Major Major Perspectives Perspectives

of of PsychologyPsychologyWhat do you see?It depends on your perspective

PerspectivesPerspectives

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic BehaviorismBehaviorism HumanismHumanism CognitiveCognitive SocioculturalSociocultural Biological/NeuroscientificBiological/Neuroscientific EvolutionaryEvolutionary

PsychodynamicPsychodynamic The psychodynamic The psychodynamic

perspective originated perspective originated with the work of with the work of Sigmund Freud. This Sigmund Freud. This perspective perspective emphasizes the role of emphasizes the role of the the unconsciousunconscious mind, mind, early childhood early childhood experiences, and experiences, and interpersonal interpersonal relationships to explain relationships to explain human behavior and to human behavior and to treat people suffering treat people suffering from mental illnesses.from mental illnesses.

Freud focused on early Freud focused on early childhood experiences, childhood experiences, especially parent-child especially parent-child relationships, believing relationships, believing that personality was that personality was formed in the first six formed in the first six years of life.years of life.

Our personality is a Our personality is a conflict between our conflict between our unconscious Id and our unconscious Id and our superego (our moral superego (our moral sense) and our ego (our sense) and our ego (our sense of reality).sense of reality).

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms

DisplacementDisplacement

RepressionRepression

RegressionRegression

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is the form of treating Psychoanalysis is the form of treating psychological disorders, invented by Freudpsychological disorders, invented by Freud

Personality assessmentPersonality assessment

Psychoanalysts use projective tests like the Psychoanalysts use projective tests like the Rorschach Ink Blot test or the TAT testRorschach Ink Blot test or the TAT test

Pros of FreudPros of Freud’’s theorys theory

1. Argued that 1. Argued that childhood experienceschildhood experiences are are important in personality development.important in personality development.

2. Information outside of awareness 2. Information outside of awareness does does influence usinfluence us..

3. Defense mechanisms—good descriptions 3. Defense mechanisms—good descriptions of some of our behaviors.of some of our behaviors.

Criticisms of FreudCriticisms of Freud’’s theory:s theory:

1.   1.   Freud had no scientific data to support his Freud had no scientific data to support his theories.theories.

2.   Freud2.   Freud’’s theories (unconscious, libido, etc.) s theories (unconscious, libido, etc.) cannot be observed.cannot be observed.

3.   Theory explains behavior (post-hoc) after the 3.   Theory explains behavior (post-hoc) after the fact.fact.

4.    Observations not representative of population 4.    Observations not representative of population (very sexist and not multicultural).(very sexist and not multicultural).

BehaviorismBehaviorism

BehaviorismBehaviorism

By the 1950s, Psychoanalysis seemed very By the 1950s, Psychoanalysis seemed very unscientific. Behaviorists will bring science unscientific. Behaviorists will bring science back into psychology, even if they overdo it a back into psychology, even if they overdo it a little.little.

Behaviorism is NOT interested in the Behaviorism is NOT interested in the unconscious mind since it cannot be observed unconscious mind since it cannot be observed or measured in a laboratory.or measured in a laboratory.

A telling quote…A telling quote…

Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up and my own specified world to bring them up in and Iin and I’’ll guarantee to take any one at ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.race of his ancestors.--John Watson, --John Watson, BehaviorismBehaviorism, 1930 , 1930

Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

He was not a psychologist but a Russian He was not a psychologist but a Russian physiologist. He discovered classical physiologist. He discovered classical conditioning. Clconditioning. Classassical conditioning is ical conditioning is assassociative learning. He trained a dog to drool ociative learning. He trained a dog to drool to a bell.to a bell.

Dog associates food with bell.Dog associates food with bell.

B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner

B.F. Skinner is the most famous of the B.F. Skinner is the most famous of the Behaviorists. He is famous for Behaviorists. He is famous for operant operant conditioningconditioning. Operant conditioning (aka . Operant conditioning (aka shaping) is learning through reinforcements shaping) is learning through reinforcements (rewards) and punishments.(rewards) and punishments.

BehaviorismBehaviorism

Albert Bandura did a famous experiment that Albert Bandura did a famous experiment that said our said our behaviorbehavior does not have to be does not have to be classically conditioned or operant conditioned. classically conditioned or operant conditioned. We can simply observe behavior and copy it. We can simply observe behavior and copy it.

BehaviorismBehaviorism

The behavioral perspective can explain why The behavioral perspective can explain why people get addicted to gambling (positive people get addicted to gambling (positive reinforcement)reinforcement)

……or why you come home before curfewor why you come home before curfew ……or why you don’t like grape jelly.or why you don’t like grape jelly.

Behaviorism SummaryBehaviorism Summary

Behaviorism says we do what we do because Behaviorism says we do what we do because of classical conditioning, operant conditioning of classical conditioning, operant conditioning or we simply learn the behavior from watching or we simply learn the behavior from watching or copying it. or copying it.

