Meditation / imagery Exercise

FINALS ARE ALMOST HERE!

Summary