In its extreme, they think we are simply rats in In its extreme, they think we are simply rats in a cage pressing buttons. a cage pressing buttons.

Many diet apps are based on behaviorist Many diet apps are based on behaviorist approach.approach.

HumanismHumanism

HumanisticHumanistic Humanism came about in the 1960s in

reaction to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology was instead focused on each individual’s potential and stressed the importance of growth and self-actualization. The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology was that people are innately good.

We are not rats in a cage! We are not id-driven animals! We are humans with free will.

HumanismHumanism

Abraham Maslow said we have a Abraham Maslow said we have a hierarchy of hierarchy of needsneeds

HumanismHumanism

Carl Rogers Carl Rogers revolutionized talk therapy. His therapy revolutionized talk therapy. His therapy is client-centered, where the client has all the answers is client-centered, where the client has all the answers instead of the therapist. Therapists treat the client instead of the therapist. Therapists treat the client with unconditional positive regard (no judgments). with unconditional positive regard (no judgments). Group therapy comes from Humanism.Group therapy comes from Humanism.

Humanism summaryHumanism summary

Cognitive PerspectiveCognitive Perspective

What does the word cognitive mean? How What does the word cognitive mean? How about cognition? Or Reabout cognition? Or Recognitioncognition??

It is the study of how people perceive, It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems.remember, think, speak, and solve problems.

Cognitive therapy is about changing the Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive maladaptive thoughtsthoughts of a person. of a person.

Cognitive PsychologistsCognitive Psychologists Jean Piaget studied cognitive development in Jean Piaget studied cognitive development in

children.children.

Cognitive perspective on Cognitive perspective on depressiondepression

We are depressed because we are irrational. We are depressed because we are irrational. Our expectations are too high and misplaced. Our expectations are too high and misplaced. We want everyone to love us and accept us. We want everyone to love us and accept us. We want every thing to go our way. We stay We want every thing to go our way. We stay angry about issues or events that happened a angry about issues or events that happened a long time ago. WE MUST CHANGE THE long time ago. WE MUST CHANGE THE WAY WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND WAY WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND SUCCESSFUL.SUCCESSFUL.

Cognitive TherapyCognitive Therapy

Cognitive therapy is about changing the Cognitive therapy is about changing the maladaptive (bad) thoughts. Albert Ellis, maladaptive (bad) thoughts. Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck and William Glasser are famous Aaron Beck and William Glasser are famous for reality therapy. They challenged his for reality therapy. They challenged his patients to ask, patients to ask, ““Are my thoughts realistic or Are my thoughts realistic or rational?rational?”” Cognitive therapy also Cognitive therapy also ““educateseducates”” the client, teaches him/her proper the client, teaches him/her proper behaviors/thoughtsbehaviors/thoughts

Social Cultural PerspectiveSocial Cultural Perspective

How social environment and culture influence How social environment and culture influence behavior and thoughts. Behavior is heavily behavior and thoughts. Behavior is heavily influenced by social norms and expectations.influenced by social norms and expectations.

Cross Cultural researchCross Cultural research

Reaction to ethnocentric bias, relying on Reaction to ethnocentric bias, relying on European and North American subjects.European and North American subjects.

Compare and contrast two or more cultures Compare and contrast two or more cultures

Kenneth B and Mamie ClarkKenneth B and Mamie Clark

Doll StudiesDoll Studies

Their research demonstrated that segregationharmed Black children’s self-images, Their testimony contributed to landmark Supreme Court case Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, KS

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology Studies the evolutionary origins of human Studies the evolutionary origins of human

behavior. Behavior and mental characteristics behavior. Behavior and mental characteristics adapt over time based on natural selection.adapt over time based on natural selection.

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859 Natural selection- if an inherited trait gives certain Natural selection- if an inherited trait gives certain

members an advantage over others (such as increasing members an advantage over others (such as increasing ability to attract mates, escape danger and acquire food) ability to attract mates, escape danger and acquire food) these members will be more likely to survive and pass these members will be more likely to survive and pass these characteristics on to their offspring).these characteristics on to their offspring).

Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology Across the world, on average, men desire a younger Across the world, on average, men desire a younger

mate and women desire an older mate. How does this mate and women desire an older mate. How does this help pass on genes?help pass on genes?

Neuroscience PerspectiveNeuroscience Perspective

This perspective is among This perspective is among the most respected right the most respected right now. Neuroscientists now. Neuroscientists focus on our brain, focus on our brain, nervous system, nervous system, neurotransmitters and neurotransmitters and hormones to explain our hormones to explain our behaviors.behaviors.

Tools used by neuroscientistsTools used by neuroscientists

PET Scan:Positron emission tomography

fMRI machine: functional magnetic resonance imaging

Dr Ben Carson NeurosurgeonDr Ben Carson Neurosurgeon

Director of Pediatric Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins HospitalHopkins Hospital

Dr. RamachandranDr. Ramachandran

Mirror box treatment for phantom limb Mirror box treatment for phantom limb syndromesyndrome